Tài liệu Innovation within Digital Rights Management ppt

………… o0o………… Introduction to statistics, Number Systems and Boolean Algebra Master Thesis Computer Science Thesis no: MCS-2005:17 September 2005 Innovation within Digital Rights Management Camrie Agushi Department of Interaction and System Design School of Engineering Blekinge Institute of Technology Box 520 SE – 372 25 Ronneby Sweden This thesis is submitted to the Department of Interaction and System Design, School of Engineering at Blekinge Institute of Technology in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Computer Science The thesis is equivalent to 20 weeks of full time studies Contact Information: Author: Camrie Agushi E-mail: camrie.agushi@ericsson.com External advisor: Peter Ericsson Nestler Ericsson AB Address: Nya Vattentornet, SE-221 83 Lund Phone: +46 46 193000 University advisor: Andreas Jacobsson Department of Interaction and System Design Department of Interaction and System Design Blekinge Institute of Technology Box 520 SE – 372 25 Ronneby Sweden Internet Phone Fax : www.bth.se/tek : +46 457 38 50 00 : + 46 457 102 45 ii PREFACE The following document is a Master of Science thesis comprising 20 weeks of fulltime studies within the subject of Computer Science The work has been conducted at Ericsson AB in Lund in co-operation with Blekinge Tekniska Högskola in Ronneby The background to the contents of this thesis is my position as a Patent Engineer at Ericsson AB, where I am responsible for the patenting of innovations within the technology area of DRM A need for an overview of DRM indicating the innovation trends was identified The thesis is of interest for Ericsson’s patent & licensing development, as well as for development engineers working and innovating within DRM at Ericsson The work with the thesis has been both interesting and instructive, and I have received many valuable experiences that I can use in my professional work at Ericsson AB I would like to thank my advisor at Ericsson AB, Mr Peter Ericsson Nestler, for his valuable comments and support in my work of completing the thesis Most of all, I would like to thank my advisor at Blekinge Tekniska Högskola, Mr Andreas Jacobsson, for his new angles of approach, challenging questions and comments, his patience, and dedicated time Lund, September 2005 Camrie Agushi ABSTRACT The thesis deals with the topic of Digital Rights Management (DRM), more specifically the innovation trends within DRM It is focused on three driving forces of DRM Firstly, DRM technologies, secondly, DRM standards and thirdly, DRM interoperability These driving forces are discussed and analyzed in order to explore innovation trends within DRM In the end, a multi-facetted overview of today’s DRM context is formed One conclusion is that the aspect of Intellectual Property Rights is considered to be an important indicator of the direction DRM innovation is heading Keywords: Innovation, DRM, IPR and interoperability CONTENTS PREFACE ABSTRACT CONTENTS INTRODUCTION 1.1 BACKGROUND 1.2 PROBLEM DESCRIPTION 1.3 METHODOLOGY 1.3.1 Possible methodological approaches 1.3.2 Selected methodological approach 1.4 DEFINITION OF DRM 1.5 THESIS OUTLINE 10 DRM 12 2.1.1 Software DRM and Media DRM – Differences? 16 DRM TECHNOLOGIES 17 3.1 COPY PROTECTION 17 3.1.1 Does copy protection have a future? 18 3.2 CRYPTOGRAPHY IN DRM 18 3.3 SMART CARDS 20 3.4 WATERMARKS 20 3.4.1 Forensic Watermarks 21 3.4.2 Denial Watermarking 21 3.4.3 Multi-Phase Watermarking 22 3.5 SUMMARY 22 3.6 DISCUSSION 22 DRM STANDARDS AND STANDARDS-RELATED GROUPS 23 4.1 BODIES THAT LICENSE AND/OR PROMOTE TECHNOLOGIES 24 4.1.1 The 4C Entity 24 4.1.2 The 5C Entity 24 4.1.3 Copy Protection Technical Working Group 24 4.1.4 Digital Content Protection LLC 24 4.1.5 Digital Living Network Alliance 24 4.1.6 The DVD Copy Control Association 25 4.1.7 MPEG Licensing Authority 25 4.1.8 Smartright 25 4.1.9 TV-Anytime Forum 25 4.1.10 Internet Engineering Task Force 25 4.1.11 MPEG 26 4.1.12 OASIS 26 4.1.13 Open Mobile Alliance 26 4.1.14 World Wide Web Consortium 26 4.2 LICENSE-DRIVEN STANDARDS 27 4.2.1 Content Scrambling System 27 4.2.2 Content Protection for Pre-Recorded Media 27 4.2.3 Content Protection for Recordable Media 27 4.2.4 