Grammatical errors of finalyear Englishmajored students at Thuongmai University when translating Vietnamese documents of export industry into English

Grammatical errors of finalyear Englishmajored students at Thuongmai University when translating Vietnamese documents of export industry into English Grammatical errors of finalyear Englishmajored students at Thuongmai University when translating Vietnamese documents of export industry into English Grammatical errors of finalyear Englishmajored students at Thuongmai University when translating Vietnamese documents of export industry into English Grammatical errors of finalyear Englishmajored students at Thuongmai University when translating Vietnamese documents of export industry into English Grammatical errors of finalyear Englishmajored students at Thuongmai University when translating Vietnamese documents of export industry into English Grammatical errors of finalyear Englishmajored students at Thuongmai University when translating Vietnamese documents of export industry into English Grammatical errors of finalyear Englishmajored students at Thuongmai University when translating Vietnamese documents of export industry into English Grammatical errors of finalyear Englishmajored students at Thuongmai University when translating Vietnamese documents of export industry into English

ABSTRACT This study is conducted to identify grammatical errors of final-year Englishmajored students at Thuongmai University when translating Vietnamese documents of export industry into English This research uses quantitative methods This study mainly used survey questionnaires and interviews Survey questionnaires were set up to be distributed 80 students in classes (K53N1, K53N2, K53N3, K53N4, K53N5 and K53N6) to collect data In this study, the interviews were conducted with teachers at English Faculty of Thuongmai University From the results obtained, we reach conclusions about grammatical errors and solutions in translating Vietnamese documents of export industry into English of final - year English - majored students at Thuongmai University In conclusion, translating Vietnamese - English is an essential skill for finalyear English-majored students However, many of them have problems with this skill The researcher offered suggestions and solutions to help students solve difficulties in translating Vietnamese - English documents of export industry from the research findings The researcher hopes this study can help final-year Englishmajor students improve their translating skills to support their future job and support further studies to avoid shortcomings and limitations i ACKNOWLEDGE A completed study would not be done without any assistance I have received many assistances, precious ideas and encouragements from my teachers, family and friends Therefore, I gratefully give acknowledgment to their support and motivation during the time of doing this research First of all, I would like to express my endless thanks and gratefulness to my supervisor Mrs.Vu Thi Thanh Hoa for her guidance, detailed comments as well as her constant support, which were decisive factors to the completion of my research Without her motivation and instructions, the thesis would have been impossible to be done effectively Secondly, I would like to give my sincere thanks to the teachers at the English Faculty of Thuongmai University (TMU) for giving useful lectures and professional knowledge, which helps me fulfill my research Moreover, I am also grateful to the final-year English-majored students at TMU due to taking time to answer my questionnaire, which helped me collect factual data and information effectively Last but not least, I would like to thank my parents for their bondless love and attention and for always helping and motivating me throughout the study I also would like to explain my thanks to all my friends for their help and encouragement Hanoi, April 10th 2021 Mai Nguyen Thị Mai ii TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT i ACKNOWLEDGE .ii TABLE OF CONTENTS iii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS v LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES vi CHAPTER 1: OVERVIEW OF THE STUDY 1.1 Rationale .1 1.2 Previous studies 1.2.1 Foreign researchers 1.2.2 Vietnamese researchers 1.3 The aims of the study 1.4 Research subjects 1.5 Scope of the study 1.6 Research methodology 1.6.1 Data collection instruments 1.6.2 Data collection procedures .5 1.7 Organization of the study .6 CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW .7 2.1 Overview of translation 2.1.1 Definition of translation 2.1.2 The importance of translation 2.1.3 Methods of translation .9 2.2 Grammar .10 2.2.1 Definition of grammar .10 2.2.2 Importance of grammar in translation 11 2.3 Errors 11 2.3.1 Definition of errors 11 2.3.2 Translation errors 13 2.3.3 Grammatical errors 14 CHAPTER 3: RESEARCH FINDINGS 15 3.1 The results from questionnaire survey .15 3.2 Results of the students’ translation .25 iii 3.3 Results of the interview 26 CHAPTER 4: RECOMMENDATIONS AND SUGGESTIONS .29 4.1 Recommendations and suggestions for teachers and university leaders 29 4.1.1 Suggestions for teachers 29 4.1.2 Suggestions for university leaders 30 4.2 Recommendations and suggestions for the student 30 4.3 Limitations and suggestions for further research .32 4.3.1 Limitations of the study 32 4.3.2 Suggestions for further research .32 CONCLUSION 34 REFERENCE APPENDIX iv LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS TMU: Thuongmai University WTO: World Trade Organization APEC: Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation CPTTP: Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership EU: European Union EVFTA: European Union - Vietnam Free Trade Agreement v LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES Chart 3.1 Translating Vietnamese documents of export industry into English is important .15 Chart 3.2 The benefits of translating Vietnamese documents in the export industry into English 16 Chart 3.3 Frequency of translating Vietnamese documents of export industry into English 17 Chart 3.4 Grammatical difficulties students often encounter when translating Vietnamese documents of export industry into English 18 Chart 3.5 Specific grammatical errors when translating Vietnamese documents of the export industry into English .19 Table Causes of students’ grammatical errors 20 Chart 3.7 Time spent for self-studying Vietnamese-English translation per week 21 Chart 3.8 The method students use when translating Vietnamese documents of export industry into English 22 Chart 3.9 The methods used by students to improve their grammar .23 Chart 3.10 Students’ mark on the translation subject 24 vi CHAPTER 1: OVERVIEW OF THE STUDY 1.1 Rationale It would not be an exaggeration to say that English today has the same importance in the world as Latin had at the times of Roman Empire and Medieval times So why is learning English so important? Whether we want it or not, English as a world language was established in the times of the British Empire At the pinnacle of its glory, Great Britain influenced America, Australia, India, and many other countries worldwide Not only was it the language of communications of colonies with the metropolitan government, but it was also a language of trading, diplomacy, and international business in general America's rising power later only strengthened English as one of the most critical languages in the world Despite the efforts to create an artificial universal language, most countries worldwide use English, and English become global language and is used in all fields Therefore, English translation has gradually become an indispensable and urgent tool, creating a global success path Especially when Vietnam becomes a member of international organizations such as the World Trade Organization (WTO), Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC), Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership (CPTTP), Vietnamese students need professional translation skills This skill helps our economy meet the needs of integration into the world economy and cultural exchanges Vietnamese students who have good translation skills can have the advantage of finding the ideal job in the future The translation process requires translators to have the necessary knowledge such as grammar, vocabulary, skills, etc The students usually have the habit of translating word by word because of the mother tongue language’s strong effect Therefore, they face many difficulties and have many mistakes in translating Vietnamese-English Grammar is an essential factor when doing a translation Thus, if you translate with wrong grammar, the sentence’s meaning can change completely, causing misunderstanding for the listeners In universities in general and TMU in particular, they now use English as a standard for graduation consideration Especially for English students, translation is a compulsory subject, and it can sufficiently support their work in the future However, they still have difficulties with the matter Being a student of English faculty, I chose the topic “Grammatical errors of final-year English-majored students at Thuongmai University when translating Vietnamese documents of export industry into English.” I hope that my research can help students in general and students of English faculty overcome their grammar problems and learn this translation well 1.2 Previous studies 1.2.1 Foreign researchers “College Students’ Errors in Translation / Errors Analysis” was researched by Saad Salal Sarhan at Al-Mustansiriyha University This study was conducted on the fourth-year college students studying at the English Department, College of Basic Education, Al-Mustansiriyha University The researchers applied a questionnaire and a test for 70 male and female students According to statistical analysis, the students made errors and faced some difficulties in their translation The results reveal that these errors were multiple types, including grammar, meaning, style, spelling, and organizing their ideas in their translation The results showed that 40 students made errors in meaning, and 15 of them also made errors in grammar while the other 15 students made errors in meaning, spelling, and organization of the ideas in their translation In the end, the researchers provided some advice about teaching in class to improve these problems 1.2.2 Vietnamese researchers In Vietnam, we can research translation errors when translating is carried out by students of universities and professional researchers “Common mistakes in translation practices by students: a case study in Faculty of English