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THAI NGUYEN UNIVERSITY UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND FORESTRY HOANG MY HAO TOPIC TITLE: ASSESSING THE IMPACT OF CLIMATE CHANGE AND ADAPTATION ACTIONS OF THE H'MONG ETHNIC MINORITY IN KHUAY DAY VILLAGE, BINH TRUNG COMMUNE, CHO DON DISTRICT, BAC KAN PROVINCE BACHELOR THESIS Study Mode : Full-time Major : Environmental Science and Management Faculty : Advanced Education Program Office Batch : 2016 - 2020 Supervisor : Dr Truong Thi Anh Tuyet Thai Nguyen, December 2020 PART I INTRODUCTION 1.1 Research rationale In recent years, the phrase "climate change" has been concerned and searched by many people Climate change is a real challenge for future socio-economic development, climate change response is considered as a priority activity of any locality, country, the territory in the world Responding to climate change involves a two-pronged approach: Adaptation and Mitigation (Martens et al., 2009) Vietnam is evaluated as one of the most vulnerable countries in the world to climate change ( Can, 2010; Dasgupta et al., 2007) Recent climate change studies in Vietnam have shown that the effects of disasters have increased, especially on poorer and rural communities in the mountainous and coastal regions (Shaw, 2006; Bangalore et al., 2016; Delisle and Turner, 2016) Accordingly, Vietnam's ethnic minorities, who are largely resident in these peripheral regions, are particularly susceptible and vulnerable to their impacts and are more likely to face rapid risks (Son, 2013; Wildcat, 2013; Savo et al., 2016; William et al., 2016; and Ella et al., 2017) Water source does not only plays an important role in human health but also has a great impact on life, agricultural production, and industry Especially for ethnic minorities, their life is mainly based on agriculture, they need water for production and daily activities However, the net negative effect of climate change on water supplies and freshwater habitats is predicted to be encountered in almost all regions of the world (IPCC, 2007) And the intensity and features of the impact can differ significantly from region to region It is possible that certain areas will face water shortages This is likely to result in significant rises in the number of people at risk of water shortages, combined with rising demand In most of the planet, the frequency of floods and droughts will definitely increase The economic cost is likely to be high and the total yield of crops will decrease, raising the risk of hunger and poverty Vietnam is a multi-ethnic country with 54 ethnic groups living together The Kinh made up 85.4% of Vietnam's population, with 78.32 million The remaining 53 ethnic minorities account for only 14.6% of the national population with nearly 14 million people living on an area of 17 million hectares, accounting for more than 50% of Vietnam's territory, concentrated in mountainous, midland, coastal, estuarine areas, watershed forests and river basins, coastal forests, remote areas (HRC, 2018) However, they are also scattered throughout Vietnam due to war and immigration Ethnic minorities living in urban areas are often more affluent than ethnic minorities living in rural areas (UNFPA, 2017) Many villages and communes have 3-4 ethnic minorities living together Geography plays an important role in the cultural traditions and agriculture practices of ethnic minorities, but at the same time creates barriers in accessing infrastructure and public services such as health and education (Phung Duc Tung, et al 2015) With a population of 1.068.189 people accounting for 24% of the total population of Vietnam, H’mong ethnic minority ranks fifth in size among ethnic groups in the country (Census, 2009) The H’mong usually reside at an altitude of 800 to 1500 m above sea level and live primarily in 20 provinces, but the majority (over 91%) are concentrated in Vietnam 's northern mountain regions in a relatively large area, along the Vietnam - China and Vietnam - Laos border, from Lang Son to Nghe An, which mainly concentrates in provinces of East and Northwest of Vietnam such as Ha Giang, Lao Cai, Lai Chau, Son La, Yen Bai, Cao Bang, Bac Kan (UNPFA, 2011) As a result of their local terrain, the H’mong people have developed their own unique indigenous systems of terraced farming, farmers have a tradition of intercropping with main crops such as potatoes, vegetables, peanuts, sesame, beans The H'mong people breed mainly buffaloes, cows, pigs, chickens and horses Besides, they develop a variety of crafts such as knitting, forging, saddle making, wooden furniture, especially containers, papermaking, silver jewelry to serve the needs and tastes of the people According to Research Center for Human Rights in Ethnic Minorities and Mountainous Areas (2015), the percentage of H'mong ethnic people who can read and write in general is 48.6%, so little is known about their