Digital Transmission Content Protection 27 4.2.5 SmartRight 27 4.3 PEER STANDARDS 28 4.3.1 MPEG IPMP 28 4.3.2 Open Digital Rights Language 28 4.3.3 eXtensible Media Commerce Language 28 4.3.4 eXtensible Rights Management Language 28 4.4 SUMMARY 29 4.5 DISCUSSION 29 DRM INTEROPERABILITY 30 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 CONTENT REFERENCE FORUM 30 CORAL CONSORTIUM 30 SUMMARY 32 DISCUSSION 32 DRM INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY 33 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 INTERTRUST VS MICROSOFT 34 PATENT PORTFOLIOS 36 SUMMARY 40 DISCUSSION 40 DISCUSSION 41 CONCLUSIONS 43 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 DRM TECHNOLOGIES – THE ENABLEMENT OF DRM 43 DRM STANDARDS – THE FRAMEWORK FOR DRM 43 DRM INTEROPERABILITY – THE FUTURE OF DRM 43 INNOVATION WITHIN DRM 44 FUTURE WORK IN FORM OF CHALLENGES 45 10 REFERENCES 46 11 APPENDIX 1: GLOSSARY 51 12 APPENDIX 2: DRM PATENT SEARCH 52 13 APPENDIX 3: PATENT SCORECARD 54 1.1 INTRODUCTION Background Increasingly more and more information is transmitted electronically in digital form Virtually any information that can be represented by words, numbers, graphics, audio information, or a system of commands and instructions can be formatted into electronic digital information Electronic devices of various types may be interconnected, providing their end-users with the potential to accomplish a myriad of various services, such as telecommunications, financial transactions, business operations, research, and entertainment related transactions This poses extraordinary possibilities for electronic content providers, hereinafter denoted as service providers, but also problems that need to be identified, overcome and solved A fundamental problem for electronic content owners, hereinafter denoted as content owners, is extending their ability to control the use of proprietary information, such as copyrighted content Content owners often want to limit the usage of the content to authorized activities and amounts For example, content owners are concerned with ensuring that they receive appropriate compensation for the use of their content Unlike analog information, next to perfect copies of digital information can be made relatively easily and inexpensively if the proper protection mechanisms are not in place These copies may then be redistributed (illegally) without compensation to content owners, service providers and Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) owners Henceforth, it is understood that both content owners and service providers may own IPR, and thereby also take on the role of IPR owner Service providers have devised a number of rights protection mechanisms Among these is Digital Rights Management (DRM) DRM has attempted to address the issue of licensing and controlling distribution of digital content In general, all DRM systems allow the distribution of digital content in an encrypted form A set of rights is associated with the content, and only after acquiring the rights to access a protected piece of digital content will an end-user be allowed to decrypt it DRM content distribution will become even more widespread as more handheld devices, such as cellular telephones and personal digital assistants (PDAs) become DRM-enabled, and hence this thesis on DRM is relevant Aspects such as security, user friendliness and acceptance from the different DRM standards are especially relevant parameters for designing and/or evaluating DRM solutions Therefore these aspects are subjects for further analysis and discussion within this thesis User friendliness is a term that comprises ease of use and value to the end-user [37], and in order to achieve user friendliness per foregoing definition a balanced business model is required A balanced business model is required since end-users want to access content at any time and have the freedom to use the content as they like, while content owners need to ensure that they can capture the revenues for their content while allowing a fair degree of flexibility The balanced business model could be described as a middle ground, a so-called fair play policy, and DRM is the technology to facilitate it [29] To be able to understand the