Ngữ pháp trong đề thi Trung học phổ thông Quốc Gia. Nắm chắc được cách dùng và các dấu hiệu nhận biết của 2 thì hiện tại hoàn thành và thì hiện tại hoàn thành tiếp diễn. Phân biệt thì hiện tại hoàn thành và thì hiện tại hoàn thành tiếp diễn. Kiến thức cơ bản trong đề thi tiếng Anh THPTQG mà học sinh cần phải biết
Thì hồn thành Thì hồn thành tiếp diễn Present Perfect (Thì hồn thành) a) Cách thành lập: S + Have (Has) + Past Participle b) Dùng để diễn tả: + Một hành động xảy q khứ, khơng rõ thời gian Ví dụ: I have seen that film (Tơi xem phim rồi.) Where have you been? (Anh đâu?) + Một hành động xảy khứ tiếp tục đến kéo dài đến tương lai Ví dụ: I have lived in Hue since 1976 (Now I still live in Hue) (Tôi sống Huế từ 1976.) (Bây tơi cịn sống Huế.) + Một hành động thường lặp lặp lại nhiều lần Ví dụ: She has seen that film several times (Cơ xem phim vài lần rồi.) Floods have taken place in this area (Lũ lụt xảy nhiều lần vùng này.) + Một hành động vừa xảy ra, thường có JUST, RECENTLY, LATELY kèm Ví dụ: I have just finished this exercise (Tôi vùa làm xong tập.) + Một hành động kết thúc khứ ảnh hưởng kết cịn liên quan đến Ví dụ: I've twisted my ankle That's why I'm limping (Tơi bị trật mắt cá chân Đó lý khập khiển.) I'm very tired I've been working all day (Tôi mệt Tôi làm việc suốt ngày.) + Ta dùng hoàn thành với already để nhấn mạnh hành động hoàn thành sớm thời gian dự định, already thường đứng sau trợ động từ have, đứng cuối câu để nhấn mạnh Ví dụ: "Could you the washing up?" - " I've already done it." (Bạn rửa chén bát nhé? — Tôi làm việc rồi.) She's left already (Cơ rồi.) + Ta dùng hồn thành với yet để diễn đạt người nói mong chờ điều xảy Yet thường đứng cuối câu dùng câu hỏi câu phủ định Ví dụ: It's nearly 10 o'clock Has Andrew woken up yet? (Gần 10 rối Andrew tỉnh giấc chưa?) They haven't finished dinner yet (Họ ăn tối chưa xong.) + Ta dùng hoàn thành với today, this morning, this afternoon khoảng thời gian chưa qua hết vào thời điểm nói Ví dụ: I've written six letters this morning.(It is still 'this morning'.) (Tôi viết xong thư sáng nay.) (Sáng chưa qua hết, buổi sáng.) Chú ý: have not = haven't has not = hasn't since = từ (một điểm / mốc thời gian khứ) for = (khoảng thời gian) Các từ cụm từ since (từ điểm thời gian khứ), for (trong khoảng), so far (từ trước đến nay), untill now (cho đến bây giờ), up to now (cho tới bây giờ), up to the present (đến nay) thường dùng với hồn thành Ví dụ: They have lived here since 2005 He has written about 20 short stories until now (Cho đến bây giờ, anh viết khoảng 20 truyện ngắn.) Present perfect continuous (Thì hoàn thành tiếp diễn) a) Cách thành lập: S + have/ has + been + verb-ing b) Cách dùng: * Để nhấn mạnh hành động bắt đầu khứ, kéo dài đến cịn tiếp tục tương lai Ví dụ: She has been waiting to see you since o'clock Nam has been studying English for two years (Nam's still studying English He started studying it two years ago.) Thì hoàn thành tiếp diễn thường dùng với cụm từ thời gian như: all day /all week /all year / for hours / for months/ for years Thì thường không dùng với ever never ■ Sự khác hai thì: Present perfect nhấn mạnh kết hành động (the result of the action / event) Present perfect continuous nhấn mạnh vào hoàn thành chưa hoàn thành hành động (the action/ event which may or may not be finished) Ví dụ: I have learned a lot about it from different websites.(the action is completed.) (Tôi học nhiều điều từ nhiều trang web.) (hành động hoàn thành.) I have read this book, (the action is completed.) (Tôi đọc sách này.) (hành động hoàn thành.) I have been reading this book (the action is not completed.) (Tơi đọc sách này.) (hành động chưa hồn thành.) Present perfect continuous diễn tả hành động không bị gián đoạn Nếu ta muốn đề cập đến số lần lặp lại hành động, ta dùng Present perfect Ví dụ: I have been writing emails all afternoon (Tơi viết thư điện tử suốt buổi chiều.) I have written ten emails this afternoon (Chiều viết 10 thư điện tử.) PRACTICE TEST A LANGUAGE I PRONUNCIATION Exercise 1: Choose the word whose underlined part is pronounced differently from the others A academic B analytical C awareness D apprentice A tertiary B doctoral C institute D tutorial A scholarship B mechanic C school D chocolate A appreciate B social C racial D academic Exercise 2: Choose the word whose stress pattern is different from that of the others A diploma B compulsory C vocational D institute A curriculum B bachelor C graduate D internship A mandatory B apprentice C respective D vocational A schedule B access C require D broaden II VOCABULARY AND GRAMMAR Choose the best answer which best fits each space in each sentence In response to the