PERCEPTIONS AND ATTITUDES OF UNIVERSITY STUDENTS TOWARDSCORRUPTION: THE CASE OF ADAMA SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY UNIVERSITY PROSPECTIVE GRADUATES OF 2005 E.C

ADAMA SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF EDUCATIONAL SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGY TEACHER EDUCATION DEPARTMENT OF PSYCHOLOGY PERCEPTIONS AND ATTITUDES OF UNIVERSITY STUDENTS TOWARDS CORRUPTION: THE CASE OF ADAMA SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY UNIVERSITY PROSPECTIVE GRADUATES OF 2005 E.C BY AMANO GENEMO A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE SCHOOL OF EDUCATIONAL SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGY TEACHER EDUCATION IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS IN SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY JANUARY, 2014 ADAMA, ETHIOPIA I Adama Science and Technology University School of Educational Sciences and Technology Teacher Education Department of Psychology Perceptions and Attitudes of University Students towards Corruption: The Case of Adama Science and Technology University Prospective Graduates of 2005 E.C By Amano Genemo Advisor Kassim Kimo (Ph.D) A thesis submitted to the School of Educational Sciences and Technology Teacher Education in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts in Social Psychology January, 2014 Adama, Ethiopia I I I ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Profound thanks are due to Dr Kassim Kimo, my thesis advisor, whose deep concern, unfailing encouragement, unforgettable guidance; constructive comments and useful suggestions have contributed tremendously from the conception to the successful accomplishment of this study For sure, without his unreserved dedication, the development and completion of this study would have been impossible I also wish to express my deepest gratitude to Dr Abdulkadir Hussien, Mr Dame Abera, Mr Abdi Yuya, Mr Mesued Mustefa, Mr Berhanu Moyata, Mr Habtamu Dadhi, Dr Zeyin Engedasew, Dr Alemu Disasa, Dr Endalu Fufa, Mr Jemal Wabe, Mr Muhamad Kedir, Mr Engeda Hailemariam and Mr Abdissa Haji for their material support, and useful comments and suggestions My heartfelt thanks to my wife W/ro Elfinesh Beyecha, my mother Amane Ejero and my two children Sabaef and Milko who has shouldered the burdens of my responsibilities at home and in social affairs, and for their moral support and patience while I was attending the courses and writing the paper I TABLE OF CONTENTS Title Page Acknowledgements .I Table of Contents .II List of Tables V Acronyms and Abbreviations VII Abstract VIII INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of the Problem .1 1.2 Statement of the Problem 1.3 Objectives of the Study 1.4 Significances of the Study 1.5 Limitations .7 1.6 Delimitations 1.7 Operational Definitions of Key Terms REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE 2.1 Understanding Corruption 2.2 Theoretical Explanations of Corruption 2.3 Approaches to the Definition of Corruption 13 2.4 Types of Corruption .17 2.5 Manifestations of Corruption 18 2.6 Causes and Predisposing Factors of Corruption 20 2.6.1 Political Perspectives 21 2.6.2 Economic Perspectives 22 2.6.3 Social Perspectives .23 2.6.4 Predisposing Factors 23 2.7 Consequences of Corruption 26 2.7.1 Corruption as Beneficial 27 2.7.2 Corruption as Harmful 27 2.8 Overview of Corruption in Ethiopia 30 II 2.9 Strategies of Combating Corruption 33 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY .37 3.1 Research Design .37 3.2 Target Population 37 3.3 Samples and Sampling Techniques 37 3.4 Sampling Procedures 39 3.5 Data Collection Instruments 39 3.6 Data Collection Procedures 40 3.7 Pilot Testing 41 3.8 Method of Data Analysis and Procedures 41 3.9 Ethical Consideration of the Research 42 RESULTS OF THE STUDY .43 4.1 Demographic Characteristics 43 4.2 Prospective Graduates perceptions of corruption 44 4.3 Prospective Graduates Attitudes towards corruption .48 4.3.1 Students Preference Areas in Securing their Jobs 50 4.3.1.1 Priority Area of Students to Study when they Joined the University 50 4.3.1.2 Basis of Student’s Preferences in Prioritizing their Study Area 50 4.3.1.3 Preference Areas of Students to Work after their Graduation 51 4.3.1.4 Reasons for Students to Select Institutions in which they want to Work after their Graduation .52 4.3.1.5 Approaches of Graduates’ in Searching for Job after Graduation 53 4.3.1.6 Response of Respondents’ whether Discussions were Made or Not with Different Bodies about Corruption 53 4.3.1.7 Bodies With Whom Discussions were Made 54 4.4 The relationship between perceptions of corruption and Demographic variables 54 4.5 Differences among Demographic Variables in Perceptions of Corruption 73 4.6 Focus Group Discussions Questions 78 DISCUSSION OF THE RESULTS 81 5.1 Prospective Graduates Perceptions of Corruption 81 5.2 Prospective Graduates Attitudes towards Corruption 84 5.2.1 Students Preference Areas in Securing their Jobs 86 5.2.1.1 First Priority Area of Students’ to Study when they Joined the University 86 5.2.1.2 Basis of Students’ Preferences