DRM context and the DRM market, a description of the key actors is essential These are the three identified key actors: o End-users, o Service providers, and o Content owners In the definition of the actor service provider, infrastructure providers are included since an infrastructure provider, similar to a service provider, provides trust environments where content and the associated rights can be managed, and where financial transactions and regulatory demands can be performed and fulfilled Further, the actors content owners and service providers are defined as separate actors in this thesis since it is important to distinguish the different scenarios these actors must deal with in the DRM context and market, but in reality both content owner and service provider could be one entity End-users may further be denoted as consumers in certain market and standardization aspects The notation depends on the DRM actor and the DRM scenario, for example different standardization and interoperability bodies are recognizing consumers’, i.e end-users’, increasingly important role in the DRM market Obviously, the end-user is the first key actor since DRM is directed towards the end-user and his/her content usage One can view DRM as a toolbox with different possibilities to try to control the end-users’ consumptions of digital content protected with IPR Without end-users DRM would be obsolete The service provider is the second key actor Since this actor type sets the framework for the market, this category of actors is very important, especially since they control when and how DRM will be applied Without service providers there would not exist a framework to enable DRM within The content owner is the third key actor Since this key actor is the actual owner of the content that is to be distributed and used, and also the owner of any IPR pertaining to the content The content owner could be considered to be the driver for DRM since this type strives and needs a good return on investments These three key actors form a DRM context, the DRM context being the general DRM market and not specifically the music industry even though examples in the thesis relate to the music industry These key actors further act in the DRM market, wherein the market is further strongly influenced by following driving forces: o DRM technologies, o DRM standards, and o DRM interoperability Certainly there are several other driving forces in the DRM market such as economics and legislation (excluding IPR), but in order to delimit the thesis the selection became the three driving forces which most relate to the technology area of computer science The aspect of IPR, more specifically patents, is in this thesis considered to be an indicator of the direction the DRM technology is heading A following assumption from the foregoing consideration is therefore: the stronger patent portfolio a certain DRM provider has, the stronger position the DRM provider has on the DRM market 1.2 Problem Description A fundamental problem for DRM content owners and service providers is to control usage of content This problem statement needs to be broken down into specific sub-problems in order to facilitate investigation The following sub-problems are analyzed in the thesis, further conclusions are derived from the analysis of the subproblems o o o 1.3 The selection of DRM technologies – Currently there are many different rights protection mechanisms from different content owners and service providers How is a technology appropriate for controlling usage of content distinguished? The DRM standardization work – As foregoing sub-problem, standardization is heading in different directions, and this is a large problem to the DRM market since it poses uncertainty regarding interoperability [33] How will standardization reach a common strategy that will facilitate interoperability? The DRM interoperability issues – The interoperability between the available DRM technologies of today is crucial due to end-users’ increasing demand of that even proprietary DRM technologies be interoperable with standardized DRM technologies Will dominating DRM service providers adapt to the interoperability claims? Methodology Following is a description of several