Language Teacher Education, University of Languages and International Studies, Vietnam National University” was researched by Mrs Nguyen Hai Ha, Chu Thi Huyen Mi and Tran Thi Bich Ngoc at University of Languages and International Studies The researchers carried out this study to identify common Vietnamese-English translation errors made by 25 third-year students in the Faculty of English Language Teacher Education, University of Languages and International Studies Qualitative methods are used in the following ways: collecting translation errors, analyzing translation errors, and grouping common errors in students' translation exercises From analyzing translation exercises of 25 students, the researchers identify and classify errors according to three main groups: grammar error, comprehension error, and transmission error Among them, grammar error is the error that students encounter the most In this study, the researchers analyzed six types of grammatical errors: choosing inappropriate synonyms, choosing wrong synonyms, choosing wrong prepositions, mistaking the use of adjectives, adverbs, and verbs; the plural form, structure error Therefore, the research team proposes some teaching directions for students to improve the above situation 1.3 The aims of the study The aim of this study is to clarify three main issues: + To learn about grammatical errors of final-year English-majored students at TMU when translating Vietnamese documents of export industry into English + To find out the causes of the errors that influence the students’ translating process + To suggest some solutions that can help students improve grammar as well as translation skills The study used quantitative and qualitative methods of data collection It aims to seek answers to the following questions: What are the common grammatical errors of final-year English-majored students at TMU when translating Vietnamese documents of export industry into English What are the factors that cause these common grammatical errors? What are the possible solutions to solve these problems? 1.4 Research subjects Grammatical errors in translating Vietnamese documents of export industry into English often happen to students of English faculty Therefore, I determined that the research subject of study is final-year English-majored students at TMU whose English is supposed to be at a certain level After more than three years of learning at university, these students are familiar with university teaching methods Thus, studying this object will help us see the teaching results of teachers and the learning styles of university students 1.5 Scope of the study Firstly, the scope of the study is the grammatical errors in translating Vietnamese documents of export industry into English of final-year Englishmajored students at TMU The research focuses on understanding the difficulties which students face and finding suitable solutions for them Other problems such as vocabulary, description, context, speaking, listening, reading, writing skills are not covered by the study Secondly, because of the limitation in the graduation paper pages and the constraints of time and experience, this study focuses on English-majored students Still, it cannot cover all students of the English Faculty and other faculties at TMU I chose English - majored students because they have knowledge about English and have studied grammar for many years They understand the importance and challenging level of learning English in general and practice translating Vietnamese-English in particular The research objects are limited and zoned The scope of the study is 80 students randomly selected in classes K53N1, K53N2, K53N3, K53N4, K53N5, and K53N6 The researcher will invite participants to fill up the survey questionnaire from each of these mentioned classes Then I will randomly interview teachers at English Faculty of TMU 1.6 Research methodology 1.6.1 Data collection instruments This research project’s selected approach is a quantitative type of study because this approach is accurate, objective, and more effective The research was carried out in the following methodologies: geographical indications on coffee This advantage is the big competitive edge for Vietnamese coffee sector towards rivals in the EU market.” These mistakes seem that a final-year student will not make But most of the students are quite subjective and make the above basic mistakes 3.3 Results of the interview I interviewed the English faculty teachers at TMU on the topic "Grammatical errors of final-year English-majored students at Thuongmai University when translating Vietnamese documents of export industry into English." The data collected from the interview is divided into three main parts  Common grammatical errors when translating Vietnamese documents of export industry into English Grammar error is one of the mistakes that students make the most Teachers all point out that the most common student error is structural error Students often translate sentences that lack the subject or the predicate In Vietnamese, many sentences have no subject, but the problem is correct, but the lack of owner will lead to grammatical errors when translated into English The second error is indicated that the subject and the verb not match When the subject is singular, but students not