Headway academic skills 2 reading writing and study skills students book

Headway Academic Skills Reading, Writing, and Study Skills LEVEL Student’s Book O XF ORD Sarah Philpot S e rie s Ed ito rs: Liz a n d Jo h n S o a rs Headway Academic Skills Reading, Writing, and Study Skills LEVEL Student’s Book Sarah Philpot S e rie s Ed ito rs: Liz a n d Jo h n S o a rs O X FO R D CONTENTS International student READING Going abroad to study p4-6 Follow ing i n s t r u c t i o n s : filngin f o r m s R eading m ethods: s k im ; s c a n ; i n t e n s i v e r e a d in g ; e x t e n s i v e r e a d in g WRITING A host family p7 C hecking y o u r w riting: e r r o r c o r r e c tio n - p u n c t u a t i o n a n d s p e llin g W ritin g a n in fo rm a l em ail Where in the world ? READING Three countries p 10-11 Skim m ing an d scanning: r e a d i n g f o r th e g e n e r a l id e a , a n d f o r p a r t i c u l a r in f o r m a t i o n WRITING My country p 12-13 B rainstorm ing ideas: to p ic a r e a s a n d e x a m p le s ; c o m p le tin g a p a g r a p h L inking ideas (1): b u t, h o w e v e r , a lt h o u g h W ritin g a d e sc rip tio n o f m y c o u n try Newspaper articles READING An unexpected journey p 16-17 P redicting content: u s i n g th e ti tl e a n d t h e p i c t u r e s M eaning from context: g u e s s i n g th e m e a n i n g o f n e w w o r d s WRITING Mistaken identity p 18-19 Sentences/Paragraphs; h e lp i n g y o u r w r i t i n g f l o w V arying th e structure: m a k i n g w r i t i n g in t e r e s t in g W ritin g a n a rtic le p21 Modern technology READING Innovations WRITING Technology - good or bad? p 22-23 Identifying th e m a in m essage: u s i n g to p i c s e n te n c e s t o i d e n t i f y p a g r a p h c o n te n t p 24-25 O rganizing ideas (1): p l a n n i n g t h e a r g u m e n t s f o r a n d a g a in s t L inking ideas (2): f i r s t , f o r in s ta n c e , i n c o n c lu s io n W ritin g a d isc u rsiv e essay Conferences and visits READING A conference in Istanbul p 28-30 P u rp o se an d au d ien ce (1 a n d 2): u s i n g v i s u a l a n d w r i t t e n c lu e s WRITING Invitations p31 U sing form al expressions: w r i t i n g a c a d e m ic e m a i l s a n d le tte r s W ritin g a fo rm a l em ail Science and our world READING A ir pollution p34-35 M aking notes: o r g a n i z i n g r e c o r d in g , a n d r e m e m b e r i n g i m p o r t a n t in f o r m a t i o n WRITING Trends p 36-37 P araphrasing an d sum m arizing: u s i n g o th e r s o u r c e s W ritin g a su m m a ry In terp retin g m eaning; r e c o g n i z in g f a c t a n d s p e c u l a ti o n People: past and present READING Three famous writers p 40-41 U sing original sources: d e a li n g w i t h d i f f i c u l t la n g u a g e a n d RESEARCH Information on the Net p42-43 U sing th e Internet; s e a r c h e n g in e s ; o n li n e e n c y c lo p a e d ia s ; s u b j e c t d ir e c to r ie s u n k n o w n v o c a b u la r y D eveloping a search plan: m a k i n g a s e a r c h e f f i c i e n t a n d re lia b le The world o f IT READING Computers WRITING IT - benefits and drawbacks p -4 R ephrasing an d explaining; d e a li n g w i t h d i f f i c u l t s c i e n ti fi c a n d te c h n o lo g ic a l w o r d s A voiding rep etitio n (2): p r o n o u n s a n d w h a t t h e y r e fe r to p48 L inking ideas (3): c a u s e a n d r e s u lt C o h eren t w riting; w r i t i n g u p n o te s W ritin g fro m n o tes Inventions, discoveries, and processes READING How things work p52-53 Intensive reading: s tr a te g ie s f o r f o c u s i n g y o u r r e a d in g L inking ideas (4); s e q u e n c i n g w o r d s to d e s c r ib e a p r o c e s s WRITING How things are made p 54 The passive voice; w r i t i n g i n a n e u t r a l s ty le C larifying a sequence: d e s c r ib in g a p r o c e s s W ritin g a d e sc rip tio n o f a pro cess 10 Travel and tourism READING International tourism p 58-59 In terp retin g data: s t a ti s ti c a l i n f o r m a t i o n in g r a p h s , c h a r ts , a n d te x t s VOCABULARY DEVELOPMENT Varying vocabulary (2) p60 A voiding repetitio n (3): d e s c r ib in g g r a p h s u s i n g s y n o n y m s , a d je c t iv e s + n o u n s , v e r b s + a d v e r b s VOCABULARY DEVELOPMENT Dictionary work p8 REVIEW p9 REVIEW p l5 A d ic tio n a ry en try ; u n d e r s t a n d i n g i n f o r m a t i o n a b o u t a w o r d R ecording v o cab ulary (1): w o r d c a r d s VOCABULARY DEVELOPMENT Organizing vocabulary (1) p 14 Synonym s a n d antonym s: r e c o g n i z in g s y n o n y m s a n d a n t o n y m s R ecording v ocabulary (2): d ia g r a m s ; a sc a le ; s y n o n y m s a n d a n to n y m s ; T he definite article - th e la b e llin g a p i c t u r e VOCABULARY DEVELOPMENT Word-building (1) p20 REVIEW p21 REVIEW p2 REVIEW p33 REVIEW p3 A ntonym s from prefixes: m a k i n g a n o p p o s ite w o r d u s i n g u n - , in - , il-, im - , ir- VOCABULARY DEVELOPMENT Varying vocabulary (1) p26 A voiding rep etitio n (1): u s i n g s y n o n y m s to v a r y y o u r w r i t i n g VOCABULARY DEVELOPMENT Word-building (2) p3 Suffixes: i d e n t i f y i n g p a r t s o f s p e e c h Prefixes: c h a n g i n g t h e m e a n i n g o f w o r d s VOCABULARY DEVELOPMENT Words that go together p 38 N ou n /V erb + preposition: a s s o c ia te d w o r d s U sing n u m b ers: n u m b e r s in w r i t i n g WRITING Biographies p -4 REVIEW Organizing vocabulary (2) A d d in g e x tra inform atio n : n o n - d e f i n i n g r e la tiv e c la u s e s O rg an izin g ideas (2 ): s t r u c t u r i n g y o u r id e a s lo g ic a lly , e.g c h r o n o lo g ic a lly W ritin g fro m research Topic vocabulary VOCABULARY DEVELOPMENT eg., etc REVIEW p49 p51 A bbreviations (1 a n d 2): h o w to w r i t e a n d s a y c o m m o n a b b r e v i a ti o n s RESEARCH Crediting sources p 50 A cknow ledgem ents: a c k n o w l e d g i n g b o o k a n d w e b s ite s o u r c e s RESEARCH Reference books p 5 -5 U sing indexes: i d e n t i f y i n g k e y w o r d s a n d c a te g o r ie s f o r a s e a r c h , a n d f i n d i n g t h e m i n a r e fe r e n c e b o o k WRITING Graphs and bar charts p -6 REVIEW Word-building(3) p57 C o m p o u n d nouns C o m p o u n d adjectives REVIEW p6 Illustrating data: u s i n g a g r a p h o r b a r c h a r t D escribing a g rap h o r chart: t r a n s f o r m i n g d a t a in t o t e x t W ritin g a b o u t d a ta WORD LIST p -7 PHONETIC SYMBOLS p71 p45 International student READ IN G SKILLS Following instructions • Reading methods W R IT IN G SKILLS Checking your w riting • W riting an inform al email VO C A BU LA RY D EVELO PM ENT A dictionary entry • Recording vocabulary (1) R E A D IN G Going abroad to study Personal information often appears on documents, especially official documents Use the ideas in the box to say what personal information is on ? • a b irth ce rtific a te • a bank statem ent • a driving licence • an exam certificate name grades date o f birth address driver num ber parents’ names account number name o f school or university University of WEST LONDON place o f birth Simon Elliot lives in Geneva, Switzerland He is returning to the UK to study Answer the questions Apartment 25, Lac de Leman Building, Label the documents Which is ? Geneva, a passport • a form al le tte r an inform al le tte r • an application form Where is Simon going? W hat is he going to study? W ho is John? Switzerland Dear M r Elliot, W e have pleasure in offering you a place a t the University o f W e st London to study fo r a M aster’s degree (M Sc) in Applied Biochem istry The academ ic year com m ences on 10 O ctober Apartm ent , and classes s ta rt Lac de Leman Building, Geneva, Sw itzerland email sim on.elliot@ gen.com Dear John, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland Passport Passport No 012234556 Ju s t writing to let you know that I've got a place a t W e st London Surname (University to my M Sc! So, I'm finally coming back to London ELLIOT I ’m really looking forw ard to seeing you again I ’m not sure where Given names SIMON I ’ll be living I ’m applying fo r accommodation with a host fam ily - Nationality that way I won’t have to cook! I Ju s t hope that th e re ’s a vegetarian BRITISH CITIZEN fam ily available As soon as I know my new address, I ’ll email or ring you, and we can m eet! Do you like the photos I've sent? Do you rem em b er Date of birth 22 OCTOBER 1989 Date of issue JUNE 2010 Date of expiry 05 JU N E 2020 Unit • International student Look at the application form W hat is it for? Read the documents on page Use the information to complete the application form for Simon Read STUDY SKILL S T U D Y S K IL L F o llo w in g in s tru c tio n s W h en fillin g in o ffic ia l docum ents, it is im p o rtan t to read and fo llo w th e instructions carefully, fo r exam ple: ■ U se black ink only ■ Please p r i n t / W rite in BLO C K CAPITALS ■ Tick ■ Please sp ecify (give m ore details) ■ D e le te (cross o u t) as appropriate ■ C ircle th e co rrect answer Please print Use black or blue ink only University of WEST LONDON Tick ( y ) the relevant boxes A p p licatio n fo r A cco m m o d atio n Family name E llio t Type of accommodation First nam e(s) Male/Female (D elete as appropriate) Children Yes No / Date of birth Single Married N um b er / I I I I Host fam ily I University hall o f residence I Shared house Special diet Nationality Yes No Please specify: Passport/ID number _ Home address Postcode Country Course title Course start date / / How and w hy you read? W hat d o y o u read? Tick (√ ) the different reading materials a-j that you read a b c d e I I textbooks []novels I emails [ ] search engine finds [ ] journals f g h i j [ [ [ [ [ ] reports ] timetables ] indexes ] dictionary ] instruction manuals W hich reading materials from exercise you read for pleasure; for work; for your studies? Make three lists U n it • International student Read the handout for new students about reading Answer the