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UNIT 1: TENSES A Knowledge I Present Present Simple a Structure: Type Affirmative Negative Interrogativ e Structure Subject + Verb/ Verb(s)/ Verb(es) + Object Subject + don’t / doesn’t + Verb + Object Do/ Does + Subject + Verb + Object Example: - I go to work at a.m every day - I don’t have enough money to buy this bag - Do we have to get up early every day? b Use - Talk about hobbies/ habit Ex: I go to work by bike every morning - Talk about facts/ truth Ex: If you heat water to 100 degree celcius, it boils - Talk about permanent situations Ex: My parents own a restaurant c Signals every always usually Present continuous a Structure: Affirmative Negative Interrogativ e Subject + to be + V-ing + Object Subject + to be + not + V-ing + Object To be + Subject + V-ing + Object? Example: - I am studying now - I am not watching the TV now - Are you working at the moment? often b Use - Talk about actions happening at the moment of speaking Ex: Look! It is raining They are doing homework at the moment c Signals At the moment Now Currently At present Present Perfect a Structure Affirmative Negative Interrogative Subject + have/ has + Vpp2 + Object Subject + have/ has + not + Vpp2 + Object Have/ has + Subject + Vpp2 + Object b Use - Talk about something that happened in the past and continues in the present Ex: I have worked for this company for years We have known each other for months c Signals recently So far lately just yet for already since II Past Past Simple a Structure Affirmative Negative Interrogative Subject + Verb (ed/ p1) + Object Subject + did + not + Verb + Object Did + Subject + Verb + Object? b Use - Talk about events in the past Ex: I bought my cell phone years ago I received this gift last month c Signals Last… III ago Future In… yesterday Future Simple a Structure Affirmative Negative Interrogative Subject + will + Verb + Object Subject + will + not + Verb + Object Will + Subject + Verb + Object? b Use - Talk about predictions, usually based on our opinions or our past experience Ex: I think it will be extremely hot there Talk about something we decide to at the time of speaking Ex: A: how about going to the cinema this weekend? B : Okay, I will buy the ticket - c Signals In … next In the future tomorrow Be going to a Structure Affirmative Negative Interrogative Subject + to be + going to + Verb + Object Subject + to be + not + going to + Verb + Object To be + Subject + going to + Verb + Object? b Use - To talk about events in the future we have already thought about and intend to Ex: I am going to have an exam next week - Make prediction where there is present evidence Ex: It is going to rain because the sky is cloudy now c Signals In… next In the future B tomorrow Practice Exercise 1: Fill the gap with correct words A A Harry often …… books from the library borrows B is borrowing My grandfather …… collecting stamps Is loving B Are loving She…… her friends at a bar right now C are borrowing C loves A A A A A A waiting B is waiting C waits Nguyen Nhat Anh is a writer He… a short story about a dragon Is writing B writes C are writing I never… home late come B is coming C am coming She usually…… much Doesn’t talk B Don’t talk C Isn’t talking You……… a lot since the last time I saw you Changed B Have changed C Is changing I……… the report yet completed B haven’t completed C have already completed I ……… three books by the same author since the last month A Has read B Have read C read 10 Kate ……… a cup of coffee every morning A Is drinking B drinks C drink Exercise 2: Choose the correct form of verbs When we were seniors in our university, we (do) …………… many presentations that were related to our major Smartphones (be) ………… not popular fifteen years ago Last year, I (go) ……….… on a trip to Ho Chi Minh City in my summer vacation and that trip is the most memorable one that I have ever had He (use) ……….… to be a very famous actor in the 1990s One of the most terrible natural disasters is the earthquake and tsunami that (happen) ……………… in Japan in 2011 I'm afraid I……………… (not/ be) able to come tomorrow Because of the train strike, the meeting ………………… (not/ take) place at o'clock A: “Go and tidy your room.” B: “Okay I ……………… (do) it now!” If it rains, we ……………… (not/ go) to the beach 10 In my opinion, she ……………… (not/ pass) the exam 11 A: “I'm driving to the party, would you like a lift?” B: “Thank you but I ………………………… … (take) the bus.” 12 Look at the sky! It………………………… …(rain) very heavily! 