conjugate verbs Although students have learned conjugations a lot, many students still make this mistake when translating documents from Vietnamese into English In addition, the error of tense is also one of the core mistakes students often make Vietnamese is a single language without tense However, in English, there are many different tenses it shows in verbs Each tense has different conjugations Therefore, when translating Vietnamese into English, many students not conjugate verbs or incorrectly use verb tenses Another type of error is the word type error In Vietnamese, word types not change much, just add words like “cái”, “con”, etc But in English, there is a difference For example, the term “product” is a noun that refers to a product, but the verb is “produce” and the adjective is “productive” Students often fail to distinguish types of words and use them mistakenly Teachers also mentioned the error of plural nouns In Vietnamese, plural forms only need to add the words “các”, “những” or the number in front of the noun, but in English, they have suffixes or 26 variations for particular words For example, one mouse is a mouse, but we have to use the word “mice” for many mice When translating into English, students often miss the suffix Another type of error is a passive sentence-related error Many students think that the sentences in Vietnamese that have the word “bị”, “được” are passive ones, but they are not So, when translated into English, they all turn into passive sentences This misrepresents the original meaning of the source language Last but not least, students also made mistakes about prepositions In English, there are often fixed phrases with prepositions When students are not sure about this knowledge, it can lead to using the wrong preposition  The causes of students’ grammatical errors in Vietnamese-English translation The leading reason for grammatical errors of students mentioned by teachers is the influence of Vietnamese The two languages have different grammatical structures, if they are translated equivalent, it will cause the common grammatical errors discussed above Besides, another reason is that the background of students' knowledge of grammar is not specific One teacher suggested that students spent high school taking college exams through multiple choice when students were still in high school Therefore, students are not too concerned about the grammar structure, but only interested in which answer is correct As a result, going to university, until studying translation, the grammar foundation of students is still lax, leading to many kinds of errors as mentioned above The grammar foundation is not so strong, but the other reason is that the students' time to practice translating is not much As a result of the above survey, up to 41.4% of students practice translating less than hours per week With that bit of time, students can't make changes improve their grammatical mistakes, which has become a habit  Some advice for students to avoid grammatical errors The teachers provided some tips for the students to avoid grammatical errors First, students must reinforce their foundation in grammar knowledge This practice requires students to be persistent, just practice hard, they can avoid all kinds of grammatical errors that are considered their habits During the first years of translation learning, students need to explore the differences between the two 27 languages and realize these differences to translate them more accurately Students often use the word-for-word translation method, which teachers not recommend This method is only an initial step when translating to understand the basic meaning of the source language Students' use of this method as the main method when translating Vietnamese documents into English can cause the source language's meaning to change when entering the target language and make the students make grammatical mistakes that students not know 28 CHAPTER 4: RECOMMENDATIONS AND SUGGESTIONS After analyzing the results of the research above, it can be concluded that the common grammatical errors English major students encountered includes omission, addition, selection and order There are some recommendations and suggestions to improve students' grammar when translating Vietnamese documents about the export industry into English 4.1 Recommendations and suggestions for teachers and university leaders Through the above research, we can see that many mistakes in grammar when translating Vietnamese-English are not only due to the students' subjective mistakes but also related to the teacher's teaching style 4.1.1 Suggestions for teachers According to the research above, grammatical error is one of the most common mistakes students make This grammatical error needs to be changed quickly as it is very serious Firstly, teachers need to spend more time with students practicing translating in class In this university environment, teachers often pay attention to speaking skills, writing skills, etc Therefore, when studying translation, students are often bad at this grammar Part of the reason is that students often focused on practicing English only through multiple-choice tests to choose the correct answer when you were in high school Students are less focused on grammar Meanwhile, each period's time is short, not enough