questions Which two ways of reading are the quickest? Which way would you read for enjoyment? W hich way of reading is the slowest? E ffe c tiv e R e a d in g During your course, you w ill a lot o f reading It is essential that you learn how to be an effective and efficien t reader in order to make th e best o f your study tim e Learning to be a good reader takes practice You need to develop different strategies o r m ethods o f reading Skimming Som etim es you w ill read just to get a general idea o f a text This is skim reading First, identify your reason for reading, fo r exam ple, to decide w hether an article m eets your needs, or perhaps to understand a w riter’s attitude To this, read th e text very quickly Don't w orry about reading and understanding everything Instead, look particularly at the first and last paragraphs, and the first and last sentences o f paragraphs These often summarize the main points Scanning Som etim es you w ill read quickly to find particular pieces o f inform ation, fo r example, a statistic, a date, a person’s name, or th e name o f a place Again, you not need to read every word to find this inform ation Instead, scan the text using a finger or a pencil to m ove quickly through the words You could tim e yourself to see how long it takes you to find the inform ation Always try to im prove your speed Intensive reading Som etim es you read fo r every detail, fo r example, a description o f a process, the results o f a scientific study, or a set literature text To this, take your tim e Stop and think about w hat you are reading Have you understood th e tex t? You may need to read th e tex t more than once, in order to make notes or highlight im portant points fo r future reference This is called intensive reading or study reading Extensive reading Som etim es you w ill read fo r pleasure - perhaps as extra research, or purely fo r interest You may concentrate, but you don’t have to w orry about detail This is extensive reading W e not always read th e same kinds o f texts in th e same way, and w e often use more than one m ethod o f reading fo r a single text Your reason fo r reading w ill help you decide how to read University of WEST LONDON CJ Study Skills ER07 Choose five examples of reading materials from exercise on page W hy and how you read? W h y? tex t book How? to find a relevant chapter R e a d in g m e th o d s You usually have a reason fo r reading som ething That reason changes to take notes th e w ay you read, and th e tim e you spend on a text scan contents page Think ab o u t w h at you w an t from th e text, and d ecid e th e b est w ay to read intensively g et it For exam ple: Look back at exercises and on pages and In which exercise did you ‘skim’ and in which did you ‘scan’? Read STUDY SKILL S T U D Y S K IL L Unit • International student ■ Skim a jou rn al to find an a rticle o f interest ■ Scan an a rticle fo r specific inform ation ■ Read relevant parts o f an a rticle intensively to m ake notes W R IT IN G A host family Imagine you are going abroad to a short course and are going to live with a host family W hat information would you give them and what information would you want? Think about: dates food personal inform ation transport com puter access hobbies Burcu Sancak, a Turkish student, is writing to her host family Read her email Tick (√ ) the items from exercise that she mentions A ccom m odation message Fro m : Burcu Sancak [bsancak@mailnet.com.tr] To: M r and Mrs Baker Su bject: A cco m m o d a tio n S e n t: 16 July 2011 D e a r M r a n d M r s B a k e r, I'm v e r y h a p p y t o a c c e p t y o u r o f f e r o f a c c o m o d a tio n I’m re a lly e x c ite d a b o u t c o m in g t o L o n d o n f o r t h e f ir s t tim e t o d o a n E n g lis h c o u rs e I a m in m y la s t y e a r o f s c h o o l a n d n e x t y e a r I w a n t t o g o t o u n iv e rs ity t o s tu d y e n g lis h L a n g u a g e a n d L ite r a tu re a t t h e m o m e n t i a m p re p a rin g f o r m y fin a l e x a m s, s o I'm w o rk in g v e r y h a rd W h e n I'm n o t s o b isy, I s p e n d a lo t o f t im e re a d in g , b u t I a ls o e n jo y s p o r ts I p la y b a s k e tb a ll f o r m y s c h o o l te a m o n c e a w e e k I a ls o e n jo y s w im in g Is t h e r e a s p o r ts c lu b w ith a s w im m in g p o o l n e a r y o u r h o u se A s I m e n tio n e d in m y la s t e m a il, m y c o u rs e s ta r ts o n th Ju ly b u t I’m c o m in g t w o d a y s e a r lie r a n d m y p la in a rriv e s a t h e a th r o w o n t h e 2 n d a t 14.25 C o u ld y o u t e ll m e t h e b e s t w a y o f g e ttin g fro m t h e a ir p o r t t o y o u r h o u s e ? I h o p e t o h e re fro m y o u s o o n a n d I’m re a lly lo o k in g fo rw a r d t o s e e in g y o u in L o n d o n B e s t w is h e s , B u rc u S a n c a k Read STUDY SKILL Read Burcu’s email again There are 12 mistakes (capital letters, full stops, question marks, and spelling) Find and correct them STUDY SKILL C h e c k in g y o u r w r itin g Every tim e you w rite , rem em ber to check yo u r w ork for; ■ cap ital le tte rs a t th e beginning o f sentences and fo r W riting an informal email Imagine you are going to stay with a family for a short course Write them an email Write about 100 words • Say you accep t th e ir o ffe r o f a room , proper nouns (nam es o f peop le, cities, and cou n tries) ■ fu ll stops a t th e end o f sentences ■ q uestion m arks a t th e end o f questions ■ spelling m istakes Use a d ictio n ary o r com puter • Tell them ab o u t yo u r studies and yo u r hobbies • G ive them inform ation ab o u t you r arrival spellchecker to check you r spelling Keep a record o f any w ords you m isspell Learn th e co rrect spelling • Ask fo r inform ation you w ould like Check your work carefully Give it to another student to check again Unit • International student V O C A BU LA RY D EVELO PM EN T Dictionary work Put the following words into alphabetical order as quickly as you can Compare your order with a partner brainstorm biography skim student pronunciation question accom m odation vocabulary com puter w riting technology dictionary punctuation study voice scan keyboard Here is an entry from the Oxford Students Dictionary Label the parts of the entry 1-5 using the words in the box STUDY SKILL A d ic t io n a r y e n t r y Choose an English-English d ictio n ary and p art o f speech exam ple sentence definition pronunciation m ake sure it is a recen t ed ition stress mark D ictionaries include a lo t o f useful inform ation (1) stre ss mark -(2) ( ) accom m odation /əˌkɒm əˈdeɪʃn/ noun [U] a place for sb to live or stay: We lived in rented accommodation before buying this house The price of the holiday includes flights and \ accommodation For exam ple: ■ parts o f speech ■ stress ■ pronunciation ■ d efinitions ■ exam ple sentences Be careful! Som e w ords have m ore than one m eaning and use M ake sure you look at th e co rre ct p art o f a d efin ition Look at the word card W hat five pieces of information does it give you about the word study? Make word cards for the underlined words in 1-6 Use your dictionary Read STUDY SKILL I am studying Chemical Engineering We scan a timetable to get the information we want Correct punctuation is very important in good writing Always check in a dictionary if you are not sure about how a word is spelt A biography is the story of someone’s life Novels, plays, and poetry are examples of literature STUDY SKILL R e c o rd in g v o c a b u la ry (1) It is im p ortan t to keep a record o f n ew vocabulary You may wish to keep th e se records in a vocab u lary n oteb o ok or in a special vocab u lary file on th e com puter W h e re ve r you record new vocabulary, it is h elp ful to n o te m ore than th e translation A lso note, fo r exam ple: ■ th e pronunciation ■ th e stressed syllables ■ p art o f speech ■ associated w ords and grammar, e g a Unit • International student biography o f someone R E V IE W Complete the visa application form about you V IS A A P P L IC A T IO N Please print Use black or blue ink only Tick (√ ) relevant boxes Family name _ First name Middle name(s) Date of birth Place of birth Nationality Passport/ID number Place of issue Sex M ale [ ] Female [] M arital status Title D r [ ] M r [ ] M rs [ ] M s [ ] M iss [ ] O ther (specify) Home address Email address Home or mobile telephone number Reasons for visit Duration of visit Business □ 1-7 days □ Study □ 8-15 days □ Tourism □ Up to one m onth □ Family visit □ M ore than one m onth (specify length) O ther (specify) Date of arrival (if known) Date of departure (if known) Address in country (if known) Use your dictionary to correct the spelling of the underlined words She paved for her books with a credit card He bougth a new car last month W hat subject are you studing? My parents always give me good advise Have you applyed to university yet? Please put the books back on the correct shelfs Review the texts and vocabulary in Unit Choose at least five words that are new for you Make word cards for them U n it • International student International tourism N u m b er o f In te rn atio n al Tourists 2009 France USA Spain China Italy UK Turkey Germany Malaysia Mexico Country T his graph shows the number o f international1 , in millions, from January to December 2009 At the start o f the year, there were approximately2 international tourists T his number rose by 50% in to about 30 million The number remained stable until March Then it grew steadily to 40 million by April and this increase continued to the beginning o f May Between the beginning o f May and the beginning o f June, there was only a very slight increase, and then a dramatic rise in July and , reaching a peak o f _ tourists around the world Then in September it dropped suddenly to about 100 million, followed by a steady fall to the lowest point in At the end o f the year the number o f tourists rose steadily to around 40 million Overall, the graph shows that the most