possible research approaches [34] in order to deal with the stated problem4 Further, a research method is selected based upon certain prerequisites existing in the thesis that will be discussed in more detail5 1.3.1 Possible methodological approaches 1.3.1.1 Theory-testing approach This model tries to answer the question: Do observations confirm or falsify a particular theory, model or framework? Since this thesis does not intend to confirm or falsify the theory behind DRM, but rather identify the effects of DRM, this approach will not be applicable for the thesis See chapter DRM Technologies in this thesis See chapter DRM Standards And Standards-Related Groups in this thesis See chapter DRM Interoperability in this thesis See chapter 1.2 Problem description in this thesis See chapter 1.3.2 Selected method approach in this thesis [11] Definition of term 4C Entity: http://www.4centity.com/ Latest accessed: 2005-08-05 [12] Further information regarding secure transmission and storage: http://www.dtcp.com/ Latest accessed: 2005-08-05 [13] Definition of term Advanced Access Content System Licensing Authority: http://www.aacsla.com/ Latest accessed: 2005-08-05 [14] Definition of term Copy Protection Technical Working Group: http://www.cptwg.org/ Latest accessed: 2005-08-05 [15] Definition of terms Digital Content Protection LLC and Digital Living Network Alliance: http://www.dlna.org/home Latest accessed: 2005-08-05 [16] Definition of term Digital Video Broadcasting: http://www.dvb.org/ Latest accessed: 2005-08-05 [17] Definition of term DVD Copy Control Association: http://www.dvdcca.org/ Latest accessed: 2005-08-05 [18] Definition of term MPEG LA: http://www.mpegla.com Latest accessed: 2005-08-05 [19] Definition of term TV-Anytime Forum: http://www.tv-anytime.org/ Latest accessed: 2005-08-05 Latest modified: 2005-06-08 [20] Definition of term Internet Engineering Task Force: http://www.ietf.org/ Latest accessed: 2005-08-05 47 [21] Definition of term MPEG: http://www.chiariglione.org/mpeg/ Latest accessed: 2005-08-05 [22] Definition of term OASIS: http://www.oasis-open.org/home/index.php Latest accessed: 2005-08-05 [23] Definition of term OMA: http://www.openmobilealliance.org/ Latest accessed: 2005-08-05 [24] Definition of term World Wide Web Consortium: http://www.w3.org/ Latest accessed: 2005-08-05 Latest modified: 2005-08-05 [25] Definition of term Open Digital Rights Language: http://www.odrl.net/ Latest accessed: 2005-08-05 Latest modified: 2005-07-29 [26] Definition of term eXtensible Rights Management Language: http://www.xrml.org/ Latest accessed: 2005-08-05 [27] Definition of term Content Reference Forum: http://www.crforum.org Latest accessed: 2005-08-05 [28] Further information regarding Coral Consortium: http://www.drmwatch.com/standards/article.php/3418741 Latest accessed: 2005-08-05 [29] Rob H Koenen, Jack Lacy, Michael MacKay, and Steve Mitchell, The Long March to Interoperable Digital Rights Management, PROCEEDINGS OF THE IEEE, VOL 92, NO (P 883-897), JUNE 2004 [30] Further information regarding the case Intertrust vs Microsoft: http://www.spectrum.ieee.org/WEBONLY/wonews/jun03/intrust.html Latest accessed: 2005-08-05 Latest modified: 2003-03-30 48 [31] Further information regarding the case Intertrust vs Microsoft: http://www.eweek.com/article2/0,1759,1565851,00.asp Latest accessed: 2005-08-05 [32] Journal: Mobil: Allt om mobil kommunikation, Sweden, 5/2005 [33] Niels Rump, Can Digital Rights Management Be Standardized? An overview of DRM standardization within MPEG, IEEE SIGNAL PROCESSING MAGAZIN 70 E, MARCH 2004 [34] Pertti Järvinen , On research methods, Opinpajan Kirja, FI, 2001 [35] Eugene T Lin, Ahmet M Eskiciouglu, Reginald L Lagendijk, and Edward J Delp., Advances in Digital Video Content Protection, PROCEEDINGS OF THE IEEE, VOL 93, NO (P 171-183), JANUARY 2005 [36] Yin-Ling Liong and Sudhir Dixit, Digital Rights Management for the Mobile Internet, Wireless Personal Communications 29: 109–119, 2004 [37] Berco Beute, Mobile DRM - usability out the door?, Telematics and Informatics 22: 83–96, 2005 [38] Colin Robson, Real World Research, Second Edition, Blackwell Publishing, UK, 2002 [39] Definition of term DRM: http://media.ucsc.edu/glossary.html Latest