Tài liệu SEC 14 docx

XIV DSPSoftware andHardware VijayK.Madisetti GeorgiaInstituteofTechnology 77IntroductiontotheTMS320FamilyofDigitalSignalProcessors PanosPapamichalis Introduction • Fixed-PointDevices:TMS320C25ArchitectureandFundamentalFeatures • TMS320C25MemoryOrganizationandAccess • TMS320C25MultiplierandALU • OtherAr- chitecturalFeaturesoftheTMS320C25 • TMS320C25InstructionSet • Input/OutputOperations oftheTMS320C25 • Subroutines,Interrupts,andStackontheTMS320C25 • Introductiontothe TMS320C30DigitalSignalProcessor • TMS320C30MemoryOrganizationandAccess • Multiplier andALUoftheTMS320C30 • OtherArchitecturalFeaturesoftheTMS320C30 • TMS320C30 InstructionSet • OtherGenerationsandDevicesintheTMS320Family 78RapidDesignandPrototypingofDSPSystems T.Egolf,M.Pettigrew,J.Debardelaben, R.Hezar,S.Famorzadeh,A.Kavipurapu,M.Khan,Lan-RongDung,K.Balemarthy,N. Desai,Yong-kyuJung,andV.Madisetti Introduction • SurveyofPreviousResearch • InfrastructureCriteriafortheDesignFlow • The ExecutableRequirement • TheExecutableSpecification • DataandControlFlowModeling • Ar- chitecturalDesign • PerformanceModelingandArchitectureVerification • FullyFunctionaland InterfaceModelingandHardwareVirtualPrototypes • SupportforLegacySystems • Conclusions T HEPRIMARYTRAITSOFEMBEDDEDsignalprocessingsystemsthatdistinguishthem fromgeneralpurposecomputersystemsaretheirpredictablereactionstoreal-time 1 stimuli fromtheenvironment,theirform-andcost-optimizeddesign,andtheircompliancewith requiredorspecifiedmodesofresponsebehaviorandfunctionality[1]. 1 Real-timeindicatesbehaviorrelatedtowall-clocktimeanddoesnotnecessarilyimplyaquickresponse. c  1999byCRCPressLLC Other traits that they share with other forms of digital products include the need for reliability, fault-tolerance, and maintainability, to name just a few. An embedded system usually consists of hardware components such as memories, application-specific ICs (ASICs), processors, DSPs, buses, analog-digital interfaces, and also software components that provide control, diagnostic, and application-specific capabilities required of it. In addition, they often contain electromechanical (EM) components such as sensors and transducers and operate in harsh environmental conditions. Unlike general purpose computers they may not allow much flexibility in support of a diverse range of programming applications, and it is not unusual to dedicate such systems to specific application. Embedded systems, thus, range from simple, low-cost sensor/actuator systems consisting of a few tensoflinesof codeand8/16-bitprocessors(CPU)(e.g.,bankATMmachines)tosophisticatedhigh- performance signal processing systems consisting ofruntime operating system support, tensofx86- class processors, digital signal processing (DSP) chips, interconnection networks, complex sensors, and other interfaces (e.g., radar-based tracking and navigational systems). Their lack of flexibility maybeapparentwhenoneconsidersthat anATM machinecannot beeasilyprogr ammed tosupport additional imageprocessing tasks,unless upgraded interms ofresources. Finally, embeddedsystems typically do not support direct user interaction in terms of higher order programming languages (HOLs)suchas Fortran orC, butallowusers toprovide inputsthat aresensor-or menu-driven. The debuganddiagnosticinterfaces,however,supportHOLsandotherlowerlevelsoftwareandhardware programmability. Embedded systemsin generalmay beclassifiedintoone ofthe following fourgeneral categories of products. Thepricesareindicative of themulti-billion dollarmarketplace in1996, and theirrelative magnitudes aremore significant thantheiractual values. Therelationship of thecategories todollar costisintentionalandisanearlyharbingerofthefactthatunderlying costandperformancetradeoffs motivate and drive most of the system design and prototyping methodologies. CommodityDSPProducts: High-volumemarketandvaluedatlessthan$300apiece. Theseinclude CDplayers,recorders,VCRs,facsimileandansweringmachines,telemetryapplications,simplesignal processingfilteringpackages, etc.,primarilyaimedatthehighlycompetitivemass-volumeconsumer market. Portable DSP Products: High-volume market and valued at less than $ 800. These include portable and hand-held low-power electronic products for man-machine communications such as DSP boards, digital audio, security systems, modems, camcorders, industrial controllers, scanners, communications equipment, and others. Cost-Performance DSP Products: High-volume market, and valued at less than $ 3000. These products trade off cost for performance, and include DSP products such as video teleconferenc- ing equipment, laptops, audio, telecommunications switches, high-performance DSP boards and coprocessors, and DSP CAD packages for hardware and software design. High-Performance Products: Low-to-moderate volume market, and valued at over $8000. These products include high-end workstations with DSP coprocessors, real-time signal processors, real- timedatabaseprocessingsystems,digitalHDTV,radarsignalprocessorsystems,avionicsandmilitary systems, sensor and data processing hardware and software systems. This class of products contains a significant amount of software compared to the earlier classes, which often focus on large volume, low-cost, hardware-only solutions. It may be useful to classify high-performance products further into three categories. • Real-time embedded control systems: Thesesystems arecharacterizedby thefollowing features: interrupt driven, large numerical processing requirements, small databases, tight real-time constraints, well-defined user interface, requirements and design driven by performance re- quirements. Examples include anaircraft control system, or a control system for a steel plant. • Embedded information systems: These systems are characterized by the following features: transaction-based, moderate numerical/DSP processing, flexible time constraints, complex c  1999 by CRCPress LLC userinterfaces,requirementsanddesigndrivenbyuserinterface. Examplesincludeaccounting and inventory management systems. • Command, control, communication, and intelligence (C4I) systems: These systems are charac- terizedby largenumerical processing, largedatabases, moderatetotig ht real-timeconstraints, flexibleand complexuser interfaces,requirementsand designdr ivenby performanceand user interface. Examples include missile guidance systems, radar-tracking systems, and inventor y and manufacturing control systems. These four categories of embedded systems can be further distinguished in terms of other met- rics such as computing speed (integer or floating point performance), input/output transfer rates, memory capacities, market volume, environmental issues, typical design and development budgets, lifetimes, reliability issues, upgrades, and other lifecycle support costs. Another interesting fact is that the higher the software value in a product, the greater its profitability margin. Recent studies by Andersen Consulting have shown that profit margin pressures are increasing due to increasing semiconductorcontentin systems’sales’values. In1985, siliconrepresented9.5 percentof asystem’s value. By 1995, that had shot up to 19.1 percent. The higher the silicon content, the greater the pressure on margins resulting in lower profits. In PCs, integrated circuit components represent 30 to 35 percent of the sales value and the ratio is steadily increasing. More than 50 percent of value of the new network computers (NCs) is expected to be in integrated circuits. In the area of DSPs, we estimate that this ratio is about 20 percent. In this section, the chapter “Introduction to the TMS320 Family of Digital Signal Processors" by Panos Papamichalis, outlines the programmable DSP families developed by Texas Instruments, the leading organization in this area. In, “Rapid Design and Prototyping of DSP Systems", T. Egolf, M. Pettigrew, J. Debardelaben, R. Hezar, S. Famorzadeh, A. Kavipurapu, M. Khan, L R. Dung, K. Balemarthy, N. Desai, Y. Jung, and V. Madisetti, discuss how signal processing systems are designed andintegratedusinganoveltopdowndesignapproachdevelopedaspartofDARPA’sRASSPprogram. References [1] Madisetti, V. K., VLSI Digital Signal Processors, IEEE Press, Piscataway, NJ, 1995. c  1999 by CRCPress LLC . T.Egolf,M.Pettigrew,J.Debardelaben, R.Hezar,S.Famorzadeh,A.Kavipurapu,M.Khan,Lan-RongDung,K.Balemarthy,N. Desai,Yong-kyuJung,andV.Madisetti Introduction • SurveyofPreviousResearch • InfrastructureCriteriafortheDesignFlow • The ExecutableRequirement • TheExecutableSpecification • DataandControlFlowModeling • Ar- chitecturalDesign • PerformanceModelingandArchitectureVerification • FullyFunctionaland InterfaceModelingandHardwareVirtualPrototypes • SupportforLegacySystems • Conclusions T HEPRIMARYTRAITSOFEMBEDDEDsignalprocessingsystemsthatdistinguishthem fromgeneralpurposecomputersystemsaretheirpredictablereactionstoreal-time 1 stimuli fromtheenvironment,theirform-andcost-optimizeddesign,andtheircompliancewith requiredorspecifiedmodesofresponsebehaviorandfunctionality[1]. 1 Real-timeindicatesbehaviorrelatedtowall-clocktimeanddoesnotnecessarilyimplyaquickresponse. c  1999byCRCPressLLC Other. products for man-machine communications such as DSP boards, digital audio, security systems, modems, camcorders, industrial controllers, scanners, communications