Tài liệu Drawing by Lauren Jarrett and Lisa Lenard- P2 ppt

Part ➤ Drawing and Seeing, Seeing and Drawing Right side up Upside down Right side up Upside down Right side up Upside down Right side up Upside down No two right-side-up/upside-down drawings are alike, as these children’s student samples show If yours doesn’t look like any of these, in fact, that’s great! Now that you’ve begun to draw on the relational right, next comes a chapter of contour drawings, to first without looking and then while looking These drawings will help you further your newfound ability to see as an artist sees, using shape, space, and relationships 30 Chapter ➤ Toward Seeing for Drawing Your Sketchbook Page Try your hand at practicing the exercises you’ve learned in this chapter 31 Part ➤ Drawing and Seeing, Seeing and Drawing The Least You Need to Know ➤ In daily life we’re taught to function on the analytical, verbal, left side of our brain ➤ An artist, while working, makes a conscious shift in cognitive function from “logical left” to “relational right.” ➤ Learning to draw is really learning to see as an artist does, on the right side of the brain ➤ Creative thinking and problem solving can be useful in other areas of work and life, too 32 Chapter Loosen Up In This Chapter ➤ Warm-ups for the eyes and hand ➤ Drawing without looking ➤ Drawing while looking ➤ Farewell, left brain! Drawing is a language without words —Harvey Weiss Now that you’ve practiced switching from your left brain to your right, it’s time to warm up your relational right for the exercises that follow in the rest of the book Learning to draw is like any other skill; it’s about practice, practice, practice—but it’s a fun kind of practice To begin your practice, get out your paper and pencils, as well as your artist’s board In this chapter, we’re going to doodle the night (or day) away, and bid Old Lefty farewell Now You See It Remember when you were learning to write and the long practice sessions you put in before you mastered that skill? Your drawing hand also needs practice to make attractive and sensitive marks in reaction to your new awareness and observation Calligraphers warm up before they work, to get their hand back into the swing of beautiful writing, and probably our friends the forgers do, too So should you When practicing Palmer Method writing, try reproducing your signature upside down Lauren uses blocks that spell the letters of her name, L A U R E N, which is fairly simple to copy If you have any blocks around, whether in the attic or belonging to your children, you can try this, too Arrange them upside down and copy the letters—as well as the pictures on them Part ➤ Drawing and Seeing, Seeing and Drawing The Art of Drawing Are you old enough to remember the Palmer Method? It was once the preferred method of teaching and practicing penmanship, based on observation of shapes and the practice of letter shapes, rather like practicing scales when you are learning to play the piano Generations of schoolchildren (and the adults they became) can be identified by their careful o’s and w’s—not to mention their p’s and q’s Warm-Up for the Eyes and Hand Just as you may have practiced your penmanship by forming a’s or s’s over and over again, why not try a page of marks before you start drawing? Practice circles and ovals and ellipses (a long, skinny oval, often a difficult shape to master) It is good for your hand to a series of these, or of graduated sizes, chains of circles, concentric circles, spirals, eggs, bullets, and even some calculated squiggles Warm up your hand with a page of circles, ovals, spirals, ellipses, and similar curving lines Next, try practicing other marks or kinds of lines you might find useful to make drawings: ➤ Straight ➤ Curved 34 Chapter ➤ Loosen Up ➤ Parallel ➤ Crisscrossing or cross-hatching ➤ Overlapping or ➤ Single ➤ Smooth ➤ Scratchy ➤ Wiggly The separate lists are meant as two possible options of one’s choice of marks When you make smooth lines, you don’t pick up the pencil from the page, but make a continuous smooth line, as opposed to scratchy lines, which require repeated lifting of the pencil Try them all—build up a vocabulary of lines and marks! Doodle a page of marks and lines to warm up your hand as well Entering the Flow If a certain kind of activity, such as painting, becomes the habitual mode of expression, it may follow that taking up the painting materials and beginning to work with them will act suggestively and so presently evoke a flight into the higher state —Robert Henri 35 Part ➤ Drawing and Seeing, Seeing and Drawing One of the wonderful things about drawing is the tendency to move into a different, higher state of consciousness while working The attentive, observant right brain focuses on what you are really seeing, rather than on what your left brain tells you, leaving you open to this lovely state and place Time seems to fade into the distance, and you can experience a rare floating feeling as you work, removed from the moment-to-moment world Even music in the background can virtually disappear Of course, almost any intrusion can swing you to left-brain reality; the phone ringing is the worst offender, but you can swing yourself back, too, just by seeing instead of thinking Drawing is a meditation, a way to get in touch with some of your innermost feelings and insights, and a rest from the concerns of our high-pressure lives To Begin The Art of Drawing When practicing marks, try to get your whole arm involved, not just your hand Develop a sense of your hand, almost suspended above your paper, with just a light touch for stability Let your arm move your hand as it