accessed: 2005-08-05 [40] Definition of term DRM: http://www.europe4drm.com/l_menue/glossary/glossary.htm Latest accessed: 2005-08-05 [41] Definition of term P2P: http://www.mp3-cdburner.com/MP3-glossary.shtml Latest accessed: 2005-08-05 [42] Definition of term PKI: http://webdomino1.oecd.org/COMNET/PUM/egovproweb.nsf/viewHtml/index/$F ILE/glossary.htm Latest accessed: 2005-08-05 Latest modified: 2005-07-05 49 [43] The TR Patent Scorecard 2004 by Technology Review and CHI Research, Inc.: http://www.technologyreview.com/articles/downloads/patents0504.xls Latest accessed: 2005-08-05 [44] Definition of term XrML: http://www.xrml.org/reference/xrml_terms.asp Latest accessed: 2005-08-05 [45] Definition of term ODRL: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ODRL Latest accessed: 2005-08-05 Latest modified: 2005-06-25 [46] Definition of term interoperability by Association of American Publishers: http://www.publishers.org/ Latest accessed: 2005-08-05 [47] Promoting innovation in the on-line world: the problem of digital intellectual property / a report by the Digital Connections Council of the Committee for Economic Development (March 2004): http://www.ced.org Latest accessed: 2005-08-05 50 11 APPENDIX 1: GLOSSARY AAC – Advanced Audio Coding CD – Compact Disc CORBA - Common Object Request Broker Architecture DRM – Digital Rights Management DVD – Digital Versatile Disk DVI – Digital Video Interactive IIOP - Internet Inter-ORB Protocol (CORBA) MP3 – MPEG audio layer ODRL – Open Digital Rights Language PC – Personal Computer P2P – Peer to Peer PKI – Public Key Infrastructure TPM – Trusted Platform Module RAM – Random Access Memory REL – Rights Expression Language SACD - Super Audio CD SDMI – Secure Digital Music Initiate SGML – Standard Generalized Markup Language VPN – Virtual Private Network WMA – Windows Media Audio XML – Extensible Markup Language XrML – Extensible Rights Markup Language 51 12 APPENDIX 2: DRM PATENT SEARCH Patentee MICROSOFT CORP CONTENTGUARD HOLDINGS INC KONINK PHILIPS ELECTRONICS NV GEN INSTR CORP MOTOROLA INC NOKIA CORP SEALEDMEDIA LTD SAMSUNG ELECTRONICS CO LTD DATAPLAY INC ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCE CO MATSUSHITA ELECTRIC IND CO LTD INT BUSINESS MACHINES CORP (IBM) INTERTRUST TECHNOLOGIES CORP TELEFONAKTIEBOLAGET ERICSSON L M SONY CORP NUVOMEDIA INC MACROVISION CORP XEROX CORP CONTECS DD LLC SOSPITA AS BROADCOM CORP SONY ERICSSON MOBILE COMMUNICATIONS AB LEVIN ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCE CO CERTIA INC PITNEY BOWES INC VODAFONE GROUP PLC NIPPON TELECOM KK NDS LTD AT&T WIRELESS SERVICES INC VIDIUS INC WAY SYSTEMS INC BENTLEY SYSTEMS INC DISCOVERY COMMUNICATIONS INC KOREA COMMUNICATIONS HITEL CO LTD MDRM INC MINDPORT USA ASPSECURE CORP JULY SYSTEMS INC AUTOLYCUS CORP CACHESTREAM CORP ESSESOFT CO LTD HEWLETT-PACKARD CO IOMEGA CORP LG ELECTRONICS INC M SYSTEMS FLASH DISK PIONEERS LTD MARGENT DEV LLC SGS THOMSON MICROELTRN INC Number of Patents 169 57 38 37 24 22 20 19 17 16 16 16 11 11 10 10 9 8 6 6 5 5 4 4 4 3 3 3 3 52 TENNESSEE PACIFIC GROUP LLC TETRAWAVE INC WOODSTOCK SYSTEMS LLC DEUT TELEKOM AG CHAOTICOM INC DOCOMO COMMUNICATIONS LAB USA INC DRM TECHNOLOGIES LLC MARKANY INC PRIVARIS INC R-OBJECTS INC RUMBLE GROUP PTY LTD SHARP KK SIEMENS AG VERISIGN INC WISEPEER INC CONVERGYS INFORMATION MANAGEMENT GROUP KT CORP TELECOM RES INST; Z4 TECHNOLOGIES INC ACCENTURE GLOBAL SERVICES GMBH ARKADOS INC COMVERSE NETWORK SYSTEMS LTD DPHI ACQUISITIONS INC ENPIA SYSTEMS CO LTD FASOO.COM CO LTD FUJITSU LTD GTV SOLUTIONS INC INKA ENTWORKS INC INLET IP HOLDINGS LLC KONINK KPN NV LIMELIGHT NETWORKS LLC NEOCLICK CO LTD NISHI NIHON DENSHIN DENWA KK NTT COMMUNICATION WEAR KK PATHFIRE INC ROSTIC TECHNOLOGIES CO LTD SK TELECOM CO LTD TRIDENT MEDIA GUARD TMG SARL YALGE NETWORK INC YEJINET CO LTD YES SOFT CO LTD TOTAL Amount of Patents 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 711 53 13 APPENDIX 3: PATENT SCORECARD COMPUTERS TECHNOLOGICAL NUMBER OF CURRENT-IMPACT SCIENCE TECHNOLOGY STRENGTH/RANK PATENTS INDEX LINKAGE CYCLE TIME 1998-2002 COMPANY COUNTRY IBM Hewlett-Packard Company Fujitsu Limited NEC Corporation Microsoft Corp Sun Microsystems Inc Cisco Systems Inc Seiko Epson Corporation Ricoh Company Ltd Xerox