for the teacher to fully teach the lesson or correct the grammatical errors for the whole class Another way is that teachers can divide the class into small groups or create a group on forums or social networks to give students a more learning environment from each other In these groups, the teacher provides the students' exercises to in groups This way helps students get used to teamwork and consolidate their grammar knowledge Students can exchange knowledge of grammar, and eventually, the teacher will correct Therefore, students will practice autonomy while working Students actively learn from each other first, if there are still any questions, the teacher will give the final answer 29 Last but not least, teachers need to include more grammar exercises to improve students’ grammar and help us not forget their knowledge in the early years at university These early years are the right time to consolidate students' knowledge of grammar before they learn the translation Teachers should provide a variety of grammar exercises for students to practice in class and at home For this to work effectively, after the student is done, the teacher will be the one to correct and point out the mistakes to the students so they can fix them and not make them again For example, in the lessons, the teacher will incorporate grammar theories into the lecture, such as verbs, nouns, prepositions, subject and verb agreement, and tenses More specifically, on the topic, in English, teachers should help students distinguish tenses clearly from each other so that when translating, they not get confused Teachers should also introduce reward and punishment regulations for those who well and poorly Students who well will be rewarded with small gifts or high scores, while students who not work will be punished 4.1.2 Suggestions for university leaders Firstly, as we all know, the number of students in each translation class is huge Therefore, it is very difficult for the teacher to have a closer discussion The school should reduce the class size of students Each class only needs between 2530 students This will create good conditions for students and teachers to exchange knowledge and solve problems students encounter when doing a Vietnamese English translation Besides, the school should also increase translation periods within a week Only two periods of translation per week is not enough for students to fully understand the lesson An in-depth investigation of students' grammatical errors should also be conducted regularly Participating in the above survey, students have more time to learn about the grammar mistakes that they often make Therefore, students can avoid these errors 4.2 Recommendations and suggestions for the student The first step in learning grammar is to know the basics of grammar, such as sentence components, and use proper word order and other structures There are all 30 kinds of words that make up the language in English, and they are nouns, adjectives, pronouns, verbs, adverbs, prepositions, conjunctions, and articles To properly form sentences together, you must understand what the speech parts are and how they work in the sentence Besides, English learners need to create a habit of arranging words in the correct order English and Vietnamese have different rules for sorting the elements of a sentence In Vietnamese, adjectives usually come after nouns, but in English, adjectives usually come before nouns If students translate according to the word-for-word method, they will make errors of the word order Secondly, to improve English grammar, they should find out some reference books that contain grammar exercises so that students can practice by themselves There are some grammar books which are suitable for every level of learners as “English grammar in use - English grammar practice - 136 grammar titles” (Raymond Murphy), “the good grammar book” (Oxford), “Literature English language practice” (Tran Van Dien) and so on Hopefully, these books can help students improve their grammar somewhat Another popular way nowadays is to use the Internet There is a lot of information about English grammar out there, and it is easy to find, just a few clicks away Students only need to type in the things they need to ask or find out the errors they often encounter online, a lot of related information will appear There are many types of websites that provide accurate grammar knowledge and provide accompanying grammar exercises Also, students can consolidate their grammar knowledge by reading articles and magazines on different topics Students both reinforce their grammar and expand their vocabulary Reading the information on it, we will see the new sentence structures, word order, and translation from Vietnamese to English Learning by taking notes from students is also a great way For all common designs, new structures, students must write in a clear notebook A moment of writing will help them remember a particular part In addition, because students themselves write the above structures, it is easier to find when they want to review them Students should also keep a record of their mistakes in the notebook so that they will not repeat them next time 31 For grammatical errors that teachers have pointed out, students need to review to know their reasons and correct them If the next time