13 The company (hold) ……………….….………a very important meeting next month 14 According to the weather forecast, it ……………………… …… (not/ snow) tomorrow 15 I think I (go)……………….…………study abroad C Exam focus Exercise 1: Line chart – Writing Task The graph (1) …………… (show) how many people (2) …………… (visit) three London museums in the summer of 2013 Most visitors (3) ……………… (go) to the British museum (4) ………… June and September The number (5) …………… (fluctuate) between 500 and 750 By contrast, the Science Museum and the Natural History Museum (6) ……………… (receive) fewer visitors The number of people who visited the Science Museum (7) …………… (drop) gradually from 400 thousand to 300 from June to August then (8) ……………… (rise) to 450 thousand (9) …………… September We can (10) …………… (see) that the trend for the Natural History Museum (11) …………… (be) similar There was a sharp drop in visitors from June to July The number (13) …………… (remain stable) in August and then (14) ……………… (increase) steadily in September Exercise 2: The happiest country in the world Children growing up in Costa Rica are surrounded by some of the most beautiful and diverse landscapes in the world Preserving tropical rainforests isn’t Costa Rica’s only success, because the government also makes sure everyone has access to health-care and education So when the New Economics Foundation released its second Happy Planet Index, Costa Rica came out number one The index is a ranking of countries based on their impact on the environment and the health and happiness of their citizens According to Mariano Rojas, a Costa Rican economics professor, Costa Rica is a midincome country where citizens have plenty of time for themselves and for their relationships with others ‘A mid-income level allows most citizens to satisfy their basic needs The government makes sure that all Costa Ricans have access to education, health and nutrition services.’ Costa Ricans, he believes, are not interested in status or spending money to show how successful they are Created in 2008, the Happy Planet Index examines happiness on a national level and ranks 143 countries according to three measurements: their citizens’ happiness, how long they live (which reflects their health), and how much of the planet’s resources each country consumes According to researcher Saamah Abdallah, the Index also measures the outcomes that are most important, and those are happy, healthy lives for everyone Questions 1-6 Choose ONE WORD OR ONE NUMBER from the passage for each answer The Happy Planet Index Year started: ……………… Number of countries it lists: ………… Measures each country's happiness according to: ■ its effect on the ………… (i.e the quantity of the Earth's ………… that it uses); ■ the ………… of the population (i.e how long people live); ■ how happy its ……………… are Exercise 3: The world’s friendliest city A team of social psychologists from California has spent six years studying the reactions of people in cities around the world to different situations The results show that cities where people have less money generally have friendlier populations Rio de Janeiro in Brazil, which is often known for its crime, comes out top, and the capital of Malawi, Lilongwe, comes third But what makes one city friendlier than another? The psychologists from California State University say it has got more to with environment than culture or nationality They carried out a study into the way locals treated strangers in 23 cities around the world The team conducted their research through a series of tests, where they dropped pens or pretended they were blind and needed help crossing the street The study concludes that people are more helpful in cities with a more relaxed way of life such as Rio While they were there, researchers received help in 93 percent of cases, and the percentage in Lilong we was only a little lower However, richer cities such as Amsterdam and New York are considered the least friendly Inhabitants of Amsterdam helped the researchers in 53 percent of cases and in New York just 44 percent The psychologists found that, in these cities, people tend to be short of time, so they hurry and often ignore strangers Questions 1-5 Complete the table below Choose ONE WORD from the passage for each answer City Rio de Janeiro Positive aspects Negative aspects • friendly inhabitants • People don’t have so much ………… • more ………… lifestyle • Has reputation