vulnerability, adaptation and mitigation to climate change This study assessed the impact of climate change in Bac Kan province of the H’mong people in one Village in Bac Kan Province on their main income, change in weather in recent years, impacts of climate change on natural resources and livelihood, the other challenge to adapt with climate change, the actions that the local people have done to adapt and mitigate climate change, and their experiences with and understanding of weather prediction Focus group discussion was used as the main methodology FGDs is a measure that is easily accessible to local people, from which there can be open, frank discussions on climate change-related issues, and helps to build the knowledge of households and communities to adapt to changing situations The main objective of this study is to begin to work towards integrating indigenous knowledge into climate change adaptation and mitigation planning to include ethnic minority communities around the world in the discussion of global resilience to climate change 1.2 Research’s objectives To raise H’mong ethnic people have more awareness of climate change and the impacts that climate change cause on natural resources with focus on water resources Specific objectives include: a To determine the changes of weather in the past 10 years in research area; b To evaluate the impact of climate change on natural resources and livelihood in the research area; c To assess how H’mong ethnic people mitigate and adapt to climate change; d To find out the other challenges to adapt to climate change in the research area; 1.3 Research questions and hypotheses 1.3.1 Research questions This study wants to address the following questions: a What are the changes in weather over the past 10 years? b How does climate change impact on natural resources and livelihood in the research area? c What measures have been taken to mitigate and adapt of local people to suit with climate change? d What are other challenges of H’mong ethnic to adapt with climate change? 1.3.2 Hypothesis This research wants to address the null hypothesis: a The weather does not change significantly over the past 10 years b Climate change does not impact on natural resources and livelihood in the research area c There are no challenges of H’mong ethinic to adapt with climate change d Local people have not been taken to mitigate and adapt to suit with climate change 1.4 Significant of research a The students: Research results can be used for secondary data for study and students' level of understanding and interest in climate change with living conditions of ethnic minorities in Vietnam b Local people: Research results can be used as information to educate H’mong ethnic people to know more about climate change and how to protect the water sources and finding suitable solutions for them responding to climate change c The government: the research results can be used as real data for the government to consider and give the best solutions to the research area and other sectors in the country 1.5 Limitations The limitations met during the conduct of the study were (1) Time-limited, it was a short time for interviewing and recording with a large data; (2) Location, the roads to the research area are seriously bumpy so it took more time to move to other places; (3) Accommodation, food and drink, as a village is far from the center, no homestay or hotel, so we needed the help from the local people; (4) Language since not all people in the village can speak and understand Vietnamese clearly, especially for the older people we had to have other local people translate again so it would take more time 1.6 Definitions - Climate change: Climate change refers to significant changes in global temperature, precipitation, wind patterns and other measures of climate that occur over several decades or longer It is directly or indirectly due to human activities to change the ingredients of the global atmosphere and contributes to gas fluctuations natural postings in comparable times (Thang et al., 2010) PART II LITERATURE REVIEW Social vulnerability by climate change Climate change is regarded internationally as one of the 21st century's biggest threats facing the world as a whole (Mearns & Norton, 2009) This monumental problem is not only an environmental problem but also the consequences of society which are becoming increasingly visible While these groups are some of the lowest contributors to climate change, social groups such as the young, ethnic minorities, women and children appear to be the most vulnerable to climate change risks such as loss of livelihoods and possessions, and food and nutrition shortages (Cannon et al., 2003) It is their proximity to nature and reliance on the land surrounding them that contributes to the greatest danger to them (Baird, 2008) As is the case for the ethnic minority Hmong individuals who are the subject of this