Principles-of-Social-Psychology-1st-International-Edition-1628261511._print

Principles of Social Psychology - 1st International Edition Principles of Social Psychology - 1st International Edition Dr Charles Stangor Dr Rajiv Jhangiani and Dr Hammond Tarry BCCAMPUS VICTORIA, B.C Principles of Social Psychology - 1st International Edition by Dr Rajiv Jhangiani and Dr Hammond Tarry is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License, except where otherwise noted © 2011 Charles Stangor The textbook content was produced by Charles Stangor and is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, except for the following additions, which are © 2014 Dr Rajiv Jhangiani and Dr Hammond Tarry and are licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Licence: • Inclusion of new research and theoretical developments • Updated the chapter opening anecdotes and real world examples to make them more relevant for contemporary students • Changed examples, references, and statistics to reflect a more international context • Added overviews of some concepts, theories, and key studies not included in the original edition • Added a list of learning objectives at the start of each chapter • Added a glossary of key terms at the end of the textbook as a quick-reference for students In addition, the following changes were made but retain the original Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License: • Merging the separate chapters on “Social Learning” and “Social Affect” to create a single “Social Cognition” chapter The CC licence permits you to retain, reuse, copy, redistribute, and revise this book for non-commerical purposes—in whole or in part—for free providing the authors are attributed as follows and any shared content retains the same licence: Principles of Social Psychology – 1st International Edition by Rajiv Jhangiani, Hammond Tarry, and Charles Stangor is used under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International Licence If you redistribute all or part of this book, it is recommended the following statement be added to the copyright page so readers can access the original book at no cost: Download for free from the B.C Open Textbook Collection Sample APA-style citation: This textbook can be referenced In APA citation style, it would appear as follows: Jhangiani, R and H Tarry (2014) Principles of Social Psychology – 1st International Edition Victoria, B.C.: BCcampus Retrieved from https://opentextbc.ca/socialpsychology/ Cover image attribution: The Party People, as reflected by The Gherkin’s roof by James Cridland Creative Commons Attribution 2.0 Generic Licence Visit BCcampus Open Education to learn about open education in British Columbia Ebook ISBN: 978-1-77420-015-5 Print ISBN: 978-1-77420-014-8 This book was produced with Pressbooks (https://pressbooks.com) and rendered with Prince Contents Acknowledgments Preface About the Book viii x xiii Introducing Social Psychology Defining Social Psychology: History and Principles Affect, Behavior, and Cognition Conducting Research in Social Psychology Chapter Summary 19 25 43 Social Cognition Sources of Social Knowledge How We Use Our Expectations Social Cognition and Affect Thinking Like a Social Psychologist about Social Cognition Chapter Summary 48 65 89 103 104 The Self The Cognitive Self: The Self-Concept The Feeling Self: Self-Esteem The Social Self: The Role of the Social Situation Thinking Like a Social Psychologist about the Self Chapter Summary 109 129 142 163 164 Attitudes, Behavior, and Persuasion Exploring Attitudes Changing Attitudes through Persuasion Changing Attitudes by Changing Behavior Thinking Like a Social Psychologist about Attitudes, Behavior, and Persuasion Chapter Summary 169 181 196 212 213 Perceiving Others Initial Impression Formation Inferring Dispositions Using Causal Attribution Biases in Attribution Individual Differences in Person Perception Thinking Like a Social Psychologist about Person Perception Chapter Summary 217 237 245 259 268 269 Influencing and Conforming The Many Varieties of Conformity Obedience, Power, and Leadership Person, Gender, and Cultural Differences in Conformity Thinking Like a Social Psychologist about Social Influence Chapter Summary 275 292 311 320 321 Liking and Loving Initial Attraction Close Relationships: Liking and Loving over the Long Term Thinking Like a Social Psychologist about Liking and Loving Chapter Summary 327 345 363 364 Helping and Altruism Understanding Altruism: Self and Other Concerns The Role of Affect: Moods and Emotions How the Social Context Influences Helping Other Determinants of Helping Thinking Like a Social Psychologist about Altruism Chapter Summary 369 381 387 394 408 409 Aggression Defining Aggression The Biological and Emotional Causes of Aggression The Violence around Us: How the Social Situation Influences Aggression Personal and Cultural Influences on Aggression 415 422 436 445 Thinking Like a Social Psychologist about Aggression Chapter Summary 454 455 10 Working Groups: Performance and Decision Making Understanding Social Groups Group Performance Group Decision Making Improving Group Performance and Decision Making Thinking Like a Social Psychologist about Social Groups Chapter Summary 461 469 482 499 509 510 11 Stereotypes, Prejudice, and Discrimination Social Categorization and Stereotyping Ingroup Favoritism and Prejudice Reducing Discrimination Thinking Like a Social Psychologist about Stereotyping, Prejudice, and Discrimination Chapter Summary 518 533 543 555 556 12 Competition and Cooperation in Our Social Worlds Conflict, Cooperation, Morality, and Fairness How the Social Situation Creates Conflict: The Role of Social Dilemmas Strategies for Producing Cooperation Thinking Like a Social Psychologist about Cooperation and Competition Chapter Summary 562 573 585 595 596 About the Authors 598 Glossary 602 Versioning History 615 Acknowledgments From the Adapting Authors First, we owe a great debt to the original author, Dr Charles Stangor, for writing