we see such translation, we still know to handle it Only you review and correct them, you remember for a long time To get better at English grammar, students must regularly practice grammar exercises You should follow the style and grammar guidebook This will give an idea of different ways to approach spelling, syntax, and style, give you a better idea of the fundamentals of grammar, and show you which language you might like Where and which language is not flexible This is one of the best ways to improve your English grammar because as long as you practice regularly, the more you learn, the more you will improve 4.3 Limitations and suggestions for further research 4.3.1 Limitations of the study Although it has spent a lot of time and effort, because of the limited time, lack of resources, and the researcher's ability, the research cannot avoid several shortcomings and mistakes that can be mentioned as follows: First of all, it is a small number of participants The researcher selected only 80 students of the English Faculty at Thuongmai University Therefore, the survey results may not be generalized to all mistakes in the English Faculty Another limitation is that during the research process, the researcher performs the questionnaire and collects the translation over the Internet because of Covid-19, the results are limited The survey was carried out within a week to meet the set number of 80 people In addition, the proposals in this study were selected from different reliable sources, so there are various limitations 4.3.2 Suggestions for further research This study only examines the common grammatical errors when translating Vietnamese documents of the import-export industry into English of 80 students majoring in English at TMU Therefore, for more in-depth studies, the researcher suggests conducting a broader survey and collecting additional translations of different backgrounds to obtain more transparent and more accurate data on the issues Grammar problems that students encounter when translating Vietnamese- 32 English and the causes of these problems Other researchers can also study other translation problems such as grammatical errors when translating other specialized documents or mistakes in English vocabulary and other skills to improve this skill When students have good translation skills, it can help them get an excellent job in the future 33 CONCLUSION Today, translation plays an important role in global integration Thanks to translation, other countries can understand each other's perspective to help each other integrate and develop For the above reasons, Vietnamese-English translation plays an essential role in creating the relationship between Vietnam and other countries Therefore, the researcher carried out this study to help the students - the country's future, avoid unnecessary mistakes in the translation As stated earlier, the thesis attempts to present the common grammatical errors of final-year Englishmajored students at Thuongmai University when translating Vietnamese documents of export industry into English Also, the study aims to investigate some of the factors that cause these errors to find some strategies to help students improve the problem The researcher hopes the research can contribute to improving the quality of learning and translation training in universities It is a strong hope that it can be considered a helpful companion for people interested in translation and improve their translation skills However, there are some limitations in the study that may affect the results of the investigation Moreover, with limited knowledge of the language and translation industry and urgent implementation time, the research cannot avoid errors However, the researcher hopes that this study can bring a lot of valuable knowledge to readers' future works and some improvements in Vietnamese - English translation skills and the quality of their skills 34 REFERENCE Authors - Studies Bui Tien Bao, Dang Xuan Thu (1999), Interpreting and translation coursebook Nguyen Hai Ha, Chu Thi Huyen Mi, Tran Thi Bich Ngoc (2015), Common mistakes in translation practices by students: a case study in Faculty of English Language Teacher Education, University of Languages and International Studies, Vietnam National University Tu Anh (2005), English-Vietnamese translation techniques Aveiling, H (2002), Mistakes in translation, A functionalist approach, Paper presented at the third wordshop of “the art of translation”, London Brislin (1976), Comparative research methodology: Cross-cultural studies Brown H D (1987), Principles of language learning and teaching, Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs Corder, S P (1967), “Idiosyncratic errors and error analysis”, IRAL, 9(2), 147-159 Dulay, H., Burt, M (1982), Language Two New York, New York: Oxford Harmer, J (2007), The practice of English language teaching 10 Hatim and Munday (2004), Translation: An advanced resource book for students 11 James, C (1998), Errors in language learning and use, London: Longman 12 Larry Selinker (1992), Applied Linguistics and Language Study Ser.: Rediscovering Interlanguage 13 Mossop Brian (1987), “Who is Addressing Us When We Read a Translation?”, TextConText, (Vol 2, no 1), 1-22 14 Newmark, Peter (1989), A Textbook of Translation, New York: Printice Hall