study, these social groups living in developing countries appear to depend on more subsistence and climatesensitive sectors such as agriculture, forestry, and fishing as a means of survival (Mearns& Norton, 2009) It is imperative to analyze climate change not only through a technological, scientific lens but also through a social one to understand where unique vulnerabilities lie for different groups and to encourage or design effective adaptation or resilience methods In 1999, Neil Adger wrote a paper outlining a “conceptual model for climate change social vulnerability” that incorporates both the views of economic and other social sciences (Adger, 1999) To better understand some of the mechanisms of “social adaptation” to the consequences of climate change, he developed this model Adger emphasizes that social vulnerability is an element of climate change that was previously widely ignored but was important to understanding the complex impacts seen around the world He suggests that the lack of coping mechanisms in culture among vulnerable and minority communities is closely correlated with skewed global accumulation In turn, this will result in less fragile populations being able to cope with the extreme pressures of climate change The following diagram by Adger illustrates how inequality and insecurity are directly and indirectly linked: (Source: Adger, 1999) Figure 2.1: How inequality and insecurity are directly and indirectly linked These links demonstrate the complexities of vulnerability and inequality and stress that rising inequalities are not inherently causing poverty, but that both poverty and inequality can place pressure on vulnerability and coping, which in enabling direct poverty The reason for Adger to investigate the connections between these is to begin recognizing the unique obstacles to vulnerability alleviation When analyzing the environment and livelihood related stresses imposed on the Hmong and other ethnic minority communities living in the Northern Upland region of Vietnam because the inhabitants of this area are poorer and oppressed by society, this structure is a useful tool for this study The stresses on their ecosystems and means of food production/access to resources related to climate change, in turn, reinforce the cycle of vulnerability Mearns and Norton (2009) also discuss how ethnic minorities and indigenous communities may be among some of the world's poorest and most vulnerable groups, living in areas that may be the most sensitive to impacts of climate change Although many of these groups live in fragile or harsh environments and depend heavily on natural resources for their livelihoods and livelihoods, as previously noted, they are of In response to climate change, this lack of climate justice perpetuates the insecurity of these groups To be able to recognize the different scales at which strategies need to be formulated and policies need to be set in place to start mitigating climate-related risks, the analysis of vulnerability and its impact on different populations is also necessary (Ribot, 2011) There are currently many different approaches to evaluating countries’ and communities' vulnerabilities to risk, although some of the emphasis here has moved more towards resilience and 'bottom-up' approaches It is possible to observe two opposing approaches across different aspects of climate change response, from science to policy and decision-making The first is the so-called 'bottom-up' approach, which refers to a focus on local decision-making, community engagement, and grassroots movements Second is a 'top-down' strategy, which typically focuses on government officials and agencies' policy or decisionmaking (Panda, 2007) In considering some form of disaster risk management or resilience assessment, both of these two methods are seen as important It enables a 'bottom-up', inclusive view of climate-related impacts and means of mitigation by analyzing this region of Vietnam through the Sustainable Livelihood Framework as a basis for the analysis in this report As it offers both quantitative and qualitative insights into findings and expectations, it is an important framework for assessing vulnerabilities (Alwang et al, 2001) 2.2 Impacts of climate change on natural resources availability One of the most critical threats that all living beings on Earth need to face is climate change Living ecosystems, development, and the environment will be affected globally Floods and saltwater intrusion may be caused by temperature and sea level rises, thus harming agriculture as well as posing threats to industries and the socialeconomic system Viet Nam's average temperature has risen around 0.5-0.7 ° C over the past 50 years In Northern Vietnam, annual precipitation decreased but increased in Southern Vietnam, and from 1958 to 2007, rainfall has decreased on average by percent for the entire country (MONRE,2009) The availability of