Corporation Seagate Technology Hon Hai Precision Ind Co Ltd 3COM Corp EMC Corp International Game Technology Digimarc Corp Dell Computer Corp OKI Electric Industry Co Ltd NCR Corporation US US JP JP US US US JP JP US US TW US US US US US JP US 2003 RANK 5386 2778 1685 1445 1175 1088 1080 912 716 710 565 537 478 380 380 304 297 282 247 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 1998-2002 AVERAGE RANK 5905 2571 1607 2136 1223 1165 564 585 448 902 400 553 432 239 65 97 287 304 257 11 13 10 12 18 39 30 16 15 17 2003 AVERAGE 3434 1755 1460 1666 528 569 358 780 438 621 411 397 208 141 72 50 131 337 166 3044 1339 1275 1942 405 481 130 437 411 688 265 291 150 87 22 13 106 279 162 1998-2002 2003 1,57 1,58 1,15 0,87 2,23 1,91 3,02 1,17 1,64 1,14 1,37 1,35 2,30 2,70 5,28 6,09 2,27 0,84 1,49 AVERAGE 1998-2002 1998-2002 2003 AVERAGE 2003 AVERAGE 1,94 0,98 1,92 0,54 1,26 0,49 1,10 0,58 3,02 2,85 2,42 1,99 4,33 1,69 1,34 0,44 1,09 0,31 1,31 0,94 1,51 0,66 1,90 0,00 2,87 0,72 2,73 1,20 3,02 0,06 7,58 19,16 2,71 0,14 1,09 0,33 1,59 0,86 1,01 0,94 0,58 0,67 2,90 2,15 1,74 0,81 0,33 1,00 0,96 0,00 0,53 1,63 0,05 29,16 0,07 0,38 0,69 5,5 5,7 5,7 5,2 5,4 5,3 6,3 5,9 5,4 7,4 6,9 3,8 5,2 5,8 4,3 8,9 5,6 5,0 7,7 5,6 5,7 5,7 4,9 4,5 4,9 6,0 7,0 5,9 7,0 6,6 4,0 5,0 5,3 6,2 8,3 5,1 5,2 6,8 Oracle Corp US Western Digital Corp US Fuji Xerox Co Ltd JP Unisys Corp US Apple Computer Inc US ATI Technologies Inc CA TEC Corp JP Silicon Graphics Inc US Lexmark Int'l Inc US Silverbrook Research Pty Ltd AU Openwave Systems Inc US Walker Digital LLC US Pitney Bowes Incorporated US Sony Computer Entertainment Inc JP Gateway Inc US Cadence Design Systems, Inc US Palm Inc US Novell, Inc US Nexpress Solutions LLC US Nintendo Co Ltd JP Maxtor Corp US Storage Technology Corp US NVIDIA Corp US Time Warner Inc US Via Technologies Inc TW Avid Technologies Inc US Sega Enterprises Ltd JP BenQ Corporation TW Sunonwealth Electric Machine Ind Co Ltd TW Masimo Corp US 185 158 152 141 132 121 117 117 109 109 105 103 100 97 96 94 88 88 68 66 66 65 61 60 60 50 47 46 45 43 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 197 19 61 41 193 20 166 23 318 14 59 42 52 45 169 22 118 27 131 25 nd 105 112 29 91 31 38 52 86 32 55 44 31 59 123 26 100 68 36 nd 106 63 40 19 78 114 28 19 76 44 49 70 35 24 68 17 83 18 82 87 82 177 99 82 82 179 54 128 122 23 35 104 67 61 51 32 28 77 36 60 59 27 28 70 24 46 65 31 16 75 38 213 108 140 56 61 72 105 49 nd 36 94 17 31 23 10 36 14 26 nd 47 10 39 20 24 41 33 10 10 2,13 1,93 0,86 1,42 1,61 1,48 0,66 2,17 0,85 0,89 4,54 2,93 0,96 1,45 1,57 1,84 2,75 3,13 0,89 1,84 1,10 1,10 2,25 2,15 0,85 2,09 1,02 0,71 1,46 2,71 2,62 1,61 0,91 1,53 2,27 1,05 0,86 2,34 1,12 2,65 nd 3,15 0,97 2,19 2,75 2,38 3,07 3,45 0,43 2,65 nd 1,36 1,81 2,91 0,97 1,81 1,72 0,73 1,70 1,70 1,09 0,40 1,07 0,44 1,41 0,20 0,00 2,43 0,06 0,07 1,70 0,54 0,07 0,30 0,07 6,10 0,34 1,71 0,01 3,36 0,23 0,56 1,56 1,50 0,27 3,83 0,24 0,02 0,00 1,88 1,61 0,39 0,69 0,55 1,25 0,21 0,00 4,59 0,21 0,11 nd 0,40 0,05 0,21 0,08 9,86 1,43 2,70 0,06 0,60 nd 0,33 0,33 1,24 0,14 4,71 0,17 0,01 0,00 3,08 4,6 5,3 5,6 6,3 5,5 4,4 5,7 6,5 7,0 5,1 4,9 8,9 7,5 5,8 6,3 5,4 5,7 5,8 8,2 5,8 6,5 7,9 4,9 5,9 4,1 9,5 7,4 5,5 7,2 11,4 3,8 5,1 5,2 5,8 5,4 4,2 5,9 5,3 7,0 4,4 nd 6,8 7,5 5,4 5,8 8,8 5,6 4,4 8,3 6,5 nd 6,8 4,1 5,8 4,9 7,2 7,6 5,7 5,5 11,1 Quantum Corp Unova Inc Creative Technology Ltd Lite-On Technology Corp Adobe Systems Inc Adaptec Inc Canon Finetech Inc National Instruments Corp Riso Kagaku Corp Acer Inc Inventec Corp Hutchinson Technology Inc Sybase Inc Namco Ltd Autodesk Inc Phoenix Technologies Inc Logitech Int'l SA Cray Inc Scansoft Inc Max Co Ltd Imation Corp Symantec Corp Computer Associates Int'l Inc Iomega Corp Immersion Corp Primax Electronics Ltd Zebra Technologies Corp Groupe Bull OCE-Van Der Grinten N.V Acco Brands Inc US US SN TW US US JP US JP TW TW US US JP US US CH US US JP US US US US US TW US FR NL US 40 38 38 38 37 34 33 31 28 27 24 24 23 23 22 21 21 21 20 20 20 19 18 18 17 17 17 16 15 15 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 82 131 33 nd 46 75 15 45 29 17 13 42 36 29 24 nd 15 29 40 33 19 nd 68 189 29 nd 56 30 19 33 24 56 107 47 34 90 48 63 84 92 50 54 62 69 108 91 64 51 95 55 77 109 37 21 65 110 43 60 75 27 