in Prioritizing their Study Area 86 5.2.1.3 Preference Areas of Students to Work after their Graduation .87 III 5.2.1.4 Reasons for Students’ to Select Institutions in which they want to Work after their Graduation 88 5.2.1.5 Approaches of prospective graduates’ in searching for job after graduation 89 5.2.1.6 Regarding with Whom Discussions made about Corruption 89 5.3 The Relationship between Perceptions of Corruption and Demographic Variables .90 5.4 Differences among Demographic Variables 92 SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS 94 6.1 Summary 94 6.2 Conclusions 95 6.3 Recommendations 97 References 100 Appendences 110 Appendix .A (Questionnaire) 110 Appendix B (Reliability Scale) .120 Appendix .C (FGDs Guideline) 121 IV LIST OF TABLES CONTENTS PAGE Table.1: Demographic Characteristics of Respondents………………………………… 43 Table 2: Frequencies of Respondents Regarding Perceived Desirability of Corruption …… 44 Table 3: Frequencies’ of Respondent Regarding Perceived Harmfulness Corruption …… 45 Table 4: Frequencies’ of Respondents Regarding Perceived Justification of corruption……….46 Table 5: Frequencies’ and Percentages of Respondents Regarding Behavior to be Corruption 47 Table 6: Frequencies’ and Percentages of Respondents’ Regarding Action Chosen… .47 Table.7: Summarized results of Attitudes towards Corruption in terms of Frequencies … .49 Table.8: Respondents’ Basis of Preferences in Prioritizing their Study Area … 50 Table.9: Respondents’ Institutional Choices from the 1st to 5th according to their Priority .51 Table.10: Respondents’ justifications in institutional selection after their graduation………… 52 Table.11: Respondents’ Approaches in searching for job after graduation ……………….…….53 Table.12: Respondents’ Opinion whether they made Discussions or not about Corruption .53 Table.13: Respondents’ Opinion regarding with whom discussions made…………………… 54 Table.14: The 2 test Desirability, Harmfulness and Justification of Perceptions of Corruption b/n Gender groups 55 Table.15: The 2 test Desirability, Harmfulness and Justification of Perceptions of Corruption b/n Ages groups … 57 Table.16: The 2 test Desirability, Harmfulness and Justification of Perceptions of Corruption b/n Parents’ Residences’ 59 V Table.17: Results of 2 test regarding Behavior as Corrupt between gender …………… 61 Table.18: Results of 2 test regarding the Behavior Corrupt between Age groups …….… 63 Table.19: Results of 2 test regarding the Behavior as Corrupt between residences …… 65 Table.20: Results of 2 test on Action Chosen between Gender Groups ……………… 66 Table.21: Results of 2 test on Action Chosen between Ages Groups …………….……… 68 Table.22: Results of 2 test on Action Chosen between Residences’ Groups …… ……… 70 Table.23: Pearson Correlation Coefficients among Variable .72 Table.24: Means, SDs and t- test values for the comparison of Gender … 73 Table.25: Mean, SD, and t- test values for the comparison of age groups……………….…… 75 Table.26: Means, SD and t- test values for the comparison of residence of respondents’ … 76 Table.27: ANOVA summary for occupational background sub groups of parents’… .78 VI Oromia Ethics and Anti- corruption Commission (2013) The What of Ethics and Work place Ethics: (Unpublished) Osborne,D.(1997) Corruption as counter-culture: Attitudes 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Part One Respondents’ Background Information/Demographic Characteristics Directions: Dear respondents, here are some items referring to your background information/ demographic characteristics For some of the items, you are required to write the necessary information on the blank spaces provided For the questions in the form of choices, you are required to indicate your responses by encircling the number of appropriate answer(s) 110 1.1 Your field of study (Department) -1.2 Gender: A Male 1.3 Age: - B Female 1.4 Where your family reside? A Urban B 1.5 Occupational background of your family C Government employee Rural A Farmers B Merchants D Employee of NGO E Employee of private organization Part Two Research Questions 2.1 Perceptions Related Questions Directions: The following are situations which could occur in any public sector work place Assuming you are an employee of a government organization and reading each situation described at the top of the page, respond (rate) the questions below Rate the questions by encircling the appropriate number or ticking the appropriate box Encircling according to the under here options 2.1.1 A government official arranges for his/her relatives to get a job (for which she is qualified) in his organization without having to go through the normal application and selection procedure Very undesirable a How desirable you Undesirable Desirable Very desirable consider this behavior to be? Very harmful Harmful Harmless b How harmful you believe to be? 111 Very harmless Not at all justified c How justified you Not justified Justified Well justified think the behavior to be? d Do you think this behavior to be corrupt? Yes No f What would you I nothing, because it is not my problem about the observed behavior? I