need to improve access to education, universities are increasingly implementing online delivery solutions A tertiary B secondary C primary D distance education is connected with the skills, knowledge, etc that you need to have in order to a particular job A distance B vocational C compulsory D full time What are the university entry for international students in the UK? A needs B qualifications C requirements D conditions There are also courses, which allow young people to pursue further education while working A part-time B full-time C intensive D overtime A/An student goes to a foreign country to study for a period as part of a programme between two institutes A undergraduate based B exchange C postgraduate D campus- This is Javi's last week at the school so goodbye to all his new friends for the last three days A he says saying B he said C he's said D he's been So far, during her time at International House Bristol, Tchior to six pancake parties and fifteen barbecues A came coming B comes C has come D has been You look really great! at the fitness centre lately? A Have you been exercising B Have you exercised C Did you exercise D Do you exercise I the same car for more than ten years I am thinking about buying a new one A have been having B have had C had D had had 10 Ann: Do you think you'll get the job?- Mary: A I know so right B Well, I hope so C I think not D Yes, that's III WORD FORM Use the word given in Capitals at the end of each line to form a word that fits in the space in the same line There is an example at the beginning (0) Abroad with us! The company Study Abroad was (0) originally founded in 1991 for students who wished to study French in France Its success led to the (1) of other schools around the world Learning a language in the country in which it is spoken is, of course, a far more (2) and faster process than studying in your own country It is also an opportunity to mix with local (3) and acquire a greater and deeper (4) of the people whose language you are studying This makes the whole experience much more (5) " You may wish to attend an Italian language and (6) course in Italy or combine a Portuguese course with a sport You should look at all the (7) and make the best ORIGIN ESTABLISH EFFECT INHABIT KNOW ENJOY COOK POSSIBLE LOCATE choice In order to choose the right course and (8) for REQUIRE you, we suggest you contact us to discuss your particular (9) From the information you give us, we can make some RECOMMEND (10) IV ERROR CORRECTION Identify the underlined part of each sentence that must be changed in order for the sentence to be correct Two of the players from the Yankees has been chosen to participate in the All Star game A of the players B has C chosen D to participate Even a professional psychologist may have difficulty talking calm and logically about his own problems A Even B calm C about D his own For the past few years, researchers have perfecting their control over the movements of cells and microbes by using low- power laser beams A few years B have perfecting C their D using Allowing children to help plan and prepare family meals provides enjoyable learning experiences that later encouraging them to eat the foods they have prepared A Allowing B learning C encouraging D have prepared According to many economists, international specialization in the production of some goods, such as cars and computers, increases world efficiency and output, makes all nations richer A According to B such as C increase D makes B READING Exercise 1: Read the text below and decide which answer A, B, C or D best fits each space Oxford University Oxford University is an association of over 35 colleges, varying in (1) _of foundation from medieval to more recent times The colleges also (2) _in wealth, in character and in architecture Some (3) _imposing buildings and grounds, (4) _are almost intimate in their scale Most colleges can boast well-known (5) _students - Oxford is the place where (6) _as diverse as Margaret Thatcher, Mrs Gandhi, Michael Palin and Evelyn Waugh were educated Most (7) _will want to see a college and one or more of the University buildings, such as the Bodleian Library or the Ashmolean Museum The University has supported the (8) _of The Oxford Story Exhibition, in Broad Street - now recognised as the best short (9) _to Oxford University Here, during an entertaining ride through recreated (10) _and events, Magnus Magnusson offers an informed (11) _of Oxford's past and present Special materials for children and foreign (12) _commentaries are also available A place B date C manner D form A Vary B alter C change D mix A Live B reside C exist D