33 21 50 28 24 45 24 51 16 32 14 22 25 11 18 15 14 21 34 11 10 26 24 13 17 33 14 40 89 20 nd 30 46 18 28 44 18 17 10 17 20 nd 12 15 17 12 44 11 nd 44 21 19 nd 37 50 14 1,49 1,16 1,82 0,76 1,32 1,43 0,74 1,28 0,55 1,66 0,75 1,69 2,92 1,05 0,88 1,95 1,18 1,39 1,46 0,97 0,58 1,73 1,81 0,68 2,11 0,69 1,27 0,91 0,46 1,09 2,05 0,07 1,47 0,12 1,67 2,71 nd 0,00 1,55 0,79 1,61 0,08 0,82 0,00 1,62 0,54 0,67 0,00 2,22 0,00 0,74 0,19 2,46 0,86 3,80 6,00 1,73 0,00 1,17 0,64 nd 0,18 1,23 0,00 1,94 2,80 2,38 2,57 0,63 0,00 0,76 2,15 1,80 10,91 nd 2,70 1,56 0,15 8,81 31,50 1,48 0,00 nd 0,00 1,53 0,47 0,60 0,15 1,43 0,00 0,35 0,31 1,77 nd 1,21 0,35 0,03 0,97 0,02 0,50 0,08 0,81 1,75 0,09 1,16 nd 0,08 6,05 2,31 0,00 1,47 1,11 nd 0,40 24,21 0,02 nd 0,99 0,09 0,01 7,7 8,4 6,5 5,2 6,2 4,9 6,0 5,0 6,7 5,2 4,2 7,2 5,3 6,1 6,5 6,2 6,0 6,5 5,9 9,3 7,9 5,9 6,1 8,8 10,3 5,8 9,7 4,6 7,4 16,5 6,2 8,5 6,3 nd 4,9 4,7 7,5 4,5 6,6 5,2 4,1 6,0 4,6 6,2 4,6 nd 8,1 5,7 8,6 12,8 9,0 3,7 nd 8,9 6,8 5,9 nd 4,6 8,3 15,1 MTS Systems Corp Electronic Data Sys Corp Electronics For Imaging Inc Southco Inc Compal Electronics Inc Advance RISC Machines Ltd Square Enix Co Ltd Ing C Olivetti and Company SpA Komag Inc Scientific Learning Corp Behavior Tech Computer Corp Scitex Ltd UMAX Data System, Inc Kyocera Mita Corp Elonex Plc Mentor Graphics Corp Axiohm Transaction Solutions Exabyte Corp Analogic Corp Discovision Associates Wacom Co Ltd Yozan Inc Object Technology Licensing Corp Magnecomp International Intergraph Corp Pelikan Hardcopy (Int'l) AG Array AB Borland Software Corp Health Hero Network Inc AST Research Inc US US US US TW GB JP IT US US TW IL TW JP GB US US US US US JP JP US SG US CH SE US US US 15 15 14 13 13 13 12 11 11 11 10 10 6 4 3 3 2 1 0 0 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 108 109 110 102 67 38 18 80 16 87 22 72 17 85 nd 111 16 86 18 79 15 89 97 13 93 99 37 53 22 71 20 74 98 18 81 22 73 22 70 101 10 94 50 46 26 67 16 88 96 32 57 31 58 30 61 26 66 15 14 10 14 15 18 13 7 16 11 48 18 4 4 1 0 32 12 12 15 16 nd 16 13 10 15 15 66 11 10 12 18 25 13 12 18 10 11 8 1,00 1,87 1,03 1,28 0,90 0,84 0,69 0,85 1,57 1,57 0,63 0,87 0,18 0,32 1,84 2,44 0,87 0,99 0,82 0,78 0,73 0,70 2,03 0,81 1,29 0,56 0,24 2,73 4,87 1,45 0,67 2,12 1,46 1,29 1,51 1,02 nd 1,00 1,43 1,89 0,69 0,85 0,42 0,55 2,59 1,73 0,73 1,48 1,20 0,88 0,78 0,77 4,30 1,47 1,64 0,90 2,98 4,03 3,55 2,80 0,60 0,38 0,00 0,00 0,00 1,20 0,06 0,69 2,14 1,14 0,00 0,27 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,50 0,00 8,75 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,00 7,00 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,86 1,38 0,06 0,00 0,00 0,59 nd 0,65 3,38 8,00 0,00 0,21 0,00 0,09 0,23 3,86 0,02 0,18 0,63 10,06 0,00 0,55 4,79 0,00 3,71 0,00 1,22 2,54 0,93 1,96 11,7 4,2 7,3 18,5 4,3 5,4 4,8 5,8 9,6 4,8 5,5 11,8 5,2 8,4 10,4 3,8 17,5 14,8 10,8 15,1 6,0 7,0 7,0 10,5 4,3 1,8 8,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 11,8 4,2 7,8 16,6 3,9 5,2 nd 6,7 6,6 5,2 4,7 9,7 6,0 6,1 6,4 4,5 12,6 10,7 6,5 8,5 5,6 4,3 7,3 3,9 5,5 7,9 8,0 6,4 6,2 10,4 Phase Metrics Inc ProQuest Co US US 107 111 103 104 7 1,06 0,64 0,67 0,00 0,03 0,11 0,0 6,4 8,6 TELECOM TECHNOLOGICAL STRENGTH/RANK NUMBER OF PATENTS 1998-2002 CURRENT-IMPACT INDEX 1998-2002 AVERAGE RANK 1998-2002 2003 AVERAGE 2003 AVERAGE SCIENCE LINKAGE TECHNOLOGY CYCLE TIME 1998-2002 1998-2002 2003 AVERAGE 2003 AVERAGE COMPANY COUNTRY 2003 RANK Lucent Technologies Motorola Inc US US 971 959 1944 1759 641 661 1144 1113 1,51 1,45 1,70 1,58 1,47 2,83 1,34 1,00 5,1 5,7 5,4 5,4 Ericsson (LM) Telephone Co Inc Nortel Networks Corp Nokia Group Qualcomm Inc Alcatel A T & T Corp Agere, Inc JDS Uniphase Corp SE CA FI US FR US US US 940 882 821 522 416 412 384 273 10 1277 809 611 507 479 680 172 213 13 11 654 465 511 182 381 211 335 117 683 408 323 139 410 264 158 105 1,44 1,90 1,61 2,87 1,09 1,95 1,15 2,33 1,87 1,98 1,89 3,64 1,17 2,57 1,09 2,02 1,01 3,69 0,60 1,11 0,67 1,36 1,03 1,52 1,00 1,07 0,48 0,97 0,80 1,15 1,30 2,58 5,6 5,0 5,6 7,6 5,6 5,2 5,5 7,3 5,5 4,7 5,2 6,8 6,3 4,7 5,1 6,8 Verizon Communications US 258 11 358 91 96 2,84 3,71 1,34 1,53 5,7 6,2 ADC Telecommunications Worldcom Inc BellSouth Corp Sprint Corp Nippon Telegraph and Telephone Corporation US US US US 247 183 