works to make the marks You will find that your line is smoother and can reach out further in any direction to follow an edge or make a shape without becoming fragmented and scratchy Before you begin drawing, you’ll want to get yourself in a drawing state of mind These steps can help you get yourself there Because steps are a left-brained arrangement, you may want to record yourself saying these steps slowly and then play the recording when you want to arrive in this state Arrange yourself and your hand or subject Close your eyes and meditate for a few moments Try to clear your mind of clutter Sit comfortably, and arrange your paper and board Relax for a moment Try to forget about the rest of the world and the other things you need to today Close your eyes for a moment Breathe slowly and try to let all that you normally think about pass out of your mind Concentrate on the moment Sit comfortably Open your eyes Look closely at your subject Try to see it as if you were looking at it for the first time Let your eyes travel around the outside of your object Try to see all the detail inside the outside shape 10 Now, focus on a line See how it curves Which way? How long? Which line does it meet? Does it go over or under that line? Artist’s Sketchbook A contour drawing is any drawing in which the lines represent the edge of a form, shape, or space; the edge between two forms, shapes, or spaces; or the shared edge between groups of forms, shapes, or spaces 36 11 Try to see all the lines as special to the whole Then place your pencil on the page and begin to draw The Next Set—Send Off the Logical Left Here is a drawing exercise to buy an express ticket to send that persistent “logical left” packing Your left brain will want to leave town, and not even call or write Let it go; it is a nuisance Chapter ➤ Loosen Up You are going to try a contour drawing of your hand (not the drawing hand, “the other one,” as Pooh would say) You are going to this drawing without looking at your paper, not even once! This exercise is one developed by Kimon Nicolaides in his book, The Natural Way to Draw (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1990) It is a way to completely concentrate on what you see, without looking to check, analyze, and judge your work In other words, “just it.” Plan on about 10 minutes for each part that you try Contour Drawing of Your Hand—Without Looking If you would like to really see what a difference it can make to concentrate on just seeing and drawing what you see, you can make a drawing of your hand before you start these exercises Just it, to the best of your ability, and set it aside Then you can compare it to the second drawing that you do, when you can look again Start by setting up your area to draw Your pad of sketch paper on your board and a pencil will Seat yourself in a comfortable chair, angled away from your drawing board Take a good look at your other hand Make a bit of a fist so that there are a lot of wrinkles in your palm Decide on a place to start on your hand, one of the lines on your palm, for example Put your pencil down on your paper Consider that spot the same as the spot or line you picked on your hand Once you’ve placed your pencil, don’t look at the page again Look very carefully at the line that goes off from your starting spot ➤ Which way does it go? ➤ For how far? ➤ Does it curve? ➤ How much? ➤ Is there another line that it meets? Move your pencil, slowly, in response to what you see Remember—don’t look at the page! Try Your Hand One way you can gauge your absorption and higher state of consciousness is to set a timer while you are working on these exercises Set it for or 10 minutes to start If the timer goes off unexpectedly, then, my friend, you have been off in the void! Look at the lines in your hand one by one as they touch each other and try to draw exactly those lines that you are looking at Keep at it Don’t look! Remain observant and sensitive to the wealth of linear texture, shape, and proportion in your hand, and try to put it into your drawing Keep working until you have drawn all the lines and shapes in the palm of your hand That it won’t look like a hand doesn’t matter Your absorption in a purely visual task is what counts Has your left brain left yet? 37 Part ➤ Drawing and Seeing, Seeing and Drawing Here are some examples of students’ contour drawings without looking Contour Drawing of Your Hand—While Looking Now, take a stab at that drawing while looking Hands as a drawing subject are usually avoided, but you can actually get a decent drawing if you just as much looking and relating of one line to another as you did in the first exercise Change your seated position so you can rest your other hand on the table Take another good look at your hand and the lines in your palm Pick a place and a line on your hand to start with Pick a place on your paper to place your pencil and begin your drawing 38 Chapter ➤ Loosen Up Make the same careful observations about your hand as before ➤ How far does the first line go? ➤ In what direction? ➤ Does it curve? ➤ Which way? ➤ When does it meet another line? ➤ Then what happens? Draw what you see, not what you think you see Work slowly and carefully until you have gone all around your hand and recorded all the lines that you can see Your drawing should have all the sensitivity that you put into the making of it If you did a drawing of your hand before you began these exercises, take it out and compare the two Your experience drawing without looking (and sending Old Lefty off again) should have helped with the second drawing of your hand while looking The more you practice really seeing and