occupy A Occupy B else C those D others A Former B last C late D elderly A Characters B cartoons C caricatures D participants A Commuters B spectators C visitors D guides A Discovery B creation C expectation D education A History B beginning C introduction D past 10 A Postcards B maps C paintings D scenes 11 A Gift B view C guarantee D admission 12 A Custom B currency C Phrase D language Exercise 2: You are going to read an article for American teenagers going overseas to study Seven sentences have been removed from the article Choose from the sentences A— H the one which fits each gap (1-7) There is one extra sentence which you not need to use Studying Abroad Have you always dreamed of traveling, meeting lots of different people, and maybe picking up a language or two? No matter what country you live in, you can fly over the world's highest waterfalls in Venezuela, learn world trade in Japan, study in France, or take dancing lessons in Ghana How? (1) Semester, summer, and year-long programs allow you to attend school, take intensive language courses, or perform community service in another country Read on to learn more about study abroad programs Besides the excitement of travel, you will experience new customs, holidays, foods, art, music, and politics firsthand.(2) This is because your viewpoint will be of an active member of the community, not as a tourist Another reason for studying abroad is that you'll become more self-assured, Christina studied in Caracas, Venezuela, a city of 10 million people and a huge change from her hometown of 35,000! Christina says she learned how to be better at standing up for herself and her beliefs and to express herself in another language (3) In addition, living away from home can also help you adjust in the transition to college and adulthood Matthew says when he returned from studying in Australia he was more mature and had a genuine interest in international affairs that really set him apart from his peers “After having gone abroad in high school, I found the transition to college to be straightforward — moving 560 miles from home didn't seem particularly _ daunting after having lived thousands of miles away." Although many academic programs abroad have academic requirements, you not necessarily have to have the highest grades or marks to be eligible (4) Who you are is as important as your academic record Study programs abroad look for students who are independent, self-assured, enjoy new experiences and different types of people, and can handle challenges If you really hate change and don't like the idea of figuring things out all on your own, then studying abroad may not be for you It's important to be honest with yourself and really think about what you expect (5) Of course, if you want to change those things about yourself and don't mind tackling them head on, then studying abroad maybe an ideal way to take the plunge Are you convinced that a year abroad is for you, but you're worried that your parents will never go for it? (6) Point out that studying abroad is a chance of a lifetime and that it offers great academic opportunities You might also sell them on the idea that students in study programs abroad gain experiences by being in a new culture, broaden their horizons, and increase their maturity and self-confidence levels (7) These language skills, cross-cultural experiences, and global outlooks are becoming essential A Use some of the points of view that sold you on the idea to explain why you want to study overseas B But perhaps more importantly, the different circumstances mean you will learn a lot not only about cultures and people but also about yourself C You could join a study program abroad, where high school and college students live with a host family in a foreign country D What could give you more self-confidence than that? E You will have forgotten any doubts you once had about your decision F And most not have language requirements G You could end up having a miserable time if you don't! H By studying abroad you will have an educational advantage when entering college or starting a career C WRITING Complete the sentences, beginning as shown, so that the meaning stays the same Gill hasn't contacted me for weeks I last Our hotel booking hasn't been confirmed We haven't received This is the best essay I have ever written Never House prices have risen dramatically this year There has She's never had a job in management before now It is the first PRACTICE TEST A LANGUAGE I PRONUNCIATION Exercise 1: Choose the word whose underlined part is pronounced differently from the others 1 A examination B exercise C boxing D excuse