popular period for international holidays is July and _ The least popular time is _ and the beginning o f the year, but there is a slight increase in _ The bar chart shows the top ten most popular international tourist destinations in 2009 The favourite holiday destination w as10 _ , which about 74 million people visited in 2009 There was a drop o f about 20 million to the second most liked holiday spot, the USA, with about 55 million visitors In 11 _ place was Spain, with around 52 million tourists a year This was followed b y 12 , Italy, and the UK There were fewer visitors to Turkey and 13 , in seventh and eighth place respectively; only about14 million to each country The ninth and tenth places were taken by Malaysia and Mexico They received hetw een15 and 24 million tourists each Unit 10 • Travel and tourism 59 V O C A BU LA RY D EVELO PM EN T Varying vocabulary (2) Write the words from the box in the table fall drop fluctuate go up rise remain steady remain stable t increase decrease grow go down ↓ go up and down Answer the questions Use a dictionary to check the answers W hich words are both verbs and nouns? W hich verbs are regular? Look back at the text on page 59 to complete the table with phrases adjectives +nouns verbs +adverbs a steady growth increased slightly rose dramatically a sudden drop fell steadily Match an expression from exercise with the graphs Complete the expressions with adjectives from exercise A _ rise (or fall) is both large and fast A _ growth (or drop) is small, slow, and regular A _ increase (or decrease) is small A _ drop (or rise) is fast and unexpected 60 stay the same - ► Unit 10 • Travel and tourism S T U D Y S K IL L A v o id in g re p e titio n (3) The language used to describ e graphs can be rep etitive To avoid this, use: increase = rise m ad jectives + nouns, e.g slight increase m verbs + adverbs, e g increased slightly ■ synonym s, e.g Graphs and bar charts Work with a partner Decide which way of illustrating data would be best for: Read STUDY SKILL sho w ing th e n u m b er o f u n iv e rs ity stu d en ts in a c o u n try fro m 2000 to 2010 STUDY SKILL Illu s tra tin g d a ta G rap h s and b ar c h a rts are used t o sho w d iffe re n t w ays o f illu stra tin g d ata G rap h s are o fte n used to sh o w ch an g e Number W R IT IN G o v e r a p e rio d o f tim e ■ sh o w in g th e d iffe re n c e in th e n u m b er o f use p rep o sitio n s o f tim e : in 2005, a t th e beginning, b e tw e e n M a y a n d Ju n e m en a t u n iv e rs ity and th e n u m b er o f 2005 2006 2007 Year w o m e n a t u n iv e rs ity in 0 , 2008, an d 2010 B ar ch arts are o fte n used t o m ake com p ariso n s use co m p aratives: few e r Number ■ visitors, and su p e rlative s, e.g th e m o s t p o p u la r Look at the bar chart Complete the text using the words in the box U se a d je c tiv e + n oun and v e rb + ad verb few er sm allest largest m ore sam e 2005 2006 2007 Year to d e sc rib e graphs and b ar ch arts than This bar ch art show s th e percentage o f French, Russian, and Jap anese to u rists visiting m y country N a tio n a lity o f Tourists In 1995 t h e percentage, 15%, o f foreign visitors cam e from Russia There w ere % visito rs from France and t h e group (5%) w hen th e re w e re French visitors (12%) Russians Then, in 2005 th e re w as a huge increase in th e num ber o f Jap anese tou rists, w h o form ed th e largest group (14%) Th e percentage o f Russian and French visitors w as t h e , a t 12% O verall, th e percentage o f French and Jap anese visitors increased b etw een 1995 and 2005, w hereas th e percentage Percentage of tourists w ere from Jap an This changed significantly in 2000, 2000 1995 Year French Russian 2005 Japanese o f Russian tou rists fell Look at the graph and complete the text with a suitable noun, adjective, verb, adverb, or preposition This graph shows th e num ber o f students at university _ 2000 and 2005 N um ber o f Stu d e n ts a t U n ive rsity In 2000 there were about 10,000 people studying at university There was a slig h t2 _ in 2001 to about 8,000 This was follow ed by a dram atic _ to 22,0004 2002 A fter this, the n um b er5 _ a t around 23,000 people fo r tw o years Then, the number _ to approxim ately 32,000 by 2005 Overall, th e num ber o f students continued to rise betw een 2000 and 2005, apart from a slight fall in 2001 Unit 10 • Travel and tourism 61 Draw a graph or a bar chart to illustrate the data in a and b Write a description for each set of data and give the descriptions titles Write about 120 words for each Read STUDY SKILL S T U D Y S K IL L D e s c r ib in g a g r a p h o r c h a r t Stu d en ts are o fte n required to transform data from a graph o r ch art in to tex t ( 9%) ( 6%) ( 5%) Always; ( 2%) ■ say w h at th e graph o r ch art shows ■ describ e th e m ain changes ( 26 1%) ■ sum m arize th e m ajor trends and/or high and low points Vary th e vocab u lary you use a The amount of time needed for an average worker to earn the money to buy kilo of rice b 1900 75 m inutes 1920 60 m inutes 1940 35 m inutes 1960 20 m inutes 1980 12 m inutes 2000 15 m inutes The number of speakers of the major languages of the world M an d arin C hinese 845,000,000 Hindi 366,000,000 Spanish 329,000,000 English 328,000,000 A rabic 221,000,000 Bengali 181,000,000 Portug uese 178,000,000 Russian 144,000,000 W riting about data Use the Internet or reference books to research one of the topics: • the num ber o f tourists to your country in th e last three to five years • the num ber o f men and wom en in your country in three different years Draw a graph or chart to show the data, and write a description 62 U n it 10 • Travel and tou rism R E V IE W Read the description of a graph Replace the words in bold with synonyms from the unit The graph shows the average cost o f a one-week holiday for a family o f four people from 199S until 2005 In 1995 the average cost o f a holiday was $500 This increased dramatically in 1996 to $700 and then remained stable fo r the next year However, in 1998 there was a slight drop to about $650 This was followed by a steady rise over the next tw o years to $800 by 2000 Between 2000 and 2003, the price rose dramatically again to $1,500 It remained steady at this level in 2004 and then there was an increase to a peak of $1,750 in 2005 Overall, the graph shows that there has been a continual increase in the price o f family holidays except for a slight fa ll in 1998 Write a paragraph describing the graph H o tels on Rock Island Use the Internet or reference books to find out in which country/countries the languages are spoken Languages C ountry/C ountries Mandarin Chinese China Hindi Spanish English Arabic Bengali Portuguese Russian Unit 10 • Travel and tourism 63 WORD LIST H ere is a list o f m o st o f th e n ew w ords in th e u n its o f Headway Academic Skills Level S tudent’s Book = adjective = adverb c o n j = ju n ctio n n = noun p l = plural p r e p = prep o sitio n U S = A m erican English v = verb adj adv Unit1 ab ro ad a d v /əˈb rɔːd / academ ic year n /ˌæ k əd em ɪk 'jɪə (r)/ accept v /ɔ k ˈse p t/ access n /ˈæ k ses/ acco m m o d atio n n /ə ˌk ɒ m əˈd eɪʃn / acco u n t n u m b e r n /əˈkaʊ nt ˌnʌm bə(r)/ advice n /əd ˈv aɪs/ app l icatio n n /ˌæ p lɪˈk eɪʃn / app l ication form n /ˌæ p lɪˈk eɪʃn ˌfɔːm / applied b io ch em istry n /əˌpiaɪd ˌb aɪəʊ ˈk em ɪstri/ apply for v /əˈplaɪ ˌfɔː(r), fə (r)/ arrival n /əˈraɪv l/ article (In a new sp ap er etc.) n /ˈɑ ːtɪk l/ associated w ords n p l /ə ˈsə ʊ sie ɪtɪd ˌw ɜːdz/ attitu d e n /ˈæ tɪtJu ːd / available a d j /əˈv eɪləb l/ b a n k statem en t n /ˈbæ ŋk ˌs te ɪtm ə n t/ basketball n /ˈb ɑ ːsk ɪtb ɔ ːl/ biography n /b aɪˈɒ g rəfi/ b irth certificate n /ˈbɜːθ s ə ˌtɪfɪk ə t/ block capitals n p l /ˌblɒk ˈkæ pɪtlz/ boxes (o n a fo rm ) n p l /ˈb ɒ k sɪz/ b rain sto rm v /ˈb re ɪn s tɔ ːm / business n /ˈb ɪzn əs/ certificate n /s ə ˈtɪfɪk ə t/ com m ence v /k əˈm en s/ com plete v /k əm ˈp llːt/ co ncen trate v /ˈk ɒ n s ə n tre ɪt/ credit card n /ˈk re d ɪt ˌkɑːd/ date o f b irth n /ˌd eɪt ə v ˈbɜːθ/ d efin itio n n /ˌd efɪˈn ɪʃn / delete as ap p ro p riate v /d ɪˌliːt əz ə ˈp rə ʊ p riə t/ d ep a rtu re n /d ɪˈp ɑ ːʧ ə (r)/ details n p l /ˈd ɪːte ɪlz / 64 Word list d ic tio n a ry e n try n /ˈd ɪk ʃn ri ˌentri/ d o c u m e n t n /ˈd ɒ k jə m ə n t/ d riv in g licence n /ˈdraɪv ɪŋ ˌlaɪsəns/ d u tio n n /d jʊ ˈre ɪʃn/ effective a d j /ɪˈfe k tɪv / efficient a d j /ɪˈfɪʃn t/ en jo y m en t n /ɪn ˈʤ ɔɪm ən t/ essential a d j /ɪˈsen ʃl/ expiry date n /ɪk ˈsp aɪəri ˌdeɪt/ extensive reading n /ɪk ˌste n sɪv ˈriːd ɪŋ/ fem ale a d j /ˈflːm eɪl/ fɪle (o n a com puter) n /faɪl/ final exam s n p i /ˌfaɪnl ɪgˈzæ m z/ for future reference /f ə ˌ f ju ːʧ ə ˈrefrən s/ fo rm n /fɔːm / grades n /g re ɪd z / hall o f residence n /ˌhɔːl əv ˈrezɪd əns/ h a n d o u t n /ˈh æ n d aʊ t/ helpful a d j /ˈhelpfl/ high lig h t v /ˈh aɪlaɪt/ h o m ew o rk n /ˈb əʊ m w ɜːk / h o st fam ily n /ˌbəʊ st ˈfæm əll/ ID n /ˌaɪ ˈdiː/ id en tify v /a ɪˈd e n tɪfa ɪ/ im p o rta n t a d j /ɪm ˈp ɔ ːtə n t/ im prove v /ɪm ˈp ru ːv / indexes n p i /ˈɪn d e k sɪz , ˈɪndɪsiːz/ inform al letter n /ɪnˌfɔːm l ˈletə(r)/ in fo rm a tio n n /ˌɪnfəˈm eɪʃ n / in k n /ɪŋ k / in stead a d v /ɪn ˈste d / in stru c tio n m anuals n p i /ɪn ˈs trʌ k ʃn ˌm æ njʊ əlz/ intensive read in g n /ɪn ˌte n sɪv ˈriːdɪŋ/ issue date n /ˈɪʃu ː ˌdeɪt/ jo u rn a l n /ˈʤ ɜːnl/ keep a reco rd o f v /ˌkɪːp ə ˈrekɔːd əv/ k eyboard n /ˈk iːb ɔːd / literatu re n /ˈlɪtrə ʧ ə (r)/ looking forw ard to v /ˈlʊkɪŋ ˌfɔːw əd tə/ m a in p o in ts n p i /ˈm eɪn ˌp ɔɪn ts/ m ake the b est o f v /ˌm eɪk ðə ˈbest əv/ m ake notes v /ˌm eɪk , ˈnəʊts/ ɪnale a d j /m eɪl/ m arital status n /ˈm æ rɪtl ˌste ɪtə s/ M aster’s D egree n /ˈm ɑ ːstəz dɪˌgriː/ m e n tio n v /ˈm en ʃn / m e th o d n /ˈm eθəd/ m id d le n aɪn e n /ˈm ɪdl ˌneɪɪn/ m ix tu re n /ˈm ɪk sʧ ə(r)/ Miss /mɪs/ m obile telephone n /ˌm əʊ baɪl ˈtelɪfəʊ n/ M r /ˈm ɪstə(r)/ M rs /ˈm ɪsɪz/ M s /m əz/ M Sc n /ˌem es ˈsɪː/ n atio