discuss about it with my Colleagues I report to the concerned authority in my organization 4.I report it outside my organization(Police &Anti _corruption commissions) 2.1.2 A Public servant spends a number of hours of his/her work time running his/her private business activities Very undesirable a How desirable you Undesirable Desirable Very desirable consider this behavior to be? Very harmful Harmful b How harmful you believe to be? Not at all justified c How justified you Harmless Not justified Very harmless Justified Well justified think the behavior to be? d Do you think this behavior to be corrupt? Yes 112 No f What would you I nothing, because it is not my problem about the observed behavior? I discuss about it with my Colleagues I report to the concerned authority in my organization 4.I report it outside my organization(Police &Anti _corruption commissions) 2.1.3 A cleaner for a public sector earns 600 per month from her/his job She/he takes sanitary materials to be sold for supplementing income Very undesirable a How desirable you Undesirable Desirable Very desirable consider this behavior to be? Very harmful b How harmful you believe to be? Harmless Not at all justified c How justified you Harmful Not justified Very harmless Justified Well justified think the behavior to be? d Do you think this behavior to be corrupt? f What would you about the observed behavior? Yes No I nothing, because it is not my problem I discuss about it with my Colleagues I report to the concerned authority in my organization I report it outside my organization(Police &Anti _corruption commissions) 2.1.4 A government official misallocating public funds for other purposes that would have side benefit to him 113 Very undesirable a How desirable you Undesirable Desirable Very desirable consider this behavior to be? Very harmful b How harmful you believe to b Harmful Harmless Not at all justified Not justified c How justified you Very harmless Justified Well justified think the behavior to be? d Do you think this behavior to be corrupt? f What would you Yes No I nothing, because it is not my problem about the observed behavior? I discuss about it with my Colleagues I report to the concerned authority in my organization 4.I report it outside my organization(Police &Anti _corruption commissions) 2.1.5 A public servant often exposing confidential information about his/her organization to a friend who run his/her own business Very undesirable a How desirable you Undesirable Desirable Very desirable consider this behavior to be? Very harmful b How harmful you believe to be? Not at all justified c How justified you Harmful Harmless Very harmless Not justified Justified Well justified think the behavior to be? d Do you think this behavior to be corrupt? Yes 114 No f What would you I nothing, because it is not my problem about the observed behavior? I discuss about it with my Colleagues I report to the concerned authority in my organization I report it outside my organization(Police &Anti _corruption commissions) 2.1.6 A government employee facilitates fast investment processes in receiving extra – incentives for the efficient service Very undesirable a How desirable you Undesirable Desirable Very desirable consider this behavior to be? Very harmful b How harmful you believe to be? Harmful Not at all justified c How justified you Very harmless Not justified Harmless Justified Well justified think the behavior to be? d Do you think this behavior to be corrupt? f What would you about the observed behavior? Yes No I nothing, because it is not my problem I discuss about it with my Colleagues I report to the concerned authority in my organization I report it outside my organization(Police &Anti _corruption commissions) 115 2.1.7 A public official helps owner of the company by reducing 25% of the total amount of taxes he/she should pay and the owner of company offered him/her gifts for the action Very undesirable a How desirable you Undesirable Desirable Very desirable consider this behavior to be? Very harmful Harmful b How harmful you believe to be? Not at all justified c How justified you Harmless Not justified Very harmless Justified Well justified think the behavior to be? d Do you think this behavior to be corrupt? f What would you about the observed behavior? Yes No I nothing, because it is not my problem I discuss about it with my Colleagues I report to the concerned authority in my organization I report it outside my organization(Police &Anti _corruption commissions) 4.2.Attitudes Related Questions 4.2.1 Indicate whether you agree or disagree with the Statements below by encircling options from1 to where 1.Strongly Disagree (SD) Disagree (D) 3.Agree (A) 4.Strongly D A SA A given behavior must be illegal to be corrupt Those who take as well as those who give bribes should be 116 agree Attitudes statements SD Agree (SA) condemned If something is done for the right reasons, it cannot be called 4 4 corruption The government can afford to sustain minor theft without worrying about it You cannot call something corrupt if everybody does it commonly There is nothing wrong with