drawing what you see rather than what you think you see, the better your drawings will be Here are some student contour drawings, done while looking, for you to ponder 39 Chapter ➤ Finding the View Draw What You See in the Viewfinder You may want to try a wooden armchair, rocking chair, small stepladder, a picnic table, or even a gateleg table for a little more challenge Pick a differently proportioned frame to see how you Experiment a little—it’s easy Next, an excursion into space … or at least your perception of it Your Sketchbook Page Try your hand at practicing the exercises you’ve learned in this chapter Part ➤ Now You Are Ready to Draw The Least You Need to Know ➤ A viewfinder frame helps you single out an image—an object, a collection of objects, or a more complicated view ➤ The proportion of the viewfinder frame and the box for your drawing must be the same ➤ You can see, measure, and draw the parts of an object relative to the marks on the viewfinder frame and the marks on your paper ➤ The viewfinder frame keeps you seeing the parts and lines in relation to each other 66 Chapter Negative Space as a Positive Tool In This Chapter ➤ The virtues of negative space ➤ Learning how to use negative space ➤ Drawing negative space ➤ Getting negative I have learned that what I have not drawn, I have never really seen, and that when I start drawing an ordinary thing, I realize how extraordinary it is, a sheer miracle —Frederick Frank, The Zen of Seeing, (New York: Vintage/Random House, 1973) Let’s be positive about this In space, “negative” is not a bad thing This chapter is about shape and space Really seeing both of them is a great step in learning to draw In fact, from a drawing perspective, you should think of shape and space as interchangeable: Positive Shape = Negative Space Positive Space = Negative Shape Find Your Space Your brain speaks to you constantly, reminding you of what you know about everything That’s fine for tasks that require verbal skills and linear, logical thinking But seeing and drawing are visual skills, requiring relational, visual processing of information And seeing a concept like negative space is definitely a job for the right side of the brain In Chapter 4, “The Picture Plane,” you tried drawing a complicated object in a foreshortened view (fingers pointing at you) on the plastic picture plane On the surface of the plastic, the 3-D shapes and space of your hand were condensed into two dimensions, and were Part ➤ Now You Are Ready to Draw easier to see and draw In Chapter 5, “Finding the View,” you drew a chair inside the viewfinder frame and used the marks on the frame to help you establish where all the lines and shapes were, and how they all related to one another Both exercises have helped you to see and draw what you saw, rather than what you thought The Virtues of Negative Space We all have minds full of preconceived ideas about how things are We often deal in symbols and abbreviations for things—as long as we can identify them and they suit our needs Artist’s Sketchbook Negative space is the area around an object or objects that share edges with those objects or shapes For seeing and drawing, though, what we think we know is not a help, but a hindrance It is Old Lefty butting in to tell what he knows And what does he know? Sure, he has the chair in his head—the size of the seat, the length of the legs (all equal), and the arrangement of all the other shapes But when seen at an angle in space, everything is different The seat of a chair is a parallelogram, not a square The imaginary line between the four feet is also not a square, but another parallelogram The shapes and spaces are not equal—you saw that as you drew your chair with the viewfinder frame So, as usual, it is best to get Old Lefty out of the process of seeing and drawing Parallelograms Learning How to Use Negative Space Drawing the negative space around an object is a great way to send Old Lefty off again Why? Because you, and particularly Old Lefty, don’t know anything about those spaces Certainly you have no memory or preconceived notions of them; you have probably never even looked at them But they are there all right, and they can be mighty handy as guides to seeing and drawing For now, those spaces will confuse Old Lefty, and that’s what we want And because you will get no help from Old Lefty, you are free to see—really see—and then, to draw what you see Once you try it, you will realize that there is something strangely liberating about drawing what isn’t there instead of what is You’ll be wondering what is and what isn’t, and that’s not a bad thing 68 Chapter ➤ Negative Space as a Positive Tool The Art of Drawing As drawing becomes easier for you, the negative space in a more complicated composition is even more important Compelling arrangement of shapes in great paintings is as much the arrangement of space as shape The more you see negative space in composition, the better the composition will be Select an Object to Draw: They’re Everywhere! So, let’s start with another chair Pick a rocking chair, or an armchair with curves, or a stool, or a canvas beach chair, or a table with crossbars underneath, or a stepladder—something with spaces within it Objects like this are everywhere, so you shouldn’t have any trouble finding one to draw Remember to position yourself properly—materials near at hand, your subject out where you can see it, and your paper in front of you Rather than looking over your working hand, righties should look to the left and back to your paper, and lefties should look to the right and back to your paper All set? Back to the Drawing Board It is our concepts