n ality n /ˌn æ ʃəˈn æ ləti/ no te v /n əʊ t/ n o teb o o k n /ˈnəʊ tbʊ k/ novels n p i /ˈnɒvlz/ offer n /ˈɒ fə(r)/ official a d j /əˈfɪʃl/ o f in te re s t a d j /ə v ˈ ɪn tr ə s t/ p a rticu lar a d j /p ə ˈtɪk jə lə (r)/ p articularly a d v /p əˈtɪk jə lə li/ p assp o rt n /ˈp ɑ ːsp ɔ ːt/ plays n p l /p leɪz/ pleasure n /ˈpleʒə(r)/ p o etry n /ˈp əʊ ətrɪ/ postcode n /ˈp əʊ stk əʊ d / prep are (for) v /p rɪˈp e ə ˌfɔː(r ) , fə(r)/ p rin t v /p rɪn t/ process n /ˈp rəʊ ses/ p ro n u n ciatio n n /p rəˌn ʌ n siˈeɪʃn / p u n ctu atio n n /ˌp ʌ ŋ k ʧ ʊ ˈeɪʃn / purely a d v /ˈpjʊ əlɪ/ read in g m aterials n p l /ˈrlːdɪŋ m əˌtɪəriəlz/ reason n /ˈrlːzn/ reco rd (vocabulary) v /rɪˈk ɔːd / relevant a d j /ˈre lə v ə n t/ ren ted a d j /ˈre n tɪd / rep o rts n p i /rɪˈp ɔ ːts/ req u ired a d j /rɪˈk w aɪəd / research n /rɪˈs ɜ ːʧ , ˈriːsɜːʧ / results n p i /rɪˈzʌ lts/ rin g v /rɪŋ / scan v /sk æ n / scanning n /ˈsk æ n ɪŋ/ scientihc a d j /ˌsaɪən ˈtɪfɪk / search engine fɪnds n p i /ˈsɜ ːʧ ˌenʤ ɪn ˌfaɪndz/ set tex t n /ˌset ˈte k st/ sh ared h o u se n /ˌʃe ə d ˈhaʊs/ single a d j /ˈsɪŋgl/ skim v /sk ɪm / skim read in g n /ˈskɪm ˌriːdɪŋ/ so o n a d v /su ːn / special d iet n /ˌsp e ʃl ˈdaɪət/ specify v /ˈsp esɪfaɪ/ speed n /sp lːd / spellchecker n /ˈsp elʧ ek ə(r)/ spelling n /ˈsp eh ŋ / sp orts centre n /ˈsp ɔ ːts ˌsen tə(r)/ statistic n /s tə ˈtɪs tɪk / stress n /s tre s / stressed sylla b les n p l /ˌstre st ˈsɪləblz/ stress m a rk n /ˈs tre s ˌm ɑːk/ stress p a tte rn n /ˈstre s ˌpæ tn/ stu d y n, v /ˈstʌ d i/ sum m arize v /ˈsʌ m əraɪz/ sw im m ing pool n /ˈsw ɪm ɪŋ ˌpuːl/ take y o u r tim e v /ˌte ɪk jɔ ː ˈtaɪm / technology n /tekˈnɒ ləʤ i/ telephone n u m b e r n /ˈtelɪfəʊ n ˌnʌm bə(r)/ textbooks n p i /ˈte k stb ʊ k s/ tim etable n /ˈta ɪm te ɪb l/ tim e y o urself v /ˈtaɪm jəˌself/ title (person) n /ˈta ɪtl/ to u rism n /ˈtʊ ərɪzm / translation n /træ n sˈle ɪʃn / tran sp o rt n /ˈtræ n s p ɔ ːt/ ty p e n /ta ɪp / university n /ˌju ːn ɪˈv ɜ ːsə ti/ vegetarian a d j /ˌv eʤ ɪˈteəriən/ vocabulary n /v əʊ ˈk æ b jələri/ w herever a d v /w eərˈev ə(r)/ wireless co n n ectio n s n p l / ˌw aɪələs k əˈn ek ʃn z/ w ish v /w ɪʃ/ w ord card n /ˈw ɜːd ,k ɑ ːd / Unit aeroplane n /ˈeərəp leɪn / A frica n /ˈæ frɪk ə/ A lg e ria n /æ l 'ʤ ɪəriə/ alth o u g h c o n j /ɔ ːl ðəʊ/ am azing a d j /ə ˈm eɪzɪŋ / A m azon n /ˈæ m əzən/ an cien t a d j /ˈe ɪn ʃn t/ antonym s n p l /ˈæ n tɔn ɪm z/ a p a rtm e n t block n /əˈp ɑ ːtm ə n t ˌblɒk/ A rab a d j /ˈæ rəb/ A rabic n /ˈæ rəb ɪk / A sia n /ˈeɪʒə/ A tlantic O cean n /ə tˌlæ n tɪk ˈəʊʃn/ attractio n s n p i /ə ˈtræ k ʃn z / A u s tra lia n /ɒ ˈstreɪliə/ beaches n p l /ˈb iːʧɪz/ b o rd e r n , v /ˈb ɔːd ə(r)/ business n /ˈb ɪzn əs/ capital n /ˈk æ p ɪtl/ castle n /ˈkɑːsl/ cen tu ry n /ˈsen ʧ əri/ city-state n /ˈs ɪti ˌste ɪt/ clim b v /k laɪm / coal n /kəʊl/ coastline n /ˈk əʊ stlaɪn / co n tin en ts n p l /ˈk ɒ n tɪn ə n ts/ cottage n /ˈkɒtɪʤ / create v /k riˈeɪt/ creatio n n /k riˈeɪʃn / d e p e n d o n v /d ɪˈp en d ˌɒn/ d esert n /ˈd ezət/ d estin atio n n /ˌd e stɪˈn e ɪʃn / develop v /dɪˈveləp/ d iag ram n /ˈd aɪəg ræ m / differences n p l /ˈd ɪfrə n stz/ discard v /d ɪ sˈ k ɑːd/ east n , a d y a d v /iːs t/ econom y n /ɪˈk ɒ n əm i/ Eiffel Tow er n /ˈɑɪfl ˈtaʊə(r) E q u ato r n /ɪˈk w e ɪtə (r)/ E uro D is n ey n /ˈjʊ ə rə ˈdɪz n i/ E urope n /ˈjʊ ərəp / fa h u lo u s a d j /ˈf æ bJələs/ fam ous a d j /ˈf e ɪm əs/ farm in g n /ˈfo ːm ɪŋ / Erance n / f rɑ ː n s/ fresh w ater n /ˌf r e ʃ ˈw ɔ ːtə (r)/ fro n tie r n /ˈfrʌ n tɪə (r)/ gas n /gæs/ geography n /ʤ iˈ ɒ g rə fi/ gover n v /ˈg ʌ v n / historic a d j /h ɪˈstɒ rɪk / histo ry n /ˈh tstri/ how ever c o n j /h a u ˈ e v ə(r)/ inclu d e v / ɪ n ˈkluːd/ inclu d i n g p r e p /ɪ n ˈk lu ːd ɪ ŋ/ in d e p e n d e n t a d j /ˌɪn d ɪˈp e n d ə n t/ in d u stries n p l /ˈɪn d ə striz / Irish S e a n /ˌ a ɪrɪʃ ˈsiː/ island n /ˈa ɪlə n d/ king d o m n /ˈk ɪŋdəm / k m n /ˌkeɪ ˈe m / lake n /l e ɪk/ logically a d v /ˈl ɒ ʤ ɪkli/ loud a d v /laʊd/ Eouvre n /lʊ ːv rə/ M alay n /m əˈl e ɪ / M a n d a rin n /ˈm æ n d ə r ɪ n / m a n -m ad e a d j /ˌm æ n ˈm e ɪd/ m an n factu rin g n /ˌm æ n jə ˈ f æ k ʧ ə rɪŋ / M ed iterran ean Sea n /ˌm e d ɪ tə ˌr e ɪ n iə n ˈsiː/ m in i n g n /ˈm aɪ n ɪ ŋ/ m o d e rn a d j /ˈm ɒdn/ M orocco n /m əˈr ɒ kəʊ/ m o u n ta in n /ˈm aʊ n tə n / m o u n ta i n ranges n p l /ˈm aʊ n tə n ˌre ɪn ʤ ɪz/ M o u n t Everest n /ˌm aʊnt ˈev ər ɪ st/ m u seu m n /m ju ːˈ z iːəm / n atio n al assem bly n /ˌ n æ ʃ n ə l əˈs e m bll/ natu ral resources n p l /ˌn æ ʧ rə l rɪˈ z ɔ ːs ɪ z / N ile n /n a ɪl/ noisy a d j /ˈn ɔ t z i/ n o rth n , a d y a d v / n ɔːθ/ n o rth e r n a d j /ˈ n ɔ ːð ə n / N o rth Pole n /ˌn ɔːθ ˈpəʊl/ ocean n /ˈəʊ ʃn / official language n /əˌ f ɪ ʃ l ˈlæ ŋgw ɪʤ / oil n /ɔɪl/ pollut e d a d j /p əˈ l u ːtɪd / p o n d n /p ɒ n d / p o p u la r a d j /ˈp ɒ p jə lə (r)/ rainforests n p l /ˈre ɪn f ɒ rɪs ts / relax v /rɪˈ l æ ks/ republic n /r ɪ ˈpʌblɪ k / revolution n /r e v ə ˈlu ːʃ n / ru l e v /ru ːl/ S a h a r a n /səˈh ɑ ːrə/ scale n /s k e ɪ l/ seashore n /ˈslːʃɔ(r)/ sim ilarities n p l /ˌsɪm ɔˈlæ rətiz/ Singapore n /ˌsɪŋəˈpɔː(r)/ skiing n /sk ɪːɪŋ skyscraper n /ˈsk a ɪsk re ɪp ə (r)/ so u th n , a d y a d v /sauθ/ S outh A m erica n /ˌsaʊθ əˈm e r ɪ k ə/ so u th -east a d j /ˌsaʊθ ˈiːst/ S outh Pole n /ˌsaʊ θ ˈpəʊl/ space rocket n /ˈsp e ɪs ˌrɒ k ɪt/ synonym s n p l /ˈs ɪ n ə n ɪm z / Tam il n /ˈtæ m l/ topic areas n p l /ˈt ɒ p ɪ k ˌe əriəz/ to u rism n /ˈtʊ ərɪzm / to u rist n /ˈtʊ ə rɪst/ tra d itio n a l a d j /trə ˈd ɪʃə n l/ U nited K ingdom n /jə ˌ n a ɪtɪd ˈk ɪŋ d əm / u n p o llu te d a d j /ˌʌ n p ə ˈlu ːt ɪ d/ w a le s n / w e ɪ l z / w e lsh n / w e lʃ/ west n , a d y a d v /w e st/ w estern a d j /ˈw e s tə n / w ild a d j /w a ɪ l d/ w o rld-fam ous a d j /ˌ w ɜ ːld ˈf e ɪm əs/ zoo n /z u ː/ Unit airline n /ˈe ə laɪn / apologiz e v /əˈp ɒ ləʤ a ɪ z / ap p ro p riate a d j /əˈp rəʊ p riət/ at th e to p o f his voice /ə t ð ə ˌtɒp əv h ɪz ˈvɔɪs/ A u stralian a d j / ɒ ˈstre ɪ l iə n / Baggage n /ˈhæ gɪʤ / baggage h an d ler n /ˈb æ g ɪ ʤ ˌhæ n d lə(r)/ b ː^ g a g e tru c k n /ˈbæ gɪʤ ˌtrʌ k / b allo o n n /bəˈ l u ːn / b an g v /b æ ŋ/ boss n /b ɒ s/ briefcase n /ˈbriː f k e ɪ s/ b u sin essm an n /ˈb ɪz n əsm ən / b u si n ess people n p l /ˈbt z n əs ˌpɪːpl/ businessw om an n /ˈbɪ z n ə s w ʊ m ə n / cap tain n /ˈk æ p t ɪ n / case n / k e ts/ catch v / k æ ʧ / ceiling n /ˈsiːlɪŋ/ com m erce n /ˈ k ɒ m ɜ ːs/ co m p reh e n sio n n /ˌ k ɒ m p rɪˈh e n ʃ n / conference n /ˈ k ɒ n fə rə n s/ conference centre n /ˈk ɒ n fə rə n s ˌse n tə (r)/ co n ten t n /ˈk ɒ n t e nt/ c o rrid o r n /ˈk ɒ rɪd ɔ ː(r)/ cow boy bo o ts n p l /ˈk aʊ b ɔ ɪ ˌbu ːts/ custom s n p l /ˈk ʌ stəm z/ die v /d a ɪ/ d irect a d j /d əˈre k t , d ɪ - , daɪ-/ discover v /dɪˈs k ʌ v ə(r)/ e n courag e v /ɪ n ˈk ʌrtʤ / events n p l /ɪˈv e n ts / exam ine v /ɪgˈzæ m ɪn/ exhausting a d j /ɪg ˈz ɔ ːstɪŋ / expect v / ɪ k ˈspe k t/ expected a d j / ɪ k ˈsp e k t ɪ d/ experienced a d j /ɪk ˈsp ɪə riə n s t/ explain v /ɪk ˈsp l e ɪ n / fall asleep v /ˌf ɔ ː l əˈs l iːp/ first-class a d j /ˈf ɜ ːs t ˌklɑːs/ filght n /fla tt/ filght a tte n d a n t n /ˈ f laɪt əˌt e n d ə n t/ focus o n v /ˈfəʊ kəs ˌɒn/ fo rtunately a d v /ˈ f ɔ ːʧ ə n ətli/ freezing a d j /ˈfrɪː z ɪŋ/ F rench a d j / f r e n ʧ / frighteɪred a d j /ˈf r a ɪ t n d/ fr u itful a d j /ˈf r u ːtf l / go th ro u g h (his notes) v /ˈgəʊ ˌθruː/ greet v /g riːt/ guess n /g e s/ hall n /h ɔːl/ headline n /ˈh e d l a ɪ n / h o ld n /h əʊ ld / h o rrified a d j /ˈh ɒ rɪfa ɪd / h o rro r n /ˈhɒ rə(r)/ hugely a d v /ˈh ju ːʤ li/ h u rt a d j /h ɜ ːt/ identify v /aɪˈd e n t ɪ f aɪ/ illega l a d j /ɪˈ l ɪːgl/ illeg ih le a d j /ɪˈ l e ʤ əbl/ illogical a d j /ɪˈl ɒ ʤ ɪ k l/ im m atu re a d j /ˌɪm əˈʧʊ ə(r)/ im m ediately a d v /ɪˈm iːd iə t l i/ im m ig ratio n co n tro l n / ˌɪm ɪˌgr e ɪʃn k ən ˈtrəʊ l/ im m obile a d j /ɪˈm əʊ baɪl/ im p atien t a d j / ɪ m ˈp e ɪ ʃ n t/ im personal a d j /ɪm ˈp ɜ ːsə n l / im possible a d j /ɪm ˈpɒsəbl/ in ap p ro p riate a d j /ɪ n ə ˈp rəʊ p riət/ increased a d j /ˈɪŋ k riːs t/ in d irect a d j /ˌɪndəˈr e k t , ˌɪn d ɪ -, ˌɪn d aɪ-/ in experie n ced a d j /ˌɪ n ɪk ˈsp ɪəriə n st/ i n fact / ˌ ɪ n ˈfæ kt/ in fo rm v / ɪ n ˈf ɔːm / irrelevant a d j /ɪˈre lə v ə n t/ irresp o n sible a d j /ˌɪrɪˈsp ɒ n səbl/ Jeans n p l /ʤ iːnz/ Joke v /ʤ əʊ k / kangaroo n /ˌk æ ŋ g əˈru ː/ large a d j /lɑːʤ / legal a d j /ˈl ɪ ːgl/ legible a d j /ˈleʤ əb l / Libyan a d j /ˈlɪb iə n / linki n g w ords n p l /ˈlɪŋkɪŋ ˌw ɜːd z / lo ad v / l əʊd/ logical a d j /ˈlrɪʤ ɪ k l / look u p v /ˈlʊk ˌʌp/ luckily a d v /ˈlʌ k əlɪ/ lucky a d j /ˈlʌkɪ/ m ake sense v /ˌm e ɪ k ˈse n s/ m anaging d ire c to r n /ˌm æ n əʤ ɪŋ dəˈr e k tə (r ) , dɪ-, daɪ-/ m atu re a d j /m əˈʧʊ ə(r)/ m ax im u m a d j /ˈm æ k stm əm / M D n /ˌ e m ˈdiː/ m eetin g n /ˈm iːtɪŋ / M iddl e E ast n /ˌm ɪdl ˈiːst/ m in im u m a d j /ˈm ɪ n ɪm əm / m istake v /m ɪˈst e ɪk/ m istak en id entity n /m ɪˌst e ɪ k n aɪˈd e n tə ti/ m obile a d j /ˈm əʊ b aɪ l/ m o m e n t n /ˈm əʊ m ə n t/ m o o n n /m u ː n / n e gative a d j /ˈn e g ə tɪv / new spaper article n /ˈ n ju ːs p e ɪ pɔr ˌɑ ːtɪ k l/ n o d (your head) v /ˌ n ɒd (jɔː ˈhed)/ notice v /ˈ n ə ʊ tɪs/ o n th e Job a d v /ˌ ɒ n ð ə ˈʤ ɒ b/ o n tim e a d v /ˌɒ n ˈtaɪɪn/ organizer n /ˈɔ ːg ə n a ɪz ə (r)/ overjoyed a d j /ˌəʊvəˈʤ ɔɪd/ p anic v /ˈp æ n ɪ k / p a rt-tim e a d j /ˈp ɑ ːt ˌtatm / passenger n /ˈp æ sɪn ʤ ə(r)/ patient adj /ˈpeɪʃnt/ petrified a d j /ˈp e t r ɪ f aɪd / pick (bim ) up v /ˌpɪk ˈʌp/ p ilo t n /ˈp aɪlət/ place v /p le ɪ s/ plan v /plærɪ/ positive a d j /ˈp ɒ z ə tɪv / possibilities n p l /ˌp ɒ səˈb ɪlətiz/ possible a d j /ˈpɒ səb l / pred ict v /p rə ˈd ɪk t/ preftx n /ˈprɪː f ɪk s/ p rep ared to a d j /p rɪˈp e ə d t ə / p resentations n p l /ˌpr e zənˈt e ɪ ʃ n z/ private a d j /ˈp ɪv ə t/ pro m ise v /ˈprɒ m ɪs/ public a d j /ˈp ʌ b l ɪk/ pump v /pʌmp/ p u n ctu ate v /ˈp ʌ ŋ k ʧ ʊ eɪt/ p u t rig b t v /ˌpʊt ˈraɪt/ regular a d j /ˈr e g jə lə (r)/ relations