A scholarship B chemistry C machines D technician A vocational B academic C considerate D fortunate A discipline B application C curriculum D achievement Exercise 2: Choose the word whose stress pattern is different from that of the others A certificate B academic C diploma D enrolment A bachelor B doctorate C consultant D scholarship A potential B mandatory C eligible D critical A respectively B analytical C university D baccalaureate II VOCABULARY AND GRAMMAR Choose the best answer which best fits each space in each sentence Fees must be paid in full at the time of A enrolment B scholarship C tutoring D internship courses help students develop analytical skills, critical thinking and knowledge for higher education at a university or college A Vocational B Tutorial C Academic D Special It is mandatory for blood banks to test all donated blood for the virus A optional B compulsory C available D analytical An is a student who is studying for their first degree at a university or college A undergraduate B postgraduate C graduate D researcher The University is also open to overseas students, primarily from American universities, who may in study abroad programs during the summer months for more than a century A write B name C enroll D require I would like to invite you to participate in the ceremony A graduate B graduated C graduation D graduating C for ten years ago D for ten years He has been selling motorbikes A ten years ago B since ten years "Liz is away on holiday." A has she gone - " Is she? Where ?" B has she been going C did she go How much of that book ? A have you read B did you read C are you reading D have you been reading 10 "Sorry I'm late " - "That's all right I long." D is she going A haven't waited B haven't been waiting C don't wait D wasn't waiting III WORD FORM Use the word given in Capitals at the end of each line to form a word that fits in the space in the same line There is an example at the beginning (0) A university education is expensive You can borrow money from a bank, but if you so, you will have to pay it back when you start working In some countries you are not (0) obliged to start making repayments until your salary is above a certain level, but you can't put it off forever! This means that a (1) large proportion of your (2) will have to go towards paying back your loan in the years after you graduate (3) , you can try to work and study at the same time; you will get the education you want, and earn the money to pay for it Does this sound ideal? Before you embark on such a course, there are some things you should bear in mind By combining work and studies, you will have an advantage over full-time students Yes, their timetable will be less full than yours, but you will have one thing they don't experience If you are studying a subject (4) to your work, your reallife experiences in the workplace will help you understand the subject (5) But even if your work is (6) to your studies, you will still learn a lot about balancing tasks, (7) with others, and so on OBLIGE FAIR EARN ALTER RELATE WELL RELATE CO-OPERATE Of course, working and studying at the same time can be (8) , and time management is very important Make a STRESS plan for each day and each week - and stick to it! Set yourself goals, like completing your (9) by tonight, ASSIGN or finishing a task at work by lunchtime, and then give yourself a small reward for achieving it Buy yourself a chocolate bar, go cycling, or take an evening off to be with friends - whatever makes you happy And speaking of friends, make sure you keep in touch with them through email, text messages, social networking sites, and by meeting up face-to-face The opportunity to share ideas and experiences, get and give advice, and have fun together will keep MOTIVATE you (10) and less lonely In short, human PSYCHOLOGY relationships are essential for your (11) health, especially when you are stressed Of course, there will be times when you must be on your own so you can focus on your studies In the busy life of a working student, it is easy to lose sight of the ultimate goal, POSSIBLE which is to get an education If you find it (12) to balance the demands of working and studying at the same time, you might be better off getting a bank loan after all IV ERROR CORRECTION Identify the underlined part of each sentence that must be changed in order for the sentence to be correct The Department of Fine Arts and Architecture has been criticized for not having much required courses scheduled for this semester A has B not having C much D for Oyster farming has been practice in most parts of the world for many years A farming B practice