for crime Amsterdam • richer People % of help received (3)………… Amsterdam: (5) and New York • have little time ………… • don’t pay attention to (4)…………… New York: 44% HOMEWORK Exercise 1: I …………… a great film yesterday (see) ………………… a cheap laptop? (you ever buy) Sue ……………… the flu last winter (have) A few days ago, we ……………… to his uncle (drive) Bob…………………… well last night (sleep) I ………………… a letter from her two days ago (get) The …………… in Germany (already arrive) I …………… him last Monday (meet) She ……………… yet (not wake up) 10 I ………… her since last Thursday (not meet) Exercise 2: Simple present – present progressive – simple past? Fill in the correct tense Every summer our class………… (go) on a short trip Last year we ………… (go) to a zoo Our teacher ………… (be) very nervous Teachers ……… (be) often nervous on a school trip But why? We ……… (not understand) that I ………… (take) lots of photos of a baby elephant with my cell phone "Why you ………… (not take) photos of other animals, too?" my friend ………… (ask) me But I …………… (not want) to take photos of other animals I ………… (want) to take photos of all my friends They ………… (have) some bananas and …………… (show) them to the gorillas "What ………… you ………… (do) there? Come to me!" our teacher …… (shout) We …………(find) a nice place for a picnic But nobody ……… (eat) a banana, but the gorillas …… (have) a nice lunch that day It ……… (be) a great day at the zoo, and we ………… (have) a lot of fun Exercise 3: The line graph …………… (demonstrate) the percentage of visitors to four sights in Scotland capital, Edinburgh between 1980 and 2010 The four attractions are Aquarium, Castle, Zoo, and Festival Overall, the Festival and the Aquarium had downward trends while the Castle and the Zoo………… (see) more visitors at the end of the 30-year period than at the beginning The slightest changes occurred in the Festival figures while the most significant fluctuations were seen in the numbers of people visiting the Aquarium The Aquarium and the Zoo saw similar developments until 2000, starting at 20% and 10% respectively and experiencing a series of rises and falls From 2000 to 2010, the proportion of visitors to the Aquarium …………(go down)dramatically to about 8%, resulting in the lowest number among the four sights Meanwhile, the Zoo figures …………(rise) sharply ending the interval at 10% Although having a downward trend, the Festival’s numbers ………… (decrease) slightly by only about 5%, which made it the second most popular place among tourists in 2010 In contrast, Castle rose in popularity reaching a peak of almost 45% in 1995 and becoming number one attraction with just over 30% of visitors at the end of the period Exercise 4: Reducing the Effects of Climate Change B Geo-engineering; has been shown to work, at least on a small localised scale For decades, MayDay parades in Moscow have taken place under clear blue skies, aircraft having deposited dry ice, silver iodide and cement powder to disperse clouds Many of the schemes now suggested look to the opposite, and reduce the amount of sunlight reaching the planet The most eye-catching idea of all is suggested by Professor Roger Angel of the University of Arizona His scheme would employ up to 16 trillion minute spacecraft, each weighing about one gram, to form a transparent, sunlight-refracting sunshade in an orbit 1.5 million km above the Earth This could, argues Angel, reduce the amount of light reaching the Earth by two per cent C The majority of geo-engineering projects so far carried out — which include planting forests in deserts and depositing iron in the ocean to stimulate the growth of algae have focused on achieving a general cooling of the Earth But some look specifically at reversing the melting at the poles, particularly the Arctic The reasoning is that if you replenish the ice sheets and frozen waters of the high latitudes, more light will be reflected back into space, so reducing the warming of the oceans and atmosphere D The concept of releasing aerosol sprays into the stratosphere above the Arctic has been proposed by several scientists This would involve using sulphur or hydrogen sulphide aerosols so that sulphur dioxide would form clouds, which would, in turn, lead to a global dimming The idea is modelled on historic volcanic explosions, such as that of Mount Pinatubo in the Philippines in 1991, which led to a short-term cooling of global temperatures by 0.5 °C Scientists have also scrutinised whether it's possible to