water supplies in Vietnam has been greatly affected by these reforms The impacts of climate change are considered to be extreme and present major challenges to the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals and sustainable development of the nation (MONRE, 2009) Changes in the quantity of water due to global warming add more stress to the water systems' adaptability Evaluating the impacts of climate change on the management of water supplies, however, is complicated by the spatial resolution of forecasts of climate change Vietnam has made minimal efforts to resolve the possible impacts of climate change on water resource management systems ( Nguyen, 2011; Phan et.al., 2011) 10 Hải, P H (2019) SINH KẾ HỘ GIA ĐÌNH NGƯỜI H’MƠNG DI CƯ TỰ DO TẠI XÃ RÔ MEN, HUYỆN ĐAM RÔNG, TỈNH LÂM ĐỒNG Livelihood households of H’mong people free migrants in Ro Men Commune, Dam Rong District, Lam Dong Province Tạp chí Khoa học Đại học Đà Lạt, 9(4), 55-72 Hậu, N X., & Tân, P V (2015) Đánh giá tác động Biến đổi khí hậu đến ngập lụt lưu vực sơng Nhật Lệ, Việt Nam Impact Assessment of Climate Change on Inundation in Nhat Le River Basin, Vietnam Tạp chí Khoa học ĐHQGHN: Khoa học tự nhiên Cơng nghệ, 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Environmental Health Perspectives, 107(4), 251-256 53 APPENDICES Table 8: The coordinates of water points in village Types Longitude (East) Latitude (North) 105°33'56" 21°58'10'' 105°33'35" 21°58'11" 105°33'52'' small stream from 105° mountains mountains Khuoi Dun Daily domestic use 34' Khuoi Dun Daily domestic use 21° 59' 14" Group 34' 34" Khuoi Dun Daily domestic use 21° 58' 49" Group small stream from mountains Group 21° 58' 49" Group 14" small stream from 105° 21°58'25" 33' 50" small stream from 105° mountains Group Khuổi Vằm Daily domestic use small stream from mountains Group Khuổi Vằm Daily domestic use small stream from mountains Cetre 105°33'34" 21°58'36' 105°33'14" 21°58'33" 105°34'33" 21°58'27" 105°34'33" 21°58'26" of Daily domestic use Khuoi Day Center self-dug water hole of Daily domestic use Khuoi Day Center self-dug water hole of Daily domestic use Khuoi Day Center self-dug water hole Uses Khuổi Vằm Daily domestic use small stream from mountains Location of Daily domestic use Khuoi Day Longitude (East) Types Latitude (North) Location Center self-dug well 105°34'22" 21°58'28" stream mountains stream mountains stream mountains stream mountains stream mountains 105°34'16" 21°58'30" from of Daily domestic use Khuoi Day Center Well of Daily domestic use Khuoi Day Waterfall 105°34'34" from 105° 34' 15" from 105° 34' 38" group Daily domestic use group Waterfall Irrigation 21° 58' 53" group 34' 27" from 105° Daily domestic use Waterfall 21° 58' 2" 25" from 105° 21°57'48" Uses Cetre of Irrigation 21° 58' 29" Khuoi Day 34' Waterfall 21° 58' 7" group Irrigation Table 9: List of Focus Group Discussion Questions I Background: The age: Academic level: Where does your curent source of income come from? Have there been any significant changes to the environment around you over last 10 years? If so, what have you noticed? Even including small changes? II Water resource conditions: What type of water you use for drinking? What type of water you use for household activities? What type of water you use for irrigation? Where are these resources located? Please mark their location on the map provided and please take me those location to observe the water quality at the end of interview) III Climate change With the changes of weather, how will the water resources you use be affected? Is water enough to use or not? How weather changes affect production? What are the other challenges you find in your community for adapting to climate change? Have you, as a community, made any significant changes in your daily life in order to adapt to climate change? What about in water resource protection? The quality of the drinking water that is collected in the self-dug holes located around the village Two pipes that are used to pump water from wells or the self-dug pits to homes and fields The families rice paddy and water was brought back for the people to use A self-dug water hole near a residential dwelling The road to the village The head of village found out the water point The pre-school and primary school ... about their vulnerability, adaptation and mitigation to climate change This study assessed the impact of climate change in Bac Kan province of the H’mong people in one Village in Bac Kan Province. .. was carried out at the end of June 2020 ( from June 22 to June 27 ) in Khuay Day village, Binh Trung Commune, Cho Don district, Bac Kan province Bac Kan is a mountainous province with a complicated... commune, Cho Don district, Bac Kan province The results show that the most obvious sign that climate change in the study area was the temperature increased, affecting the main income of local
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