C most D for After the team of geologists had drawn diagrams in their notebooks and wrote explanations of the formation which they had observed, they returned to their campsite to compare notes A their B wrote C which D to compare It is imperative that a graduate student maintains a grade point average of "B" in his major field A It is B maintains C of D his When they have been frightened, as, for example, by an electrical storm, dairy cows may refuse giving milk A have been B frightened C by D giving B READING Exercise 1: Read the text below and decide which answer A, B, C or D best fits each space STUDYING ABROAD Student exchange programmes are a fantastic way to give students the (0) to live somewhere (1) for a school year, which helps them learn (2) the customs and the way of life of other people For this reason, increasingly large numbers of young people are (3) the advantage of living in (4) country and are deciding to study abroad They will eat new food, experience new traditions and learn the way people (5) own age live from day to day (6) .they live abroad, they stay with carefully chosen host families, attend a (7) school and (8) student on the exchange programme has (9) who directly supports them the whole time they are abroad Students (10) be aged between 15 and 18 years and be good at a foreign language to qualify as an exchange student A cause B opportunity C occasion D reason A else B well C too D also A for B about C of D by A recommending B recognizing C regarding D reviewing A separate B another C different D new A its B her C their D our A Whether B Although C However D While A home B local C near D close A many B every C all D both A anybody B everyone C anyone D somebody 10 A must B ought C have D need Exercise 2: Read the text again Match the headings (1-7) with the paragraphs (A-F) There is one heading that you not need Who is the programme for? How did the programme get its name? How popular is the programme? Who thought of the programme? What is the programme? What are the advantages? How much does it cost? A The Erasmus Programme is an exchange programme which gives students the chance to work or study in a different country while they are still at university It was set up by the European Union You can stay for anything between three months and an academic year B The scheme takes its name from the Dutch philosopher, Erasmus, whose full name was Desiderius Erasmus of Rotterdam Erasmus was very open- minded He lived and worked in many countries around the world in order to learn more about different cultures C Since it started in 1987, Erasmus has grown dramatically The first year, 3,244 students took part Nowadays, around 200,000 students from 31 different countries participate each year D Are you studying for a diploma or a degree at a recognised university? Have you already completed the first year of your course? Then you're eligible for a place on Erasmus E Erasmus is a time for learning You will gain an understanding of your host country and be part of an international community of students Having Erasmus on your cv can offer you many opportunities, as employers see it as a positive educational experience F Erasmus is no more expensive than studying in your own country because you not have to pay extra tuition fees to the university that you visit For the additional expense of living abroad, you can apply for an Erasmus grant or scholarship C WRITING Complete the second sentence using the word given, so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence Write between two and five words The company has decided to replace this model INTENTION It's the company's _this model In the next few years we'll probably hear a lot more about environmental pollution LIKELY We're _ more about environmental pollution in the next few years The teachers agreed to introduce the new methods AGREEMENT There was _to introduce new methods He failed his exam because he missed classes so often CONSEQUENCE As a _so often, he failed his exam Steve definitely didn't write that essay HAVE ... thường khơng dùng với ever never ■ Sự khác hai thì: Present perfect nhấn mạnh kết hành động (the result of the action / event) Present perfect continuous nhấn mạnh vào hoàn thành chưa hoàn thành... (hành động chưa hoàn thành.) Present perfect continuous cịn diễn tả hành động khơng bị gián đoạn Nếu ta muốn đề cập đến số lần lặp lại hành động, ta dùng Present perfect Ví dụ: I have been writing... networking sites, and by meeting up face-to-face The opportunity to share ideas and experiences, get and give advice, and have fun together will keep MOTIVATE you (10) and less lonely In