n p l / r ɪ ˈleɪ ʃ n z/ relatives n p l /ˈre lə tɪv z / releva n t a d j /ˈr e l ə v ə n t/ relief n /rɪˈliː f / reply v /rɪˈp l a ɪ/ rep o rters n p l /rɪˈp ɔ ːtə z / respo n sible a d j /r ɪ ˈsp ɒ n səbl/ rest n /r e st/ re tu rn ticket n /rɪˈ tɜ ː n ˌtɪ k ɪt/ ru s h v /rʌ ʃ/ Scottish a d j /ˈs k ɒ ti ʃ / sem in ar n /ˈs e m ɪ n ɑ ː(r)/ Word list 65 shift n / ʃ ɪ f t/ sign n /sa ɪn/ situation n /ˌsɪʧʊ ˈ e ɪ ʃ n / sm artly -d ressed a d j /ˌsm ɑːtli ˈdr e st/ sm artly -su ited a d j /ˈsm ɑ ːtli ˌsu ːtɪd / so l ve v /s ɒ l v/ speech n /s p iːʧ / speed v /sp iːd / sp read v /sp re d / stare v /s t e ə (r)/ stay n / s t e ɪ / stow aw ay n /ˈstə ʊ ə w e ɪ/ successful a d j /s ə k ˈse s f l / suitcases n p l /ˈs u ːt k e ɪ s ɪ z/ survive v /sə ˈv a ɪ v/ system s n p l /ˈs ɪ s tə m z / talk n / t ɔ ː k / terrib le a d j /ˈt e rə b l / therefo re c o n j /ˈð e ə fɔ ː(r)/ to p a d j /tɒ p / trad e n / t r e ɪd/ travel v /ˈtræ vl/ unco m fo rtah le a d j /ˌʌ n ˈkʌm f tə b l/ unexpected a d j /ˌʌ n ɪk ˈsp e k tɪd / un fo rtu n ately a d v /ˌʌ n ˈf ɔ ːʧ ə n ə th / u n h u rt a d j /ˌʌ n ˈh ɜːt/ u n k n o w n a d j /ˌʌ n ˈn ə ʊ n / variety n /v ə ˈra ɪ ə ti/ violi n n /ˌv aɪəˈ l ɪn/ Unit accelerate v /ək ˈs e lər e ɪ t/ accelerator n /ək ˈs e l ə re ɪtə (r)/ according to p r e p /əˈ k ɔ ːd ɪŋ tə / achieve v /əˈʧ iːv / acoustic a d j /əˈ k u ːs tɪ k / adva n tages n p l /ə d ˈv ɑ ː n t ɪ ʤ ɪ z/ aim n /e ɪm / aircraft n /ˈ e ə k rɑ ːft/ a m o u n t n /əˈm aʊ n t/ a n n o u n ce v /əˈ n a ʊ n s/ anytim e a d v /ˈe n ita ɪm / at all tim es /ə t ˌɔː l ˈtaɪm z/ auto m o h il e n U S /ˈɔːtəm əˌh iːl/ b an v /b æ n / basic a d j /ˈb e ɪs ɪ k / b e nefit v /ˈb e n ə f ɪt/ brakes n p l /b r e ɪ k s/ brillian t a d j /ˈb rɪliə n t/ cause v / k ɔ ː z / cban n el n /ˈʧæ nl/ cboic e n /ʧ ɔ ɪs / circuit n /ˈs ɜ ː k ɪt/ city-dw ellers n p l /ˈs ɪ ti ˌdw e lə z / clutcb n /k l ʌ ʧ / cockpit n /ˈk ɒ k p ɪt/ co m p u t e r g am e s n p l / k ə m ˈp ju ːtə ˌgeɪmz/ co n clusio n n /k ə n ˈk lu ːʒ n / co nd itio n s n p l / k ə n ˈd ɪʃn z/ constantly a d v /ˈk ɒ n s tə n th / co n ten t n /ˈkɒ n t e n t/ c o n trol v / k ə n ˈtrəʊ l/ 66 Word list convenience n / k ənˈviːniəns/ c o p y n /ˈk ɒ pi/ co rresp o n de n t n /ˌk ɒ rɪˈsp ɒ n d ə n t/ crasb v / k ræ ʃ/ credit cards n p l /ˈkr e d ɪt ˌkɑːdz/ cultu res n p l /ˈk ʌ lʧ ə z / dam age v /ˈd æ m ɪ ʤ / d ata n /ˈd e ɪ tə/ d e p e n d e n t a d j /d ɪˈp e n d ə n t/ design v /d ɪˈz a ɪ n / despite p r e p /d ɪˈsp a ɪt/ developm ent n /d ɪ ˈveləpm ə n t/ device n /d ɪ ˈva ɪ s/ digital cam era n /ˌdɪʤ ɪtl ˈkæ m ərə/ d irectly a d v /d ə ˈre k tlɪ , d ɪ-, daɪ-/ disadvantages n p l /ˌd ɪsəd ˈv ɑ ː n t ɪ ʤ ɪ z/ disagree v /ˌdɪsəˈgriː/ d isaster n /d ɪˈ z ɑ ːstə (r)/ d o c u m e n ta ry n / ,d ɒ k jə ˈm e n tri/ d o w n lo ad v /ˌdaʊ n ˈl əʊd/ draw backs n p l /ˈd rɔ ːb æ k s/ driverless a d j /ˈd ɪ v ə l əs/ ed it v /ˈe d ɪt/ electronic a d j / ɪ ˌle k ˈtr ɒ n ɪ k / e m e rg e n c y e x it n /ɪˈm ɜːʤ ən si ˌeksɪt/ engines n p l /ˈ e n ʤ ɪ n z/ essential a d j / ɪ ˈse n ʃl/ everyday a d j /ˈe v rid e ɪ/ fed up a d j /ˌf e d ˈʌp/ finally a d v /ˈfa ɪ nəli/ firstly a d v /ˈf ɜ ːstll/ for e xam ple / f ə r ɪ gˈzɑːm pl/ for In stan ce / f ə r ˈɪ n s tə n s/ free tim e n /ˌ f riː ˈtaɪm / fu rtb e rm o re a d v /ˌfɜːð əˈm ɔː(r)/ fu tu re n /ˈfju ːʧ ə (r)/ go w rong v /ˌgəʊ ˈrɒ ŋ/ grow v /g rəʊ / g u id e n /g aɪd / h a rm n /h ɑ ːm / h eatin g n /ˈh ɪːt ɪ ŋ/ hohhies n p l /ˈh ɒ h ɪ z/ h u g e a d j /hJuːʤ / ideal a d j /aɪˈd ɪ ːəl/ id e n tify v /a ɪ ˈde n t ɪ f a ɪ / in ad d itio n /ˌɪ n ə ˈd ɪʃ n / in conclusion /ˌɪ n k ən ˈk lu ːʒn / in co n trast /ˌɪ n ˈk ɒ n trɑ ːs t/ increas e n /ˈ ɪ ŋ k riːs/ i n d u stry n /ˈ ɪ n d ə stri/ insist v / ɪ n ˈsɪst/ install v /ɪ n ˈstɔ ː l/ in stead o f p r e p /ɪ n ˈst e d əv/ in th e first plac e /ˌɪ n ðə ˈf ɜ ːst ˌpl e ɪs/ i n tro d u c tio n n /ˌɪ n trə ˈd ʌ k ʃ n / irritating adj /ˈɪrɪt e ɪtɪŋ/ keep i n to u ch v /ˌ k iːp ɪ n ˈtʌ ʧ/ lap to p n /ˈ l æ p t ɒ p/ lastly a d v /ˈlɑːstli/ latest a d j /ˈle ɪtɪs t/ leisure n /ˈle ʒə(r)/ le t (sh) k n ow v /ˌlet ˈn ə ʊ / lighting n /ˈla ɪtɪŋ / m ag n e tic a d j /m æ g ˈ n e tɪk / m anag e v /ˈm æ n ɪ ʤ / m an u factu re v /ˌm æ n jə ˈ f æ k ʧ ə (r)/ m an u factu rer n /ˌm æ n jə ˈfæ k ʧ ə rə (r)/ m aterial n /m əˈtɪəriəl/ m e m o ry sticks n p l /ˈm e m əri ˌstɪks/ m essage n /ˈm e sɪʤ / m icroprocessor n /ˌm aɪ k rəʊ ˈp rəʊ s e sə(r)/ m ohile p h o n e n /ˌm əʊ baɪl ˈf əʊ n / m odels n p l /ˈm ɒ d l z / m otorw ays n p l /ˈm əʊ tə w e ɪ z / m ovie n /ˈm uːvɪ/ m u lti-h ilh o n a d j /ˈm ʌlti ˌhɪljən/ needs n p l / n ɪːd z / old-fashio n ed a d j /ˌəʊld ˈfæ ʃnd/ o n the o th e r h a n d /ˌɒ n ð ɪ ˈʌðə ˌhæ n d/ o p in i o n n /ə ˈp ɪ n jə n / o p p o rtu n ity n /ˌɒ pəˈtJuː n əti/ opposite n /ˈ ɒ p ə z ɪt/ o rd e r v /ˈɔːd ə(r)/ o rig i n s n p l /ˈ ɒ r ɪ ʤ ɪ n z / outlaw v /ˈaʊ tlɔː/ outlin e v /ˈaʊ tlaɪɪt/ ovens n p l /ˈʌv n z / overhead a d v /ˌəʊʌəˈh e d/ ow n v /əʊ n / ow nership n /ˈəʊ n əʃɪp / pass v /p u ːs/ p h o n e call n /ˈf ə ʊ n ˌk ɔ ː l / p h o to g rap h er n / f ə ˈt ɒ g rə f ə(r)/ pilot n /ˈp a ɪ lət/ plans n p l /p l æ n z / preview v /ˈp riːv ju ː/ previous a d j /ˈpriːviəs/ professional a d j /p rə ˈfe ʃə n l/ pro ject n /ˈp r ɒ ʤ e k t/ pro tect v /p rə ˈt e k t/ quality n /ˈkw ɒləti/ d a r n /ˈr e ɪd ɑ ː(r)/ rear-view m irro r n /ˌrɪə ˌvjuː ˈm ɪrə(r)/ receive v /rɪˈsiːv / reduce v /rɪˈd ju ːs/ red u ctio n n /rɪˈd ʌ k ʃ n / related to a d j /rɪˈle ɪtɪd ˌ tu ː,tə / repetitive a d j /rɪˈp e t ə t ɪ v/ require v /rɪˈk w a ɪə (r)/ rise v /r a ɪ z / ru d e a d j /ru ːd / satellite T v n /ˌsæ tə la ɪt ˌtiː ˈviː/ save v /s e ɪv/ scan v /sk æ n / scanners n p l /ˈsk æ n əz/ secondly a d v /ˈs e k ə n dli/ security n /sɪˈ k jʊ ə rə ti/ select v /sɪˈlek t/ sen so r n /ˈs e n sə(r)/ set u p v /ˌset ˈʌp/ significant a d j /s ɪ gˈ n ɪ f ɪk ɔ n t/ silent a d j /ˈsa ɪ l ə n t/ StM cards n p l /ˈsɪm ˌk o ːd z/ slow dow n v /,sləʊ ˈdaʊ n / sm art cards n p l /ˈsm ɑ ːt ˌkɑːd z / sp e cial a d j /ˈsp e ʃl/ speed up v /ˌsp lːd ˈʌp/ stea l v /st ɪːl/ steer v /s tɪə (r)/ steering w heel n /ˈs t ɪ ə r ɪ ŋ ˌwɪːl/ store v /s tɔ ː(r)/ straig h t away a d v /ˌstr e ɪt əˈ w eɪ/ street crim e n /ˈs triːt ˌkraɪm / strongly a d v /ˈstr ɒ ŋ l i/ suggest v /sə ˈʤ e st/ suggestio n n /səˈʤ e s ʧ ə n / su p p o rt v /sə ˈp ɔ ːt/ system n /ˈsɪstəm / take o ff v /ˌt e ɪk ˈɒf/ topic sentences n p l /ˈtɒ p ɪk ˌse n t ə n sɪz/ to conclude /tə kən ˈk lu ːd / to sum up / t ə ˌsʌm ˈʌp/ ty p ew riter n /ˈta ɪp ɪtə (r)/ tyres n p l /ˈtaɪəz/ unreliabl e a d j /ˌʌnrɪˈlaɪəbl/ unsuitable a d j /ˌʌ n ˈsuːtəbl/ use n /ju ːs / value n /ˈv æ lju ː/ vehicles n p l /ˈv iːə k lz/ voice-controlled a d j /ˈvɔɪs k ə n ˌtrəʊld/ w aste v / w e ɪs t/ w h at’s m o re a d v /ˌw ɒ ts ˈm ɔː(r)/ w hite li n es n p l /ˌw aɪt ˈlaɪ n z / w ing n / w ɪŋ/ w ith in p r e p / w ɪˈð ɪ n / w onderful a d j /ˈw ʌ n d ə f l / yours /jɔ ːz / yours faithfully /ˌjɔ ː z ˈfeɪθ f əli/ Unit academ ic a d j /ˌæ k əˈdem ɪ k / acre n /ˈeɪ k ə(r)/ agriculture n /ˈæ g rɪ k ʌ lʧ ə(r)/ antiseptic n /ˌæ n tɪˈs e p tɪk / ap p ear v /əˈp ɪə(r)/ applicants n p l /ˈæ p lɪk ə n ts/ arg u m e n ts n p l /ˈɑ ːg Jəm ə n ts/ a rra n ge v /əˈr e ɪ n ʤ / as req u ested /ə z rɪˈk w e stɪd / attach v /ə ˈtæ ʧ / attach m en t n /ə ˈtæ ʧ m ə n t/ atte n d v /ə ˈt e n d/ audience n /ˈɔːd iə n s/ autobiography n /ˌɔ ːtə b a ɪˈɒ g rə f i/ beauty n /ˈb ju ːti/ Best w ishes /ˌb e s t ˈw ɪ ʃ ɪz/ bian n u al a d j /b a ɪ ˈæ n jʊ ə l / bilingual a d j /ˌb a ɪ ˈlɪŋgw əl/ biocbe ɪn istry n /ˌbaɪəʊ ˈk e m ɪstri/ biography n /b aɪˈ ɒ g rəfi/ hiological sciences n p l / ˌba ɪ əˌl ɒ ʤ t k l ˈsa ɪ ə n sɪz/ b o o k v /bʊ k / bow er n /ˈbaʊ ə(r)/ b rie f a d j /b riːf/ b u rsary n /ˈb ɜːsəri/ candidates n p l /ˈk æ n d ɪd e ɪts/ carh o n n /ˈk ɑ ːh ən / chair n , v /ʧ e ə (r)/ characteristic n /ˌk æ rə k tə ˈ r ɪs tɪ k / check in v /ˌʧ e k ˈɪ n / C heers /ʧ ɪə z / ch em istry n /ˈk e m ɪ stri/ chicken n /ˈʧ ɪ k ɪ n / clear a d j / k lɪə(r)/ coach n / k əʊ ʧ/ coffee h r e a k n /ˈkɒfi ˌhr e ɪk/ colleagues n p l /ˈk ɒ lɪːg z / collectio n n /kəˈl e k ʃ n / co n ference n /ˈkɒ n f ə rə n s/ tact details n p l /ˈk ɒ n tæ k t ˌdiːteɪlz/ ten ts n p l /ˈk ɒ n te n ts / cream n /ˈk riːm / criticism n /ˈk rɪtɪs t z m / c u rre n tly a d v /ˈk ʌ r ə n t l ɪ/ cu t n /ˈitʌt/ d e p a rt v /d ɪˈp ɑ ːt/ developm ent n /d ɪ ˈveləpm ə n t/ difficulty n /ˈd ɪ f ɪ k ə ltɪ/ dysphagia n /d ɪsˈfe ɪʤ ɪ ə/ energetic a d j /ˌ e n əˈʤ e tɪk / essay n /ˈes eɪ/ exhi b itio n n /ˌe k sɪˈb ɪ ʃ n / ex p ert n /ˈe k s p ɜ ːt/ ex-p resid en t n /ˌe k s ˈpre z ɪd ə n t/ fam iliar a d j / f əˈm ɪliə(r)/ farewell n / f e əˈ w e l/ farm n / f aːm / fax n / f æ ks/ features n p l /ˈf ɪːʧ ə z / fields (academ ic) n p l / f iːld z/ final a d j /ˈ f a ɪ n l/ fiue n t l y a d v /ˈf lu ːə n tli/ fo rm er a d j /ˈfɔːm ə(r)/ gases n p l /ˈg æ sɪz/ graduate v /ˈg ræ d jʊ e ɪt/ great a d j /g r e ɪt/ gust n /gʌst/ h ead n /h e d/ hedge n /h e ʤ / hold (a co n fere n ce) v /həʊ ld/ Ld love to /ˌaɪd ˈlʌv tə / have g reat pleasure In /ˌaɪ h æ v ˈgr e ɪt ˌple ʒ ə r ɪ n / lo o k fo r w ard to /ˌaɪ ˈlʊk ˌfɔː w əd tə / im prove v / ɪ m ˈp ru ːv / in charge /ˌ ɪ n ˈʧɑːʤ / i n favour o f p r e p /ˌɪ n ˈf e ɪv ə r ə v / infected a d j / ɪ n ˈʃ e k t ɪ d/ in fiam m ato ry a d j /ɪnˈ f læ m ətri/ in fo rm v / ɪ nˈf ɔːm / in fo rm al l y a d v /ɪ n ˈf ɔ ːm ə l ɪ/ i n h e re n t a d j /ɪ n ˈherə n t/ in su p p o rt o f /ˌɪn sə ˈp ɔ ːt əv/ in term ed iate a d j /ˌɪn tə ˈm iːd iə t/ in tern atio n al a d j /ˌɪn tə ˈn æ ʃn ə l/ invitatio n n /ˌɪ n v ɪˈte ɪʃ n / iti n era ry n /a ɪˈt ɪ n ərəri/ It w ould he greatly appreciated if /ˌɪt w ʊd h ɪ ˈgr e ɪtli ə ˌp riːʃie ɪ tɪd ɪf/ jo y n /ʤ ɔɪ/ latter a d j /ˈlæ tə(r)/ layout n /ˈleɪaʊ t/ lesions n p l /ˈlɪːʒ n z / liq u id n /ˈlɪk w ɪd/ literary a d j /ˈlɪtərəri/ loveliness n /ˈlʌvli n əs/ m alaria n /m əˈleəriə/ m edical a d j /ˈm ed ɪ k l/ m ic ro p h o n e n /ˈm aɪ k rə f əʊn/ m in istry n /ˈm ɪn əstri/ m isp rin t n i ˈm ɪsp rɪn t/ m o sq u e n /m ɒ sk/ m u ltim e d ia