public servants receiving gifts from a customer to speed up efficient service There is no point in reporting corruption because nothing useful will be done about it People who report corruption are likely to suffer the cost Most corruption is too trivial to be worth reporting 10 As far as the job gets done efficiently, I don’t mind how 4 public servants go about receiving incentives 11 Even if I were forced by the situation, I would not give grease money(facilitation payment) 12 Doing favors for public officials has severe impact on my life 2.2.2 Directions: Please read each of the following statements carefully and for each item, encircle the number that indicates the alternative which you believe best describes attitudes Do not forget to respond the answer according to the questions 2.2.2.1 What was your first priority area of study when you joined the University? 2.2.2.2 What you think was the basis of your preference? B expectation for high salary C prestige A employment opportunity D personal interest for the profession 2.2.2.3 After your graduation, where you prefer to Work? Put in order based on your choice organizations 1-5 from the table in order of their importance to You 117 Name of the organizations 10 11 12 13 14 15 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 Education sector (non-teaching) Education sector (teaching) Municipality Custom and Revenue Authority Investment office Bank and Insurance Ethio - Telecom HIV/AIDS secretariat Ethiopia Electric Authority Trade office Road Authority Road construction enterprises Transit and maritime logistic Labor and social affairs office Security, immigration and Refugee Affairs Charities and civic societies Agency Court Prosecutors office Water Works enterprises Water and energy office Privatization and public enterprises agency International NGO’s Local NGO’s Private sector(industries) Self-employment(running own business) Ethiopia-Air lines Public procurement and property agency Mass-media agency Ethics –Anti-corruption commissions Ombudsman office Finance and Economic Development Health sectors Culture and Tourism Agricultural sector Cooperative unions 2.2.2.4 What are your reasons or justifications for your rank order selections of institutions you mentioned above? 118 Social interaction and experiences which help me to be familiar with diverse business owners and transactions, so that I can learn how to create my own business in the future 2, Attractive payments so that I can fulfill my financial needs with in short period The popularity of the organization in its service provision, employee treatment and managerial skills Other, (specify) -2.2.2.5 What approaches you design to search for job after graduation? Approach through friends and relatives Competing for relevant vacant positions announced Paying some payments that not harm my family Examining or assessing market gap, so that I would start my own business 2.2.2.6 Have you ever discussed anything about corruption? A Yes B No 2.2.2.7 If your response for question number is yes, with whom have you discussed? A Friends B Parents C with fellow students in the class D with government corruption prevention agent 119 APPENDIX B Respondents’ Scale Reliability Analysis Perceptions of corruption Reliability Analysis Scale Item-Total Statistics Corrected Scale Mean if Scale Variance if Item-Total Item Deleted Item Deleted Correlation Cronbach's Alpha if Item Deleted AJFR00001 12.6667 5.126 979 845 ROB00002 12.6667 5.126 979 845 TSM00003 12.6667 5.126 979 845 MPF00004 14.4333 7.220 985 884 ECI00005 REI00006 RPT00007 12.3667 13.9667 15.0333 9.068 7.206 4.240 145 984 975 980 804 815 Reliability Coefficients N of Items = Cronbach's Alpha = 912 Attitudes towards corruption Reliability Analysis Scale Item-Total Statistics Corrected Scale Mean if Scale Variance Item-Total Item Deleted if Item Deleted Correlation Cronbach's Alpha if Item Deleted ABUC00001 12.2667 4.961 977 740 SDRR00002 12.2667 4.961 977 740 YCSC00003 12.2667 4.961 977 740 TGCA00004 13.9667 7.206 984 804 TNWW00005 11.9000 10.645 308 980 AFAJG00006 TWTAG00007 EFIFSN00008 DFFPS00009 TNPR000010 PWRC000011 MCTT000012 14.1677 12.4533 13.4333 12.2667 13.1667 14.6000 13.9667 6.431 4.885 3.357 4.961 2.971 5.972 7.206 945 784 141 977 964 549 984 744 739 944 740 755 771 804 Reliability Coefficients N of Items = 12 Cronbach's Alpha =.861 120 APPENDIX C FGD Questions How you understand and describe corruption? What kinds of practices and behaviors you consider as corruption? Based on your description of corruption, can you draw some drawbacks of corruption in general and in your locality in particular? In your opinion, why you think people commit corruption? What factors may lead people to corruption? Do you think corruption benefits individuals? In line with this, if you have got a chance of committing corruption and there is no risk of being caught, what action will you take? In your opinion, where the prospective graduating students prefer to be assigned? Why? What about you? What steps should be taken to combat corruption? By whom? Who is responsible? What is your share? 121