and memories of things—our habits and our modes of perception (basically the realm of the left side of our brains)—that make seeing and drawing seem difficult A View Through the Viewfinder Pick a frame that is close to the proportion of your chosen object (a tall, thin one for a stepladder or a more square one for a wide rocker with arms) Adjust yourself so the chair (or whatever) almost fills the frame Measure and draw (lightly) the center lines and the proportionally equal box from your frame, using the diagonals extended out from the frame to establish the diagonals on the paper Then draw the box, any size along the diagonal that you want, which will be in proportion with the frame Your plastic picture plane can come in handy here Make sure that the grid matches the proportions of the viewfinder frame, or draw a new grid to the same proportions You can use the plastic picture plane to check yourself as you work Artist’s Sketchbook A parallelogram is a geometric shape having four sides Each pair of opposite sides is parallel and equidistant to each other 69 Part ➤ Now You Are Ready to Draw Draw the spaces between your chair and the edges of the frame and all the spaces within the chair itself—a study in relativity You’ll see Where to Start—Location, Location, Location Basically, you start with a spot and a shape—of negative space Perhaps we can call this a “spot of space,” a basic shape that you can see, from which you can proceed to the next We will base our “seeing” of the negative space on this first “spot of space.” Remember that it is a “spot of space” somewhere in or around the chair Hold the viewfinder frame very still and frame the chair in the window Rearrange the chair if necessary to see it at an interesting angle See the relative angles of the seat, the back, and the legs Back to the Drawing Board Drawing in, and being sensitive to, a format such as negative space is a common problem in beginning drawings The concentration and focus are on the object and the background is filled in later But this method often results in the image being poorly placed on the page No consideration is given to the siting of the object on the page, and the negative space around the object is not part of the arrangement Usually, it’s not considered at all! 70 Try to pick a spot of space somewhere inside your chair to start, and really see it Maybe it is the space between the rungs on the ladder, or between the slats of the back of a rocking chair Close one eye and “see” that spot until it becomes more real than the chair You will know when this has happened because it will pop forward as a spot of space while the chair itself will fade or recede Now see where that spot is relative to the grid lines on your viewfinder frame You can also look at the spot through your plastic picture plane to isolate just where it is relative to the grid If you choose, you can draw your spot on the plastic first and then transfer it to the paper after you see how it works Or, you can your “seeing” through the grid on the plastic and draw the negative spots of space on your paper; it will be a little easier to see where the spots of space are on the plastic grid Chapter ➤ Negative Space as a Positive Tool Holding the viewfinder very still, frame the chair within it so that there is an interesting angle Either way, use the grid on your paper to draw the first spot of space on the paper Think relatively and relationally Try to see where your spot is relative to the marks on the frame, the grid on the plastic, and the light lines on the paper Draw the Holes, not the Thing Check your spot of space shape and the lines that make it, the angle, whether they curve or not, which way, and how far Check again against the frame Even if your drawing is larger than the frame, the two are in proportion, so all the relative positions will be the same Now, stay focused on the space As for the chair … forget about it! Keep one eye closed and find your next spot of space Find the shape of that spot by seeing it relative to your grid marks Draw the holes, not the thing Here are some things to consider as you draw the negative space: ➤ Try to not think about the chair itself Think about comparing the shapes of the negative space and the edges of those shapes Are the lines horizontal or vertical? If they aren’t, try to see the angle relative to horizontal or vertical and draw what you see ➤ Gauge any shape—its lines and angles, curves, or lengths—by seeing it relative to the horizontals, verticals, and diagonals Begin to see new shapes of negative space relative to the ones you have already drawn ➤ Draw each new space shape as you can see it Work carefully, checking each new shape, and remember that they are all in relation to each other Try Your Hand If you are confused, you can take a moment and look again through the plastic picture plane You can draw the shape of the space there and then transfer it to paper If you can see where it is on the plastic, draw the shape of that spot of space on your drawing 71 Part ➤ Now You Are Ready to Draw ➤ Don’t think about the chair at all ➤ If you talk to yourself while drawing, talk to yourself about the relationship between lines and shapes of negative space Otherwise, don’t talk at all Enjoy the process of real visual thinking, just seeing and drawing shapes of negative space that you have never seen before See the Object Through the Space Around It Back to the Drawing Board If you get confused or have a problem, remember to see the shape relative to the guides—the marks on the frame, the grid on the plastic, the grid on your drawing , and the parts of your drawing that you are sure