the textbook and making it available to all We both enjoyed adding to such a readable and engaging resource We are also grateful to the entire Open Education team at BC Campus, including Mary Burgess and Clint Lalonde, but especially Amanda Coolidge, who shepherded this project from start to finish Thanks also to our editors for spotting the formatting and referencing errors that escaped our attention, to Brad Payne for his incredible work on the Pressbooks platform that facilitated our work, and to Chris Montoya (Thompson Rivers University), Dawn-Louise McLeod (Thompson Rivers University—Open Learning), and Jennifer Walinga (Royal Roads University) for their useful and detailed reviews of the original edition Rajiv Jhangiani would also like to thank Surita Jhangiani (Capilano University & Justice Institute of British Columbia) for her helpful suggestions and constant support, as well as Kabir and Aahaan Jhangiani, for providing great inspiration and endless joy during the entire process Hammond Tarry would also like to thank his family for their love, support, and inspiration From the Original Author This book is the result of many years of interacting with many students, and it would never have been written without them So thanks, first, to my many excellent students Also a particular thanks to Michael Boezi, Pam Hersperger, and Becky Knauer for their help and support I would also like to thank the following reviewers whose comprehensive feedback and suggestions for improving the material helped make this a better text: • Mark Agars, California State University, San Bernadino • Sarah Allgood, Virginia Tech University • Lara Ault, Tennessee State University • Sarah Butler, DePaul University • Jamonn Campbell, Shippensburg University • Donna Crawley, Ramapo College • Alexander Czopp, Western Washington University • Marcia Finkelstein, University of South Florida • Dana Greene, North Carolina Central University • Melissa Lea, Millsaps College • Dana Litt, University of Washington • Nick Marsing, Snow College viii Principles of Social Psychology ix • Kevin McKillop, Washington College • Adam Meade, North Carolina State University • Paul Miceli, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill • Marcie Miller, South Plains College • Meg Milligan, Troy University • Dean Morier, Mills College • Darren Petronella, Adelphi University • Lisa Poole, Northeast State Technical Community College • Michael Rader, Northern Arizona University • Diana Rice, Geneva College • David Simpson, Carroll University Preface Preface from Original Author: Charles Stangor When I first started teaching social psychology, I had trouble figuring out how the various topics in this expansive field fit together I felt like I was presenting a laundry list of ideas, research studies, and phenomena, rather than an integrated set of principles and knowledge Of course, what was difficult for me was harder still for my students How could they be expected to understand and remember all of the many topics that we social psychologists study? And how could they tell what was most important? Something was needed to structure and integrate their learning It took me some time, but eventually, I realized that the missing piece in my lectures was a consistent focus on the basic principles of social psychology Once I started thinking and talking about principles, then it all fell into place I knew that when I got to my lecture on altruism, most of my students already knew what I was about to tell them They understood that, although there were always some tweaks to keep things interesting, altruism was going to be understood using the same ideas that conformity and person perception had been in earlier lectures—in terms of the underlying fundamentals—they were truly thinking like social psychologists! I wrote this book to help students organize their thinking about social psychology at a conceptual level Five or ten years from now, I not expect my students to remember the details of a study published in 2011, or even to remember most of the definitions in this book I hope, however, that they will remember some basic ideas, for it is these principles that will allow them to critically analyze new situations and really put their knowledge to use My text is therefore based on a critical thinking approach—its aim is to get students thinking actively and conceptually—with more of a focus on the forest than on the trees Although there are right and wrong answers, the answers are not the only thing What is perhaps even more important is how we get to those answers—the thinking process itself My efforts are successful when my students have that “aha” moment, in which they find new ideas fitting snugly into the basic concepts of social psychology To help students better grasp the big picture of social psychology and to provide you with a theme that you can use to organize your lectures, my text has a consistent pedagogy across the chapters I organize my presentation around two underlying principles that are essential to social psychology: Person and situation (the classic treatment) The ABCs of social psychology (affect, behavior, and cognition) I also frame much of my discussion around the two human motivations of self-concern and otherconcern I use these fundamental motivations to frame discussions on a variety of dimensions including altruism, aggression, prejudice, gender differences, and cultural differences You can incorporate these dimensions into your teaching as you see fit My years of teaching have convinced me that these dimensions are fundamental, that they are extremely heuristic, and that they are what I hope my students will learn and remember I think that you may find that this organization represents a more explicit representation of what you’re already doing in your lectures Although my pedagogy is consistent, it is not constraining You will use these dimensions more in some lectures than in others, and you will find them more useful for some topics than others x