n /ˌm ʌ lt ɪ ˈm iːdiə/ n atio n al a d j /ˈ n æ ʃ n ə l / n o te n /n ə ʊ t/ n o te d a d j /ˈnəʊ tɪd / n o th i n gness n /ˈn ʌθɪŋnəs/ novel n /ˈ n ɒ vl/ n ovelist n /ˈ n ɒ v ə l ɪ st/ n uclear p ow er statiorɪs n p l /ˌn ju ːk liə ˈpaʊə ˌs te ɪʃn z / o b stru c tio n n /ə h ˈstrʌ k ʃ n/ ohvious a d j /ˈɒbviəs/ o p e n air n /ˌəʊ pən ˈeə(r)/ overall a d j /ˌəʊvərˈɔːl/ p a p e r (at a co n f ere n ce) n /ˈp e ɪ p ə(r)/ p articu larly a d v /p ə ˈtɪ k jələli/ p atie n t n /ˈpe ɪ J n t/ Please find attached /ˈp l iːz f a ɪ n d ə ˌtæ ʧ t/ Please find en clo sed /ˈplɪː z fa ɪn d ɪnˌ k ləʊ z d/ p len ary n /ˈpliːnərɪ/ p o e m n /ˈpəʊ ɪ m / p o e t n /ˈpəʊ ɪt/ p o i n t v /p ɔ ɪ n t/ p o stg rad n ate n /ˌpəʊst ˈg ræ d jʊ ət/ prefix n /ˈp riːti k s/ p ri n tiɪtg n /ˈp rɪ n t ɪ ŋ/ p r o f (professor) n /p r ɒ f / p ro g ram m e o f events n /ˌp rəʊ græ m ə v ɪˈv e n ts / p ro m in e n t a d j /ˈpr ɒ m ɪn ə n t/ p u rp o se n /ˈp ɜːp əs/ qualificatio n s n p l /ˌ k w ɒ l ɪ f ɪˈk e ɪ ʃ n z / reasona b le a d j /ˈriːz n əhl/ red u ce v /rɪˈd ju ːs/ reference n /ˈre f rə n s/ re m in d v /rɪˈm a ɪ n d/ re ɪn in d e r n /rɪˈm a ɪ n d ə(r)/ renew ahle a d j / r ɪ ˈn ju ːə h l/ review v /rɪˈv ju ː/ screen n /sk riːn / se n io r lecturer n /ˌsiː n iə ˈlek ʧ ərə(r)/ sessio n n /ˈse ʃ n / s e t o f f v /ˌs e t ˈɒf / shelter n /ˈʃ e l tə (r)/ sightseeing n /ˈsaɪtsiːɪŋ/ site n /saɪt/ skills n p l /sk ɪlz/ social life n /ˈsə ʊ ʃ l ˌla ɪ f / sources n p l /ˈsɔ ːsɪ z / speaker n /ˈspiː k ə(r)/ specify v /ˈspe sɪf a ɪ/ su b m ari n e n /ˌsʌ b m əˈriː n / suffixes n p l /ˈsʌ f ɪ k s ɪ z / swa l l ow v /ˈs w ɒ l əʊ/ sy m ptom n /ˈsɪm p təm / tem p o ry a d j /ˈte m p ə rə ri/ te rm (= w ord) n /tɜ ːm / textbook n /ˈte k stb ʊ k / to n e n /tə ʊ n / top o g rap h y n /tə ˈp ɒ g rə f i/ to u r n /tʊ ə(r)/ tran sfo rm v /tr æ n sˈf ɔːm / tran slatio n n /træ n s ˈ l e ɪ ʃ n / Turkey n /ˈtɜ ːki/ tu to r n /ˈtju ːtə (r)/ typical a d j /ˈt ɪ pɪkl/ typing n / t a ɪ p ɪŋ/ use n /ju ːs i ven u e n /ˈv e n ju ː/ w edding n /ˈw ediŋ/ w ish v /w ɪ ʃ / yours sincerely /ˌjɔ ː z s ɪ n ˈsɪəl ɪ/ Unit actually a d v /ˈæ k ʧ ʊ əl ɪ / ancestors n p l /ˈæ n s e s tə z / ancient a d j /ˈ e ɪ n ʃ n t/ applied science n /əˌp la ɪ d ˈsaɪəns/ apply v /əˈplaɪ/ arth ritis n /ɑ ːˈθ ɪtə s/ asth m a n /ˈæ sm ə/ au th o r n /ˈɔːθə(r)/ average a d j /ˈæ vərɪʤ / hestseller n /ˌb estˈselə(r)/ billion n /ˈb ɪljən / bones n p l /b ə ʊ n z / b reak tb ro u g b n /ˈbr e ɪ k θ ru ː/ b u llet p o in ts n p l /ˈbʊlɪt ˌp ɔɪn ts/ busy adj /ˈbɪzi/ bytes np l /baɪts/ C an ad a n /ˈkæ n ədə/ C an ad ian a d j / k əˈ n e ɪ d iə n / cause n /k ɔːz/ C elsius n /ˈs e l siəs/ centigrade n /ˈse n tɪg r e ɪ d/ central a d j /ˈse n trəl/ c b ild h o o d n /ˈʧaɪldhʊ d/ cbips n p l /ʧ ɪ ps/ claim v /k l e ɪm / claim s n p l /k l e ɪ m z/ colleagues n p l /ˈkɒl ɪ ːg z / co n centrate v /ˈ k ɒ n s ə n tr e ɪt/ co n clude v / k ə n ˈk luːd/ co n n ectio n n /kəˈ n e k ʃn / consist v /k ə n ˈsɪst/ co n trib u te v / k ə n ˈtr ɪ b j u ː t , ˈk ɒ n tr ɪb ju ːt/ c o n trib u to r n /k ə n ˈtr ɪ b jə tə (r)/ cures n p l / k jʊ əz/ daily a d j /ˈd e ɪli/ dam age n /ˈdæ m ɪʤ / d a n ger n /ˈd eɪ n ʤ ə(r)/ d ata n /ˈd e ɪtə / decades n p l /ˈd e k e ɪdz/ decim als n p l /ˈd e s ɪ m l z / decline n /d ɪˈk laɪn / decrease v /d ɪˈk riːs/ d em an d n /d ɪˈm ɑ ː n d/ d e p e n d v /d ɪ ˈp e nd/ develop v /d ɪˈv e ləp/ d iam eter n /d aɪˈæ m ɪtə(r)/ d iet n /ˈd aɪət/ diseases n p l /dɪˈ z ɪː z ɪ z / d istrn st n /d ɪs ˈtrʌ s t/ d ro p n /d ro p / effect n /ɪˈ f e k t/ elem ents n p l /ˈeləm ə n ts / en sure v /ɪ n ˈʃʊ ə(r)/ equals v /ˈiːk w ə l z / evidence n /ˈevɪdəns/ exist v /ɪgˈz ɪst/ face m asks n p l /ˈf e ɪs ˌm ɑːsks/ fact n / f æ k t/ factories n p l /ˈf æ k tə r i z / fight v, n / f aɪt/ final n /ˈf a ɪ n l/ forest fires n p l /ˈ f ɒ rɪs t ˌfaɪə z / fossil fuels n p l /ˈ f ɒ s l ˌ f jʊ ə l z / generations n p l /ˌʤ e n əˈr e ɪʃn z / giga b yte n /ˈg ɪg ə b a ɪt/ hahits n p l /ˈh æ b ɪts/ h a lf n /h ɑ ː f / h e a rt attacks n p l /ˈb u ːt əˌtæ k s/ height n /h a ɪt/ ill h ealth n /ˌɪl ˈh e lθ/ increase n /ˈɪŋk riːs/ i n creased a d j /ˈɪŋ k riːst/ i n creasing a d j / ɪ n ˈkriːsɪŋ/ increasi n g l y a d v /ɪ n ˈk riːsɪŋ l l/ in d u strial a d j /ɪn ˈd ʌ striə l/ in fact a d v /ˌɪn ˈf æ k t/ in terp ret v /ɪ n ˈtɜ ːp rɪt/ i n tu rn a d v /ˌɪ n ˈtɜ ː n / key a d j / k iː/ latest a d j /ˈl e ɪ t ɪ st/ lead to v /ˈliːd ˌ tu ː , tə / less th a n /ˈles ðən / level n /ˈl e vI/ likely a d j /ˈla ɪ kli/ lin k n /lɪŋ k / lo n g -term a d j /ˌlɒŋ ˈtɜːm / lung cancer n /ˈl ʌŋ ˌk æ n sə(r)/ m ajo r a d j /ˈm eɪʤ ə(r)/ m ake notes v /ˌm e ɪk ˈn əʊ ts/ m an -m ad e a d j /ˌm æ n ˈm e ɪd/ m athem atical sym hol n /ˌm æ θəˌm æ tɪkl ˈsɪm bl/ m etres n p l /ˈm ɪːtə z / m icro n s n p l /ˈm aɪ k r ɒ nz/ m i n i n g n /ˈm aɪ n ɪŋ/ m i n us p r e p /ˈm aɪ n əs/ m o to r vehicle n /ˈm əʊ tə ˌviːək l / n atu ral a d j /ˈn æ ʧ rə l / n o u g h t n /n ɔ ːt/ oil n /ɔ ɪ l/ o rdinal n u m b ers n p l /ˈɔːdɪnl ˌn ʌ m b ə z / o rig i n al a d j /əˈrɪʤ ə n l/ origins n p l /ˈ ɒ rɪʤ ɪn z / parap h rase v /ˈp æ rə fr e ɪz/ particles n p l /ˈp ɑ ːtɪk l z / Word list 67 percentages n p l /p ə ˈs e n tə ʤ ɪ z / pi n /paɪ/ plagiarize v /ˈp l e ɪʤ ə ɪ z / p o l lu ta n ts n p l /p əˈ l u ːtə n ts/ p o llu ted a d j /p əˈlu ːtɪd / p o l lu tio n n /p əˈlu ː ʃ n / p o orly a d v /ˈp ɔ ːh , ˈpʊə l ɪ/ possi b ility n /ˌp ɒsəˈb ɪ l ə ti/ pow er statio n s n p l /ˈpaʊə ˌste ɪʃn z / previously a d v /ˈp riːvɪəslɪ/ p rim a ry schoo l n /ˈp ɪ m ərl ˌskuːl/ p ro h a h ly a d v /ˈp r ɒ bəh li/ p ro m in e n t a d j /ˈp rɒ m ɪ n ə n t/ prop erly a d v /ˈprɒpəlɪ/ p ro tect v /p rə ˈt e k t/ prove v /p ru ːv / pupils n p l /ˈp Ju ːp l z / p u re science n /ˌp jʊ ə ˈsaɪəns/ q u a rte r n /ˈk w ɔ ːtə (r)/ quote v / k w əʊ t/ ratio n /ˈreɪʃiəʊ / reactio n n /riˈæ k ʃ n / reassuring a d j /ˌriːəˈʃʊ ərɪŋ / reco rd v /rɪˈ k ɔ ːd / r e d u ce v /rɪˈd ju ːs/ releva n t a d j /ˈre lə v ə n t/ re p o rt v /rɪˈp ɔ ːt/ researchers n p l /rɪˈs ɜ ːʧ ə z / residents n p l /ˈr e z ɪ d ə n ts / resu lt in v /r ɪ ˈz ʌ lt ɪ n/ results n p l /rɪˈz ʌ lts/ reveal v /rɪˈv ɪ ːl/ revision n /rɪˈv ɪ ʒ n / rew rite v /ˌ r iːˈra ɪ t/ rise n /r a ɪ z/ risk n / r ɪ s k / sake n /seɪk / sca n dal n /ˈs k æ n dl/ scientists n p l /ˈsa ɪ ə n t ɪ sts/ search v /s ɜ ːʧ / shock v / ʃ ɒ k/ shockingly a d v /ˈʃ ɒ k ɪ ŋli/ shortag e n /ˈʃ ɔ ːtɪʤ / sim ilar a d j /ˈsɪm ələ( r )/ si n gle a d j /ˈsɪŋgl/ sit (an exam ) v /ˌsɪt (ə n ɪgˈ z æ m )/ skeletons n p l /ˈsk e l ɪ t n z / society n /sə ˈsa ɪə ti/ solution n /sə ˈlu ːʃ n / source n /sɔ ːs/ speculate v /ˈsp e k jə le ɪ t/ speculation n /ˌsp e k jə ˈ le ɪʃ n / strictly a d v /ˈ s tr ɪ k th / su b u rh n /ˈsʌ h ɜːh / suffer v /ˈsʌ f ə (r)/ su m m arize v /ˈsʌ m ə ɪz / su m m a ry n /ˈsʌm əri/ take tim e v /ˌt e ɪ k ˈtaɪm / TB n /ˌtiː ˈhiː/ tem p eratu re n /ˈt e m p rə ʧ ə (r)/ th ird n /θ ɜːd / th ree q u a rte rs n p l /ˌθriː ˈk w ɔ ːtə z / tiny a d j /ˈ ta ɪ n i/ toe n /tə ʊ / tuherculosis n /tju ːˌb ɜ ːk jʊ lə ʊ s is / 68 Word list u n c e rta in ty n /ˌʌ n ˈsɜːtn ti/ u n d erv alu e v /ˌʌ n dəˈvæ l ju ː/ u n su rp risi n gly a d v /ˌʌ n sə ˈp ɪz ɪ ŋli/ value n /ˈvæ l ju ː/ vehicle n /ˈv lːək l / v itam in C n /v ɪ tə m ɪ n ˈsɪ ː/ volcanoes n p l /v ɒ l ˈkeɪ n əʊ z / zero n /ˈ z ɪ ərəʊ / Unit a b stra c t n /ˈæ b stræ k t/ accom pany v /əˈkʌm pənl/ a c to r n /ˈæ k tə(r)/ ad d itio n al a d j /əˈd ɪ ʃ ə n l/ ad m ire v /əd ˈm a ɪ ə(r)/ age (= p e rio d o f tim e) n / e ɪ ʤ / A n g o l a n /æ ŋˈgəʊ lə/ an n u al a d j /ˈæ n jʊ əl/ ap artb eid n /ə ˈp o ːta ɪ t/ approxim ately a d v /əˈp r ɒ k sɪm ɔ tlɪ/ A rabic a d j /ˈæ rəbɪk/ A rabism n /ˈæ rəb ɪzm / archa e ologist n /ˌɑːkiˈɒləʤ ɪ s t/ A rg en tin a n /ˌɑ ːʤ ɔ n ˈtiː n ə/ a rt gallery n /ˈɑ ːt ˌgælərɪ/ atte n d v /ə ˈt e n d/ au th o r n /ˈɔːθə(r)/ averag e a d j /ˈæ vərɪʤ / decade n /ˈd e k e ɪ d/ degree n /d ɪˈgriː/ dem ocratically a d v /ˌd em əˈk ræ tɪk li/ design v /d ɪˈzaɪ n / detectio n n /d ɪˈte k ʃ n / detective n /d ɪ ˈte k tɪv / d irect a d y v /d əˈr e k t, d ɪ - , daɪ-/ d irecto r n /d əˈr e k tə (r ) , d ɪ -, daɪ-/ disadvantaged a d j /,d ɪ sədˈv ɒ ː n tiʤ d/ discovery n /d ɪˈs k ʌv əri/ distinctive a d j /d ɪ ˈst ɪ ŋ k t ɪ v/ d ram atist n /ˈd ræ m ə tɪst/ editio n n / ɪ ˈd ɪʃ n / educate v /ˈ e ʤ ɪɪ k e ɪt/ efficient a d j /ɪˈf ɪ ʃ n t/ Egypt n /ˈiːʤ ɪpt/ Egyptia n a d j / ɪ ˈʤ ɪ pʃɪɪ/ elect v /ɪˈl e k t/ e m p ty v /ˈ e m p t ɪ/ encyclopaedia n / ɪ n ˌsa ɪ k l əˈp lːd ɪ ə/ e n d i n g n /ˈ e n d ɪ ŋ/ especially a d v /ɪˈs p e ʃ l i/ ex p o rt n /ˈ e k s p ɔ ːt/ extracts n p l /ˈ e k s træ k ts / fight against v /ˈ f a ɪ t əˌg e n st/ final n /ˈ f a ɪ n l/ folio n /ˈf əʊl ɪ əʊ/ foothallers n p l /ˈfʊ th ɔ ːlə z / foreign a d j /ˈf ɒ rən/ fu neral n /ˈ f j u ː n ərəl/ best-selling a d j /ˈb est ˌse l ɪ ŋ/ b o ili n g p o i n t n /ˈb ɔɪl ɪ ŋ p ɔ ɪ n t/ b rid g e n /b r ɪ ʤ / b u tt e rfiy n /ˈb ʌ tə fla ɪ/ goals n p l /gəʊ lz/ g ram m ar school n /ˈgræ m ə ,s k uːl/ car e e r n /k ə ˈr ɪ ə(r)/ categories n p l /ˈ k æ tə g ə ri z / c e n tn ry n /ˈsen ʧ ərɪ/ ch an t v /ʧ ɑ ː n t/ c h a rt n /ʧ ɑ ːt/ ch em istry n /ˈk e m ɪ stri/ chronological a d j /ˌk r ɒ n əˈ l ɒ ʤ ɪk l / classic a d j , n /ˈk læ s ɪ k / club n / k lʌb/ coll e cted a d j / k əˈl e k t ɪ d/ com ed y n /ˈk ɒ m ədi/ co m m as n p l /ˈk ɒ m ə z / com plete v /kəm ˈp l iːt/ co m p o se v / k əm ˈpəʊ z / co m p o ser n / k əm ˈp əʊ zə(r)/ co n d itio n s n p l /k ə n ˈd ɪ ʃ n z/ c o n d u c t v /k ə n ˈdʌkt/ c o n d u c to r n /k ə n ˈd ʌ k tə(r)/ c o n n ectio n n / k əˈ n e k ʃɪɪ/ co n sid er v / k ə n ˈs ɪ d ə(r)/ co n tin u e v / k ə n ˈtɪ n ju ː/ c o u n ty n /ˈkaʊ nti/ couple n /ˈk ʌpl/ c o u rt n / k ɔ ːt/ creato r n / k r ɪ ˈe ɪ tə (r)/ ill-d o cu ɪn e n ted a d j /ˈ ɪ l ˌd ɒ k jəm e n tɪd / Im am n /ɪˈm ɑːm / im p o rtan ce n / ɪ m ˈp ɔ ːtə n s/ im p riso n v / ɪ m ˈp r ɪ z n / i n correct a d j /ˌ ɪ n k əˈr e k t/ initially a d v /ɪˈ n ɪ ʃəli/ in tern atio n al a d j /ˌɪ n təˈ n æ ʃ n əl/ In te rn e t n /ˈ ɪ n tə n e t/ Iraq n / ɪ ˈræk/ Islam n /ˈ ɪ z lɑːm / Islam ic a d j /ɪ z ˈlæ m ɪk/ D am e C o m m a n d e r o f tbe O rd e r o f the B ritish E m pire n /ˌd e ɪ m k ə ˌm u ːn d ər ə v ði ˌɔːdər ə v ðə ˌbr ɪ t ɪ ʃ ˈe m p a ɪə (r)/ D aɪn e o f th e British E m pire n /ˌd e ɪ m ə v ð ə ˌbr ɪ t ɪ ʃ ˈem p aɪə(r)/ hero n /ˈhɪərəʊ / jazz n /ʤ æ z/ keyw ords n p l /ˈkiː w ɜːd z/ K hedive n dtəˈdiːv/ landscape n /ˈlæ n d s k e ɪ p/ law n /lɔː/ law school n /ˈlɔː ˌsk uːl/ lead actor n /ˌliːd ˈæ k tə (r)/ life-cy cle n /ˈ l a ɪ f ˌsa ɪ k l/ h fe -s to ry n /ˈla ɪ f ˌstɔ ːr ɪ / literary a d j /ˈlɪtərəri/ literature n /ˈl ɪ trɔ ʧ ə (r)/ luxurious a d j /ˈ l ʌg ʒʊ əriəs/ m ax im u m a d v /ˈm æ ksɪm əm / m e rc u ry n /ˈm ɜːk jəri/ m id d le class a d j /ˈm id l ˈklaːs/ m o n thly a d j /ˈm ʌ n θl ɪ/ m o u rn ers n p l /ˈm ɔː n ə z / m ovem ent n /ˈm u ːv m ə n t/ m ovie n /ˈm uːvi/ ɪ n y stery n /ˈm ɪ stri/ m ysterious a d j /m ɪsˈt ɪ əriəs/ n am e v /n e ɪm / Nohel Prize n /ˌ n əʊ b e l ˈpraɪz/ n o n - d e fining relative clause n / ˌ n ɒ n d ɪ ˌf a ɪ n ɪ ŋ ˌrelət ɪ v ˈk lɔːz/ n o ted a d j /ˈ n əʊ tɪd / novel n /ˈn ɒvl/ novelist n /ˈn ɒ v əl ɪ st/ o h tain v /ə b ˈt e ɪ n / o m it v /əˈm ɪt/ o n lin e a d j /ˈɒ n la ɪ n / o f all tim e a d v /əv ˌɔːl ˈta ɪ m/ o p era n /ˈɒpərə/ orch estra n /ˈɔ ːk ɪstrə / palace n /ˈpæ ləs/ peace n /p iːs/ percentage n /p əˈse n tɪʤ / p h ilo so p h er n / f ɪ ˈlɒsə f ə(r)/ playw right n /ˈpl e ɪ r a ɪ t/ p o etic a d j /p ə ʊ ˈe t ɪ k / Poet Laureate n /ˌpəʊ ɪt ˈlɒ riə t/ p o e try n /ˈp əʊ ətri/ politician n /ˌpɒ ləˈt ɪ ʃ ɪV p o rtra it n /ˈp ɔ ːtr e ɪt/ presid en t n /ˈpr e z ɪ d ə n t/ p riso n n /ˈp rɪzn / pro d u ce v /p rə ˈd ju ːs/ prolific a d j /p rəˈl ɪ f ɪ k / p ro m in e n t a d j /ˈp rɒ m ɪn ə n t/ p ro p h e t n /ˈprɒ f ɪt/ pro se n /p rəʊ z/ p u h lic ly a d v /ˈp ʌ h l ɪ k l i/ puhlish v /ˈp ʌ h lɪʃ/ rad iu m n /ˈre ɪ diəm / rainfall n /ˈr e ɪ n f ɔːl/ raise v /r e ɪ z/ related to a d j /rɪˈle ɪ t ɪ d ˌtu ː, tə / relative clause n /ˌre lə t ɪ v ˈklɔːz/ relative p ro n o u n s n p l /ˌr e lə tɪv ˈprəʊ n aʊ n z / release v / r ɪ ˈl ɪːs/ relevant a d j /ˈr e ləv ə n t/ reliahle a d j /rɪˈla ɪ əbt/ r e m n v /rɪˈm e ɪ n / rep u tatio n n /ˌre p jʊ ˈt e ɪ ʃ n / retired a d j /rɪˈta ɪ əd / role n /rəʊl/ royal a d j /ˈrɔ ɪ əl/ ru sh v /rʌ ʃ/ sadly a d v /ˈsæ dl ɪ/ score v /s k ɔː(r)/ scu lp tu re n /ˈsk ʌ lp ʧ ə(r)/ search n /s ɜ ːʧ / search engine n /ˈsɜ ːʧ ˌen ʤ ɪ n / selected a d j /s ɪ ˈlektɪd/ sep aratio n n /ˌs e pəˈr e ɪ ʃ n / share v /ʃe ə (r)/ sh o rt sto ry n /ˌʃɔ ːt ˈstɔːri/ sites n p l /s a ɪts / so n g w riter n /ˈsɒ ŋ ɪ tə (r)/ source n /sɔ ːs/ S o u th A fric a n /ˌsaʊθ ˈæ f rɪk ə/ special effects n p l /ˌsp e j t ɪ ˈfek ts/ stages n p l /ˈs te ɪ ʤ ɪz/ star n , v /stɑ ː(r)/ statesm a n n /ˈst e ɪ ts m ə n / subject n /ˈsʌ b ʤ ɪ k t/ su rp risi n g a d j /s ə ˈp ɪ z ɪŋ/ Sw itzerla n d n /ˈsw ɪ t s ə l a n d/ Syria n /ˈs ɪ riə/ t e e n s n p l / t ɪ ːn z / topic n /ˈtɒ p ɪ k / to u rn a m e n t n /ˈtɔ ː n ɔ m ə n t/ tragedy n /ˈtræ ʤ əd i/ tragico ɪn ed y n /ˌtræ ʤ ɪ ˈk ɒ m ədi/ trib u te n p tr ɪb ju ːt/ trip n /trɪp / u n h a p p y a d j /ˌʌ n ˈhæpi/ U n ic e f n /ˈju ː n ɪ s e f / uniq u e a d j /ju ːˈ n iː k / u n k n o w n a d j /ˌʌ n ˈn əʊn/ volum es n p l /ˈv ɒ lju ːm z / w ehsite n /ˈw e h s a ɪt/ w ell-connected a d j /ˌw e l k əˈ n e k tɪd / w id e ly-r e ad a d j /ˌw a ɪ dli ˈre d/ w orks n p l /w ɜ ː k s/ w o rld C up n /ˌw ɜ ːld ˈkʌp/ Zimhabwe n /zɪmˈhɑːbw ɪ/ Unit ahhreviations n p l /əˌb ɪiːv iˈ e ɪʃ n z / access v /ˈæ k s e s/ accurate a d j /ˈæ k jə rə t/ ack n ow ledge v /ə k ˈn ɒlɪʤ / ack n ow l ed g em e n ts n p l /ək ˈ n ɒ l ɪ ʤ m ə n ts/ acronym s n p l /ˈæ k rə n ɪm z / advertising n /ˈæ d v ə ta ɪz ɪŋ / aerial n /ˈeərɪə l / afford v /əˈ f ɔːd / alphabetical a d j /ˌæ l f əˈb e t ɪ k l/ a n ti-s p a m a d j /ˌæ n ti ˈspæ m / anti-v iru s a d j /ˌæ n ti ˈva ɪ rə s/ as c o n j /ə z / as a resu lt a d v /ˌə z ə rɪˈ z ʌ lt/ attack m v /əˈtæ k / attractive a d j /ə ˈtræ k tɪv / back u p v /ˈbæ kʌp, ˌbæ k ˈʌp/ basic a d j /ˈb e ɪs ɪ k / batteries n p l /ˈb æ tə ri z / BBC n /ˌbiː biː ˈsiː/ b e m a d e up o f v /ˌbɪ ˈm e ɪd ʌp əv/ bibliography n /ˌb ɪ b l ɪ ˈɒ g rə fi/ b io ch em istry n /ˌhaɪəʊ ˈ k e m ɪ s trɪ/ h c k e ts n p l /ˈh ræ k ɪts/ h rain n /b r e ɪ n / b rea k i n to v /ˈbr e ɪk ˌɪ n tə / b rea k tb ro u g h n /ˈb re ɪ k θ ru ː/ c / ca /ˈsɜːk ə/ C D b u r n e r n /ˌsɪː ˈdɪː ˌb ɜː n ə(r)/ C D -R O M n /ˌs iːd iː ˈrɒ m / cen tral processi n g u n it n /ˌs e n t r ə l ˈprəʊs e sɪŋ ˌjuː n ɪt/ certainly a d v /ˈs ɜ ːt n lɪ/ c f /ˈsiː ef/ cbips (co m p u ter cbips) n p l /ʧɪps/ c irc a p r e p /ˈsɜːk ə/ codes n p l /k əʊ d z/ co h ere n t a d j / k əʊ ˈh ɪ ə r ə n t/ cohesive a d j /kəʊ ˈb ɪ ːsɪv/ com m ercial a d j /k əˈm ɜːʃl/ com panies n p l /ˈk ʌ m p ə n iz/ c o n n ect v / k əˈ n e k t/ co nsequently a d v /ˈ k ɒ n s ɪ k w ə n tl ɪ / C P U n /ˌs ɪ ː pɪː ˈJuː/ crash v /k ræ ʃ/ credit v /ˈk r e d ɪt/ credit card n /ˈk red ɪt ˌkɑːd/ crim e n /ˈ k raɪm / d e n tist n /ˈd e n t ɪ st/ d e n tistry n /ˈde n tɪs trɪ/ d e p a rtm e n t n /d ɪˈp ɑ ːtm ə n t/ design n /dɪˈzaɪrɪ/ designers n p l /dɪˈ z a ɪ n əz/ destroy v /d ɪˈstrɔ ɪ/ details n p l /ˈd iːt e ɪ l z/ d etect v /d ɪˈt e k t/ developing w orld n /d ɪˌv e l əp ɪŋ ˈw ɜːld/ devic e n /d ɪ ˈvaɪs/ devise v /d ɪ ˈva ɪ z / digital a d j /ˈd ɪʤ ɪtl/ d o w n lo ad v /ˌdaʊnˈ l əʊd/ drills n p l /d rɪlz/ D v D b u rn e r n /ˌdɪː viː ˈdiː ˌbɜː n ə (r)/ effectively a d v /ɪˈ f e k tɪv l i/ e.g /ˈiː ʤ iː/ electricity n /ɪˌ l e k ˈtrɪsə ti/ em ployees n p l /ˌɪm plɔɪˈlː z / en o rm o u sly a d v /ɪˈ n ɔ ːm ə s l ɪ/ equal v /ˈɪː k w ə l / etc / e tˈs e tə rə / for in stan ce / f ə r ˈɪn stən s/ fu n ctio n n /ˈf ʌ ŋ k ʃ n / gangs n pl /gæŋz/ GB (gigabyte) n /g ɪg , ˈg ɪ g ə b a ɪ t/ ge n eratio n n /ˌʤ e n əˈr e ɪ ʃ n / grad u ates n p l /ˈg ræ d jʊ ə ts/ h a n d l e n /ˈhæ n dl/ h ardw are n /ˈh u ːd w eə(r)/ h ire v /h a ɪə (r)/ house v /h aʊ z/ ibid /ˈ ɪ b ɪd/ Le /ˈaɪ iː/ im ply v /ɪm ˈplaɪ/ in co m in g call n /ˌɪ n k ʌ m ɪŋ ˈk ɔːl/ indiv id u al a d j /ɪ n dɪˈvɪʤ ʊ əl/ in fo rm a tio n technology n /ˌɪ n f əˌm e ɪ ʃ n t e k ˈn ɒ l ə ʤ ɪ / i n fu l l a d v / ˌ ɪ n ˈf ʊ l / in itial n /ɪˈ n ɪʃl/ in o th e r w ords /ˌɪn ˈʌðə ˌw ɜ ːd z/ install v / ɪ n ˈstɔːl/ In te rn e t n /ˈɪ n t ə n e t/ i n th e o ry /ˌɪ n ˈθɪ əri/ inve n tio n s n p l /ɪ n ˈve n ʃ n z/ in v erted com m as n p l /ɪ n ˌv ɜːtɪd ˈk ɒ m əz/ iP od n /ˈa ɪ pɒd/ IT n /ˌaɪ ˈtiː/ ju n k m ail n /ˈʤ ʌŋk ˌm eɪl/ keyboard n /ˈk iːb ɔːd / laptop (com puter) n /ˈlæ p t ɒ p/ laser n /ˈleɪ z ə(r)/ linking w ords n p l /ˈlɪŋkɪŋ ˌw ɜ ːd z/ lo ad v /ləʊd/ m acb l n e r y n /m əˈ ʃ ɪː n əri/ m ail n /m e ɪl/ m ailboxes n p l /ˈm eɪ l b ɒ k stz/ m an u factu rers n p l / ˌm æ n jəˈfæ k ʧ ə r ə z / m e m o ry n /ˈm e m əri/ m e m o ry key n /ˈm em əri ˌkiː/ m o n ito r n /ˈm ɒ n ɪtə (r)/ m ouse n /m ao s/ N.B /ˌen ˈbiː/ n etw orks n p l /ˈ n e tw ɜ ːk s / o n li n e a d v /ˌɒ n ˈl a ɪ n / O PEC n /ˈəʊ pe k / o p p o rtu n ity n /ˌ ɒ p ə ˈ tju ː n əti/ o p tio n s n p l /ˈɒp ʃ n z/ o rd in ary a d j /ˈɔːd n ri/ o u t o f co ntrol a d j /ˌaʊ t əv k ə n ˈtrəʊ l / p / pp /p ɪː, ˈpiː piː/ painless a d j /ˈp e ɪnləs/ passw ord n /ˈpɑ ːs w ɜːd/ p erio d ic table n /ˈp ɪ ə rɪɒ d ɪ k ˌt e ɪbl/ perso n ali z e v /ˈp ɜ ːsə n ə la ɪ z/ personal stereo n /ˌp ɜ ːs ə n l ˈsterləʊ / p h arm aceu tical a d j /ˌ f ɑ ːm ə ˈs ju ːtɪ k l/ ph ish in g n /ˈf ɪ ʃ ɪŋ/ plug in v /ˌp l ʌg ˈɪn / podcasts n p l /ˈp ɒ d k ɑ ːsts/ pow er v /ˈpaʊ ə(r)/ pow erful a d j /ˈpaʊ əfl/ p ri n ter n /ˈp rɪ n tə (r)/ processing n /ˈprəʊ sesɪŋ / pro g ram n /ˈprəʊ græ m / p ro g ram m in g n /ˈp rəʊ g ræ m ɪ ŋ/ publication n /ˌpʌblɪˈ k e ɪ ʃ n / publisb e r n /ˈp ʌ b l ɪʃə (r)/ RAM n /ræ m / receiver n /rɪˈsɪːv ə(r)/ reco m m en d v /ˌr e k əˈm e nd/ reference n /ˈre f rə n s/ research n / r ɪ ˈsɜ ːʧ , ˈriːsɜːʧ / R /w /ˌriːˈra ttə (r ) , ˌriːˈra ɪ tə b l/ re p etitio n n /ˌre p ə ˈt ɪ ʃn / rep h rase v /ˌriːˈfr e ɪ z / scan n er n /ˈskæ n ə(r)/ screen n /s k riː n / si n ce c o n j /s ɪ n s/ sockets n p l /ˈsɒ k ɪts/ softw are n /ˈsɒ f tw e ə(r)/ solar energy n /ˌsəʊ l ə r ˈe nəʤ i/ sophisticated a d j /s ə ˈfɪs t ɪ k e ɪtɪd / sp am n /spæ m / speakers n p l /ˈsp ɪː k ə z / spyw are n /ˈsp a ɪ w e ə (r)/ stan d -alo n e a d j /ˈstæ n d əˌləʊn/ sta n d for v /ˈstæ n d ˌf ɔ ː(r), f ə (r)/ storage n /ˈstɔːrɪʤ / stren g th n /s tr e ŋθ/ supply n /səˈp laɪ/ su rn am e n /ˈsɜː n e ɪm / sw itch v /s w ɪ ʧ / system n /ˈsɪstəm / technical a d j /ˈte k n ɪ kl/ tex t m essage n /ˈte k st ˌm es ɪ ʤ / th a t is /ˈðæ t ɪ z / th a t is to say /ˈðæ t ɪ z t ə ˌse ɪ/ th re a t n /θ r e t/ tra in in g n /ˈtre ɪ n ɪŋ/ treatm en t n /ˈtriːtm ɔ n t/ trick v, n / t r ɪ k / T rojan H o rse n /ˌtrəʊ ʤ ən ˈhɔːs/ U K n /ˌjuː ˈk e ɪ/ u n it n /ˈju ː n ɪt/ u n c e rta in a d j /ˌʌ n ˈsɜ ːt n / u nw a n ted a d j /ˌʌ n ˈwɒ n t ɪ d/ u p -to -d ate a d j / ˌ ʌ p t ə ˈ d e ɪt/ USB p o rt n /ˌJuː es ˈbiː ˌpɔːt/ user ID n /ˌju ː z ə r ˌa ɪ ˈdiː/ V D U n /ˌv iːd iːˈJ u ː/ v ia p r e p /ˈv a ɪ ə/ vihrate v /v a ɪ ˈhr e ɪt/ virus n /ˈva ɪ rəs/ w ehcam n /ˈw e hkæ m / w ehpage n /ˈ w e b p e ɪ ʤ / w iE i n /ˈw a ɪ f a ɪ/ w ind u p a d j /ˈw a ɪ n d ʌp/ wireless n /ˈw aɪələs/ w w w /ˌdʌhl Juː ˌdʌhl ju ː ˈdʌbl ju d Unit ad d v /æ d/ aerial n /ˈ e ərial/ after th at a d v /ˌɑ ː f tə ˈðæ t/ alkali n /ˈæ lk əla ɪ / am plifier n /ˈæ m p l ɪ f a ɪə (r)/ an sw erphone n /ˈɑ ː n səfəʊ n / appropriately a d v /əˈp rəʊ p riətli/ atm osphere n /ˈæ tm ə s f ɪə(r)/ benefits n p l /ˈbe n ə f ɪ ts / b iocbem lst n /ˌb a ɪ əʊˈ k e m ɪ st/ blue-eyed a d j /ˌb l uː ˈaɪd/ carrier waves n p l /ˈ k æ rɪə ˌw e ɪ vz/ category n /ˈk æ tə g ə r ɪ/ co m m u n icatio n n / k ə ˌm ju ː n ɪˈke ɪ ʃ n / c o m p o u n d n o u n n /ˌkɒ m paʊ n d ˈn a ʊ n / com press v /k əm ˈp r e s/ co m p u ter literate a d j / k ə m ˌp ju ːtə ˈlɪtərət/ cord l ess ph o n e n /ˌk ɔːd lə s ˈf əʊ n / data-processing n /ˌd e ɪ tə ˈp rəʊ ses ɪ ŋ/ deoxyrɪbose nucleic acid n /d ɪ ˌɒksiˌra ɪ b ə ʊ z ˌn ju ː k l iːɪk ˈæs ɪ d/ detailed a d j /ˈd iːteɪld / diesel engine n /ˈd iːz l ˌe n ʤ ɪ n / din o sau rs n p l /ˈd aɪ n ə s ɔ ː z / discovery n /d ɪˈsk ʌ v əri/ distil v /d ɪˈs t ɪ l/ d o d o s n p l /ˈdəʊ dəʊ z / D o m i n i c a n /d o m ɪ ˈn ɪːk ə/ dove n /dʌv/ drago n n /ˈd ræ g ən / Word list 69 d ru m n /d rʌ m / d ry v /d r a ɪ / d y n am ite n /ˈd a ɪ n ə m a ɪt/ easy-goi n g a d j /ˌiː z i ˈgəʊɪŋ/ eclipses n p l /ɪˈk lɪp si z / ecology n /ɪˈkɔləʤ i/ E cuad o r n /ˈe k w ə d ɔ ː(r)/ electro n ic a d j / ɪ ˌl e k ˈtr ɒ n ɪ k / e n g in e n /ˈe n ʤ ɪ n / e n te rta i n m e n t n /ˌe n tə ˈt e ɪn m ə n t/ expa n d v /ɪk ˈsp æ n d / experim en ts n p l / ɪ k ˈsp e rɪm ə n ts/ ex tin ct a d j /ɪk ˈs tɪŋ k t/ fax m ach in e n /ˈ f æ k s m ə ˌʃiː n / firstly a d v /ˈf ɜ ː s t l i/ fl igh t n / f la ɪt/ fɒ cnsed a d j /ˈf əʊ k ə st/ freely a d v /ˈfriːli/ fu rn ace n /ˈf ɜ ː n ɪs/ h ard -w o rk in g a d j /ˌhɑːd ˈw ɜː k ɪ ŋ/ head p h o n es n p l /ˈh ed f əʊ n z/ hlghly-quallfied a d j /ˌhaɪlɪ ˈk w ɒ lɪfa ɪd / h igh -sp eed a d j /ˈhaɪ ˌsplːd/ i n dex n /ˈ ɪ n d e k s/ i n fra stru c tu re n /ˈɪn frə ˌs trʌ k ʧ ə (r)/ in tern a l co m h u stio n engine n / ɪ n ˌtɜː n l k ə m ˈh ʌ sʧ ə n ˌe n ʤ ɪ n / i n terview ers n p l /ˈ ɪ n tə v J u ːə z / invent v /ɪn ˈv e n t/ inven tio n n /ɪn ˈv e n ʃn / invisihle a d j /ɪ n ˈvɪzəbl/ lastly a d v /ˈlɑːstli/ light hulhs n p l /ˈlaɪt ˌhʌ l hz/ lim esto n e n /ˈla ɪ m s tə ʊ n / lo n g -te rm a d j /ˌlɒŋ ˈtɜːm / m eans n /m iː n z/ m elt v /m e lt/ m icrow ave oven n /ˌm a ɪk rə w eɪv ˈʌvn/ m ix v /m ɪk s/ m ix tu re n /ˈm ɪk sʧ ə (r)/ recycle v /ˌrɪːˈsaɪ k l/ ref e ren ce b o o k n /ˈre frə n s ˌbʊk/ rem o te control n /riˌm əʊt k ə n ˈtrəʊ l / rem o te-co n tro lled a d j /rɪˈm əʊ t k ə n ˌtrəʊ l d/ reverse process n /rɪˈv ɜːs ˌprəʊs e s/ roll v /rəʊl/ sand n /sæ n d/ satel l ite disb n /ˈsæ tə l a ɪt ˌdɪʃ/ secondly a d v /ˈs e k ə n d l i/ self-m otivated a d j /ˌs e l f ˈm ə ʊ tɪv e ɪtɪd / se n d o u t v /ˌs e n d ˈaʊt/ sequ en cin g w ords n p l / ˈsiːk w ə n sɪŋ ˌw ɜːd z/ side-effects n p l /ˈsa ɪ d ɪˌfe k ts / signals n p l /ˈsɪg n ə l z / silica n /ˈsɪ l ɪk ə/ sim ple a d j /ˈsɪm pl/ s ɪ ntdl-scal e a d j /ˈsm ɔːl ˌsk e ɪ l/ s o d a a s b n /ˈsə ʊ d ə rˌæ ʃ/ speakers n p l /ˈsp iː k ə z / steam engine n /ˈstiːm ˌenʤ ɪn/ step n /s t e p/ stu d io n /ˈstju ːd iə ʊ / subseq u en tly a d v /ˈsʌ b s ɪ k w ə n t lɪ / tables n p l /ˈte tb l z / to tal a d j /ˈtə ʊ t l / tran sisto r radio n /træ n ˌz ɪ stə ˈre ɪ diəʊ/ tu rn b ack into v /ˈtɜ ː n ˌbæ k ˌɪ n tə / u n d etectable a d j /ˌʌ n d ɪ ˈte k tə b l / voice-pow ered a d j /ˈvɔ ɪ s ˌpaʊəd/ voice w aves n p l /ˈvɔɪs ˌw e ɪv z / waves n p l /w e ɪv z / w ell-k n ow n a d j /ˌw e l ˈn ə ʊ n / w ell-w ritten a d j /ˌw e l ˈr ɪ t n / w idespread a d j /ˈw a ɪ d sp r e d/ w ireless a d j /ˈw a ɪ ələs/ w ord pro cessor n /ˌw ɜːd ˈprəʊs e sə(r)/ w rap v /ræ p/ n etw o rk n /ˈn e tw ɜ ː k / n eu tral a d j /ˈn ju ːtrə l/ X -rays n p l /ˈe k s ˌre ɪz/ ohserver n /əb ˈ z ɜ ːv ə (r)/ overview n /ˈəʊ v əv ju ː/ Unit 10 pack v /p æ k / passive n /ˈpæ sɪv/ pass th ro u g h v /ˌpɑːs ˈθruː/ p e n ici l l i n n /ˌp e n ɪˈsɪ l ɪ n / p erfu m e n /ˈp ɜː f ju ːm / p h o n e li n e n /ˈf əʊn ˌl aɪn / physics lab o to ry n /ˈ f ɪz ɪ ks ləˌb ɒ rə trɪ/ pick up v /ˌpɪk ˈʌp/ plug Into v /ˈplʌg ˌɪntə/ po o rly -w ritten a d j /ˌp ɔ ː l ɪ ˈrɪt n / press v /p r e s/ process n /ˈp rəʊ s e s/ professor n /p rəˈ f e sə(r)/ academ ic a d j /ˌæ kəˈd e m ɪ k/ a p a rt fro m p r e p /əˈp ɑ ːt f rəm / ap p ro p riate a d j /əˈp rəʊ p r ɪ ə t/ approxim ate l y a d v /əˈp rɒ k sɪm ətll/ A rabic n /ˈæ rəb ɪk / quality n /ˈkw ɒləti/ rad io w aves n p l /ˈr e ɪd iəʊ ˌw e ɪv z/ receiving aeria l n /rɪˈsɪːv ɪŋ , e ərɪəl/ 70 Word list b a r ch a r t n /ˈbɑː ˌʧ u ːt/ B engali n /b e ŋ ˈg ɔː l i/ ch arts n p l /ʧ ɑ ːts / C h i n a n /ˈʧ a ɪ n ə/ com paratives n p l / k ə m ˈp æ rə tɪv z / co m p ariso n n / k əm ˈp æ r ɪ s n / co n tin u al a d j /k ə n ˈt ɪ n jʊ ə l / decrease n , v /ˈd iːk riːs, d ɪ ˈkr ɪ ːs/ d estin atio n s n p l /ˌd e stɪˈ n e ɪJ n z/ d iag ram n /ˈd aɪəg ræ m / d m a tic a d j /d rə ˈm æ t ɪ k / d ram atical l y a d v /d rəˈm æ tɪk li/ d ro p n , v /d m p / fall n , v / f ɔːl/ fiuctuate v /ˈf lʌ k ʧ ʊ e ɪ t/ foreign a d j /ˈf ɒ rə n / Prance n / f rɑ ːn s/ F rench a d j / f r e n ʧ / g rap h n /g rɑ ː f / grow v /g rəʊ / g row th n /grəʊ θ/ H in d i n /ˈhɪ n di/ h o rizo n tal a d j /ˌh ɒ r ɪ ˈz ɒ n t l / H n n g ary n /ˈhʌŋgəri/ il l u strate v /ɪlə s tr e ɪ t/ increase n , v /ˈ ɪ ŋ k riːs, ɪ n ˈkriːs/ in terp ret v /ɪ n ˈtɜ ːp r ɪ t/ Japan n /ʤ əˈpæ n/ Japanese a d j /ˌʤ æ pəˈ n iː z / low est p o in t n /ˈləʊ ɪ s t ˌpɔ ɪ n t/ M an d arin C hinese n /ˌm æ n d ə r ɪ n ʧ a ɪˈ n iː z / M exico n /ˈm e k sɪkəʊ / overa l l a d j /əʊ v ərˈɔːl/ peak n /piːk/ percentage n /p ə ˈs e n tɪʤ / p erio d n /ˈp ɪ əriəd / P oland n /ˈpəʊ lə n d/ P ortuguese n /ˌpɔːʧ ʊ ˈg ɪː z / refer to v / r ɪ ˈf ɜː ˌ tu ː,tə / rem ain v /r ɪ ˈm e ɪ n/ require v /rɪˈk w a ɪə (r)/ respectively a d v /r ɪ ˈspektɪvlɪ/ rise n , v /r a ɪ z/ R ussia n /ˈrʌ ʃə / Russian a d j , n /ˈrʌ ʃ n / scientific a d j /ˌsa ɪə n ˈtɪfɪk / significantly a d v /s ɪ gˈ n ɪ f ɪ k ə n tli/ slight a d j /sla ɪt/ slightly a d v /ˈsla ɪ tl ɪ/ Spain n /sp e ɪ n / Spanish n /ˈsp æ n ɪ ʃ / sp o t n /sp o t/ sta b le a d j /ˈst e ɪbV statistical a d j /s tə ˈ tɪs t ɪ k l/ statistics n p l /s tə ˈ t ɪ s tɪk s/ steadily a d v /ˈst e d ə l i/ steady a d j /ˈst e di/ su d d en a d j /ˈsʌd n / suddenly a d v /ˈsʌd n l ɪ / superlatives n p l /su ːˈp ɜ ː l ə t ɪ v z / tre n d n /tr e n d/ u n ex p ected a d j /ˌʌ n ɪk ˈsp e k tɪd / USA n /ˌju ː e s ˈe ɪ/ v a r y v /ˈveəri/ vertical a d j /ˈv ɜːtɪk l/ w hereas c o n j /ˌw eərˈæ z / C o n s o n a n ts 10 11 12 V o w e ls /p/ /b/ /t/ /d/ as in as in as in as in /k / as as as as as as in in in in in in in in in in in /g/ /f/ /v/ /s/ /z/ /l/ /m/ 13 14 15 /n/ /h/ /r/ as as as as as 16 17 18 19 /j/ /w/ /θ/ as in as in as in /ð/ 20 21 22 23 24 /ʃ/ /ʒ/ /ʧ/ as in as in as in as in as in as in /ʤ / /ŋ/ pen /pen/ big /bɪg/ tea /tiː/ /duː/ cat /kæ t/ go /gəʊ/ four /fɔː/ very /ˈveri/ son /sʌn/ zoo /zuː/ live /lɪv/ m y /m aɪ/ near /nɪə/ /iː/ as in /ɪ/ /i/ /e/ as in as in as in 30 31 32 33 34 /æ/ /ɑː/ /ɒ/ /ɔː/ /ʊ/ /uː/ as as as as as as 35 36 37 /ʌ/ /ɜː/ /ə/ as in as in as in 25 26 27 28 29 in in in in in in see /siː/ his /hɪz/ twenty /ˈtw enti/ ten /ten / stam p /stæ m p / father /ˈfɑːðə/ h o t /h ɒ t/ m orning /ˈm ɔːnɪŋ/ football /ˈfʊtbɔːl/ you /ju ː/ sun /sʌn/ learn /lɜːn/ letter /ˈletə/ happy /ˈhæpi/ red /red/ yes /je s/ w ant /w ɒnt/ thanks /θæ ŋks/ the /ðə/ she /ʃiː/ television /ˈtelɪvɪʒn/ child /ʧaɪld / G erm an /ˈʤ ɜːm ən/ English /ˈɪŋglɪʃ/ Dip hthongs (two vowels together) 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 /eɪ/ /əʊ/ /aɪ/ /aʊ/ as as as as in in in in /ɔɪ/ /ɪə/ /eə/ /ʊə/ as in as in as in as in nam e /neɪm / no /nəʊ/ m y /m aɪ/ how /haʊ/ boy /bɔɪ/ hear /hɪə/ where /w eə/ tou r /tʊ ə/ F h o n e t ic sym b o ls 71 O XF O RD U N IV E R S IT Y PRESS Great Clarendon Street Oxford, x d p , United Kingdom Oxford University Press is a departm ent o f the University o f Oxford It furthers the University's objective o f excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide Oxford is a registered trade m ark o f Oxford University Press in th e UK and in certain other countries ® Oxford University Press 2011 The m oral rights o f the author have been asserted First published in 2011 2016 2015 2014 2013 10 No unauthorized photocopying All rights reserved No part o f this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transm itted, i n any form o r by any means, without the prior permission in w riting o f Oxford University Press, or as expressly perm itted by law, by licence or under term s agreed w ith th e appropriate reprographics rights organization Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope o f the above should be sent to the ELT Rights Department, Oxford 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technology b/Ian Waldie/ Bloomberg], 31 (Stockbyte), 33 (DOF-PHOTO by Fulvio) 35 (), 39 (foot skeleton a/BSIP/Ph otolibrary.com ), 39 (vegetables b/Maximilian Stock Ltd.), 43 (curie a/ Hulton Archive/Getty Images), 55 (wheel d/Dorling Kindersley), 58 (Canada c/ Jacob Taposchaner): Press Association Images p.44 (MokYui Mok/Empics/PA); Rex Features pp.23 (plane a/Rex Features), 36 (Action Press), 40 (christie b/ Everett Collection), 51 (dentist c/Phanie), 55 (engine e/Mimmo Frassineti): Science & Society Picture Library p.55 (computer g/Science Museum): Science Photo Library p.39 (tubercolosis c/Alfred Pasieka) The authors and publisher are grateful to those who have given permission to reproduce thefollowing extracts and adaptations of copyright material: p a n d p26 Entries from the Oxford Essential Dictionary of English © Oxford University Press 2001 Reproduced by kind permission Sources: p30 Extract from Regeneration by Pat Barker p30 Extract from Lecture Notes on Clinical Medicine by David Rubenstein, David Wayne and John Bradley pS9 www.scientificamerican.com/article Although every effort has been made to trace and contact copyright holders before publication, this has not been possible in some cases We opologise for any apparent infringement of copyright and, if notified, the publisher will be pleased to rectify any errors or omissions at the earliest possible opportunity Headway Academic Skills Your bridge to academic success Headway Academic Skills bridges the gap between Available at each level: general and academic English Aimed at students in higher • Student’s Book education, this two-strand course can be used either on • Teacher’s Guide with Tests and Photocopiable Activities its own, or alongside a general English course • Features thought-provoking topics relevant to students in higher education • Class Audio CDs for Listening, Speaking, and Study Skills • Develops skills required for academic study, including note-taking, essay-writing, and giving 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