International, Herfordside 15 Nida, Taber (1982), The theory and practice of translation 16 Roger T.Bell, R.T (1991), Translation and translating: Theory and practice, Longman, New York 17 Saad Salal Sarhan (2018), College Students’ Errors in Translation / Errors Analysis 18 Schiaffino, R (2005), Translation Quality Measurement in Practice, Paper presented at 46th ATA Conference, Seattle, Aliquantum and L10nbrigde 19 Scott Thornbury (1999), How to teach grammar 20 William and James (2012), English Grammar for the Use of High School Academy and College classes 21 Wilss (1982), The Science of translation: Problems and methods Websites https://123doc.net/document/3043654-an-english-grammar-by-william- malone-baskervill.htm https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php? search=definition+of+error&title=Special%3ASearch&go=Go&ns0=1 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Translation https://www.thoughtco.com/grammatical-error-usage-1690911 https://www.ethnologue.com/guides/most-spoken-languages APPENDIX A QUESTIONNAIRE Hi! My name is Mai - a senior student of Thuongmai University I am doing a graduation thesis with the topic of “Grammatical errors of final-year Englishmajored students at Thuongmai University when translating Vietnamese documents of export industry into English.” I hope you can take a moment to help me with the survey below I The students' attitude towards translating Vietnamese documents of export industry into English It is said that translating Vietnamese documents of export industry into English is important Do you agree? □ Strongly agree □ Quite agree □ Quite disagree □ Strongly disagree In your opinion, translating Vietnamese documents of export industry into English can help you (you can choose more than one answer) □ Widen knowledge □ Broaden vocabulary □ Improve your writing skill □ Improve your speaking skill □ Apply grammar structures flexibly □ Orient your future jobs II Grammatical errors in translating Vietnamese documents of export industry into English Do you often translate Vietnamese documents of export industry into English? □ Often □ Seldom □ Sometimes □ Never It is said that export industry is a difficult topic to translate Do you agree? □ Strongly agree □ Quite disagree □ Quite agree □ Strongly disagree Which grammatical difficulties you often encounter when translating Vietnamese documents of export industry into English? (you can choose more than one answer) □ Verb errors □ Preposition errors □ Noun errors □ Article errors □ Adverb errors □ Errors of tense □ Adjective errors □ Subject-verb agreement What grammatical mistakes you often make when translating Vietnamese documents of export industry into English? □ Omission of verbs □ Omission of prepositions □ Addition of verbs □ Addition of prepositions □ Misuse of verbs □ Addition plural nouns □ Omission plural nouns □ Misplacement of adjectives □ Inappropriate choice of prepositions □ Inappropriate choice of adverbs □ Misplacement of adverbs □ Inappropriate choice of relative pronouns □ Mismatch between subjects and verbs □ Omission of relative pronouns □ Difficulties in using the tenses □ Omission of articles □ Difficulties in distinguishing the tenses In your opinion, what factors cause your grammatical errors when translating Vietnamese documents of export industry into English? □ Poor knowledge of English grammar □ The influence of using Vietnamese grammar □ Laziness □ Export industry is a difficult topic III The students' practice to avoid grammatical errors in translating Vietnamese documents of export industry into English How much time you spend translating Vietnamese-English documents per week? □Over hours □About 3-4 hours □ About 2-3 hours □ Less than hours What method you use when translating Vietnamese documents of export industry into English? □ Word for word translation □ Literal translation □ Faithful translation □ Adaptation □ Free translation □ Idiomatic translation 10 What is the way to improve your grammar? □Taking notes of grammar structures □ Doing grammar exercises from grammar books or the Internet □ Reviewing teachers’ feedback to learn grammar □ Reading and practicing translating from newspapers, magazines, articles about export industry from Vietnamese to English □ All those listed 11 What is your grade on the translation subject? □A □ B/B+ □ C/C+ □ D/D+ APPENDIX B INTERVIEW QUESTIONS Interview questions for teachers at English Faculty of TMU: What are the common grammatical errors English-majored students often encounter when translating Vietnamese documents of export industry into English? Could you tell me the reasons why English-majored students make these errors? Could you tell me some advice for students to avoid these errors? ... students often encounter when translating Vietnamese documents of export industry into English 18 Chart 3.5 Specific grammatical errors when translating Vietnamese documents of the export industry. .. future jobs II Grammatical errors in translating Vietnamese documents of export industry into English Do you often translate Vietnamese documents of export industry into English? □ Often □ Seldom... grammatical errors when translating Vietnamese documents of the export industry into English are shown in chart 3.5 18 Chart 3.5 Specific grammatical errors when translating Vietnamese documents of