173 150 12 13 14 15 83 264 98 88 24 10 19 23 122 74 89 63 44 103 35 25 2,02 2,47 1,95 2,38 1,89 2,57 2,78 3,54 0,51 1,36 0,35 2,70 1,07 1,15 0,20 7,84 8,7 5,1 5,4 7,7 7,5 4,5 5,5 6,5 JP 144 16 185 12 110 128 1,31 1,44 1,55 1,88 5,6 5,1 Science Applications Int'l Avaya Inc Ciena Corp US US US 120 116 115 17 18 19 138 119 88 14 17 22 47 92 37 43 64 22 2,55 1,26 3,10 3,23 1,87 4,02 4,06 0,36 1,59 2,15 0,24 1,66 6,1 5,6 5,1 5,7 6,1 4,6 InterDigital Communications Corp US 95 20 62 26 58 24 1,64 2,58 1,28 10,08 8,9 10,8 Scientific-Atlanta Incorporated AT&T Wireless Time Domain Corp US US US 87 84 82 21 22 23 90 72 nd 21 25 61 34 37 26 33 28 nd 2,56 2,27 3,17 2,70 2,52 nd 1,00 1,14 1,73 0,96 1,45 nd 7,7 7,1 8,8 6,7 6,0 nd British Telecommunications PLC Avanex Corp GB US 81 81 24 25 107 38 18 32 48 25 75 10 1,70 3,22 1,42 3,81 2,08 1,24 3,13 1,58 8,3 4,4 6,2 4,6 Qwest Communications Int'l Inc US 71 26 127 16 39 44 1,81 2,90 0,15 0,64 5,1 4,8 SBC Communications, Inc Andrew Corp GlobeSpanVirata Inc Panduit Corp US US US US 68 54 52 48 27 28 29 30 97 16 nd 10 20 46 62 58 39 43 36 22 38 14 nd 10 1,75 1,26 1,43 2,16 2,57 1,14 nd 1,04 0,10 1,51 0,06 0,00 0,34 0,72 nd 0,00 6,4 9,6 4,6 9,0 5,4 13,3 nd 11,6 L-3 Communications Holdings, Inc Adtran Inc US US 44 43 31 32 23 15 39 49 29 25 23 12 1,51 1,73 0,98 1,24 1,24 0,16 0,42 0,10 7,9 7,5 8,3 5,4 Enterasys Networks Inc Tellabs Inc France Telecom Deutsche Telekom AG Paradyne Corp Digital Optics Corp KDDI Corporation US US FR DE US US JP 37 36 33 32 31 24 24 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 132 16 49 53 54 12 44 15 44 29 28 27 53 31 13 25 30 28 16 15 21 27 12 47 30 23 31 2,83 1,46 1,12 1,15 1,92 1,60 1,12 4,82 1,32 1,04 1,75 2,31 1,50 1,43 3,08 1,76 2,40 2,04 0,31 0,47 1,14 1,96 0,77 2,15 6,38 0,55 1,63 0,72 7,5 6,9 6,3 6,8 5,9 6,6 4,6 5,0 7,1 5,2 8,1 5,8 6,3 4,6 Stratos Lightwave Inc Research In Motion Ltd US CA 23 21 40 41 nd nd 63 64 13 nd nd 2,57 1,61 nd nd 0,00 0,77 nd nd 4,8 5,7 nd nd Reliance Electric Company Nexans (France) Vodafone Group PLC Garmin Ltd Telxon Corp US FR GB KY US 21 19 18 17 17 42 43 44 45 46 nd nd 32 15 45 65 66 34 48 30 20 27 26 19 nd nd 60 10 23 1,04 0,72 0,68 0,92 1,92 nd nd 0,54 1,42 1,98 0,50 0,30 0,04 2,53 0,00 nd nd 0,10 0,25 0,05 14,3 9,2 7,9 5,9 5,8 nd nd 11,8 8,2 5,9 Golden Bridge Technology Inc Globalstar LP US US 12 10 47 48 13 26 52 35 8 1,46 1,73 1,69 3,13 1,00 4,33 0,38 6,45 4,7 8,7 8,2 6,4 Centurion Wireless Technologies Inc Teliasonera AB Intervoice Inc US SE US 10 49 50 51 24 12 18 37 56 43 11 11 1,26 0,80 2,09 2,77 1,06 2,01 0,00 0,00 2,00 0,23 0,35 0,36 2,9 5,0 5,5 6,2 6,4 3,8 Metawave Communications Corp KT Corp Royal KPN NV US KR NL 7 52 53 54 22 33 16 40 33 45 11 10 10 35 20 2,09 0,65 0,70 2,26 0,96 0,78 1,00 0,64 0,80 0,37 0,79 1,10 4,6 4,8 4,3 4,5 4,5 6,3 Teledyne Technologies Inc Comcast Corp GenTek Inc Telecom Italia S.p.a LGP Allgon AB Ascom Holding Ltd US US US IT SE CH 6 5 55 56 57 58 59 60 nd nd 12 19 14 68 67 54 59 42 50 11 12 nd nd 18 10 12 0,63 2,16 0,54 0,87 1,61 0,86 nd nd 0,69 0,90 1,60 1,53 1,73 0,00 0,33 1,00 0,00 0,75 nd nd 0,08 1,08 0,22 0,30 9,6 2,8 9,5 4,6 15,0 11,3 nd nd 10,2 5,5 6,2 5,4 Glenayre Technologies Inc Titan Corp Uniden Corp US US JP 2 61 62 63 24 15 14 38 47 51 12 15 1,22 2,21 0,70 2,09 1,81 0,92 3,50 2,00 0,00 0,12 1,36 0,03 9,0 6,5 8,3 5,8 7,5 5,8 Chaw Khong Technology Co Ltd TW 64 19 41 10 1,00 1,98 0,00 0,00 6,1 4,1 COMSAT Corp US 65 60 0,66 1,32 0,67 0,84 7,5 6,5 C-Cube Microsystems Inc US 66 25 36 10 1,94 2,51 0,00 1,38 0,0 5,5 General Datacomm Industries Inc Daewoo Telecom Ltd US KR 0 68 67 12 11 55 57 0 13 2,47 0,59 1,65 0,80 0,00 0,00 0,92 0,06 0,0 0,0 4,1 4,4 ...Master Thesis Computer Science Thesis no: MCS-2005:17 September 2005 Innovation within Digital Rights Management Camrie Agushi Department of Interaction and System Design School of... 2005 Camrie Agushi ABSTRACT The thesis deals with the topic of Digital Rights Management (DRM), more specifically the innovation trends within DRM It is focused on three driving forces of DRM Firstly,... devised a number of rights protection mechanisms Among these is Digital Rights Management (DRM) DRM has attempted to address the issue of licensing and controlling distribution of digital content