preserve the ice sheets of Greenland with reinforced high-tension cables, preventing icebergs from moving into the sea Meanwhile in the Russian Arctic, geoengineering plans include the planting of millions of birch trees Whereas the -regions native evergreen pines shade the snow an absorb radiation, birches would shed their leaves in winter, thus enabling radiation to be reflected by the snow Re-routing Russian rivers to increase cold water flow to ice-forming areas could also be used to slow down warming, say some climate scientists Questions 4-10 Complete the table below Choose ONE WORD from the passage for each answer Write your answers in boxes 4-10 on your answer sheet GEO-ENGINEERING PROJECTS Procedure put a large number of tiny Aim to create a ………………… that would spacecraft into orbit far above Earth reduce the amount of light reaching Earth place ……………… in the sea to encourage ……………… to form release aerosol sprays to create …………… that would reduce the amount of light reaching Earth into the stratosphere fix strong ……………… to prevent icebergs moving into the sea to Greenland ice sheets plant trees in Russian Arctic that would lose their leaves to allow the …………… to reflect radiation in winter change the direction of 10 ……… to bring more cold water into ice-forming areas Exercise 5: The story of silk The history of the world’s most luxurious fabric, from ancient China to the present day Silk is a fine, smooth material produced from the cocoons - soft protective shells - that are made by mulberry silkworms (insect larvae) Legend has it that it was Lei Tzu, wife of the Yellow Emperor, ruler of China in about 3000 BC, who discovered silkworms One account of the story goes that as she was taking a walk in her husband’s gardens, she discovered that silkworms were responsible for the destruction of several mulberry trees She collected a number of cocoons and sat down to have a rest It just so happened that while she was sipping some tea, one of the cocoons that she had collected landed in the hot tea and started to unravel into a fine thread Lei Tzu found that she could wind this thread around her fingers Subsequently, she persuaded her husband to allow her to rear silkworms on a grove of mulberry trees She also devised a special reel to draw the fibres from the cocoon into a single thread so that they would be strong enough to be woven into fabric While it is unknown just how much of this is true, it is certainly known that silk cultivation has existed in China for several millennia Originally, silkworm farming was solely restricted to women, and it was they who were responsible for the growing, harvesting and weaving Silk quickly grew into a symbol of status, and originally, only royalty were entitled to have clothes made of silk The rules were gradually relaxed over the years until finally during the Qing Dynasty (1644—1911 AD), even peasants, the lowest caste, were also entitled to wear silk Sometime during the Han Dynasty (206 BC-220 AD), silk was so prized that it was also used as a unit of currency Government officials were paid their salary in silk, and farmers paid their taxes in grain and silk Silk was also used as diplomatic gifts by the emperor Fishing lines, bowstrings, musical instruments and paper were all made using silk The earliest indication of silk paper being used was discovered in the tomb of a noble who is estimated to have died around 168 AD Questions 1-5 Complete the notes below Choose ONE WORD ONLY from the passage for each answer Write your answers in boxes 1-9 on your answer sheet Early silk production in China • Around 3000 BC, according to legend: - silkworm cocoon fell into emperor’s wife’s …………… - emperor’s wife invented a 2………… to pull out silk fibres • Only ………… were allowed to produce silk • Only ………… were allowed to wear silk • Silk used as a form of ……………… ... Aquarium The Aquarium and the Zoo saw similar developments until 2000, starting at 20% and 10 % respectively and experiencing a series of rises and falls From 2000 to 2 010 , the proportion of visitors... at the zoo, and we ………… (have) a lot of fun Exercise 3: The line graph …………… (demonstrate) the percentage of visitors to four sights in Scotland capital, Edinburgh between 19 80 and 2 010 The four... from 400 thousand to 300 from June to August then (8) ……………… (rise) to 450 thousand (9) …………… September We can (10 ) …………… (see) that the trend for the Natural History Museum (11 ) …………… (be) similar