of As you draw more and more of the negative space shapes, it will be easier and easier to fit in the remaining ones The spaces around your chair will be defining the chair itself! When you have drawn all the negative spaces on your drawing, check each one in turn against the chair itself Make small corrections to the shapes of the negative spaces as you see them You can lightly shade the negative space shapes as you refine them, if you’d like Your chair will take turns with the space around it; one will appear positive and the other negative, then they will flip When you are finished, your drawing will be a very different record of seeing The chair will come out of the space you have drawn around it Here are some drawings done by Lauren and two students, concentrating on negative space rather than on the object itself Each negative space drawing is another chance to really see rather than think your way through a drawing By concentrating on the negative space shapes, you can see relationships that will make drawing difficult things easier Practice in considering negative space will steadily improve your ability to select an image, arrange an interesting composition, place it well on the page, and draw! 72 Chapter ➤ Negative Space as a Positive Tool Getting Negative Next, try this exercise with a complicated kitchen gadget like an eggbeater or a handheld can opener Try a pair of glasses on a table Try a bicycle for a real challenge The important thing is to concentrate on the negative space rather than the object itself As you can see, drawing the negative space can make a difficult drawing easy, particularly when it comes to foreshortening or complicated shapes, because you can focus on the space to tell you, visually, about the shapes it surrounds And the more you work on negative space drawings, the more you’ll develop a heightened perception of negative space, which will tremendously improve your composition skills as you more complicated compositions In Part 3, “Starting Out: Learning You Can See and Draw,” we will look at setting up a place to work, artists’ studios, and exactly how to get started with the simple compositions—the seeing, selecting, placing, and drawing 73 Part ➤ Now You Are Ready to Draw Your Sketchbook Page Try your hand at practicing the exercises you’ve learned in this chapter Chapter ➤ Negative Space as a Positive Tool The Least You Need to Know ➤ Our memory of things—the left side of the brain at work—can actually inhibit our ability to see what is really there ➤ The logical left side does not remember or understand negative space too well, so it’s up to the visual, relational right side to step in and see more clearly ➤ Negative space is the area around any object or objects that share edges ➤ Negative space can make a difficult drawing easy, particularly foreshortening or complicated shapes, because we can focus on the space to tell us, visually, about the shapes it surrounds ➤ A heightened perception of negative space will tremendously improve composition in more complicated compositions 75 Part Starting Out: Learning You Can See and Draw How artists choose what to draw and what to draw it with? How you begin to arrange objects in a composition? What makes a good composition? How you learn to draw the form or volume into something? And what about all those important details you have to draw? In this part, we’ll answer all of your questions We’ll start with simple contour drawings of objects and then move on to form, volume, light, and shadow in more complicated still lifes, exploring why artists throughout the ages just love those fruits and veggies Then, we’ll look at a few new materials, as well as details, details, and more details—and how to balance them for a finished drawing that will really please you Chapter A Room of Your Own In This Chapter ➤ Making your own space to draw ➤ Finding the time ➤ Tools of the trade ➤ Beginning practice If you have an empty wall, you can think on it better I like a space to think in —Georgia O’Keeffe Now that you’ve mastered the beginning exercises that can help you to see as an artist sees, it’s time to get serious, get yourself some materials and a place to work, set aside some time, and get to it In this chapter, we’ll begin exploring the places you create and playthings you acquire that help you become an artist No room, you say? No time? Let’s take a closer look at fitting drawing into your life—and your home Finding Space and Time A studio or a place to draw is almost as important as your interest in learning to draw We live in a hectic world that’s full of deadlines and responsibilities A space of your own, however small and simple, will become a refuge from the rest of your day You will look forward to the time you can spend there Time alone—to observe, learn, experience, and grow—is often disregarded in the pressureridden careers and lives we lead Drawing, a visual, meditative, learning experience, can help you enjoy your time alone You deserve a space and the time to immerse yourself in a pastime like drawing ... with drawings of your hand, or start a new piece Keep the best one or two, and compare them to the first hand drawings that you did, the drawings of your palm, and the drawing of your hand after... Part ➤ Drawing and Seeing, Seeing and Drawing Here are some examples of students’ contour drawings without looking Contour Drawing of Your Hand—While Looking Now, take a stab at that drawing. .. schoolchildren (and the adults they became) can be identified by their careful o’s and w’s—not to mention their p’s and q’s Warm-Up for the Eyes and Hand Just as you may have practiced your penmanship by