Luận văn analysis of some vegetable oils for potential biodiesel production

ANALYSIS OF SOME VEGETABLE OILS FOR POTENTIAL BIODIESEL PRODUCTION A THESIS Submitted by M RAJAKOHILA Reg No 8492 BIOTECHNOLOGY - BOTANY (Interdisciplinary) in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY MANONMANIAM SUNDARANAR UNIVERSITY TIRUNELVELI 627 012 DECEMBER - 2018 MANONMANIAM SUNDARANAR UNIVERSITY TIRUNELVELI - 627 012 CERTIFICATE The research work embodied in the present Thesis entitled “ANALYSIS OF SOME VEGETABLE OILS FOR POTENTIAL BIODIESEL PRODUCTION” has been carried out in the PG and Research Department of Chemistry, Sri Paramakalyani College, Alwarkurichi The work reported herein is original and does not form part of any other thesis or dissertation on the basis of which a degree or award was conferred on an earlier occasion or to any other scholar I understand the University’s policy on plagiarism and declare that the thesis and publications are my own work, except where specifically acknowledged and has not been copied from other sources or been previously submitted for award or assessment M RAJAKOHILA RESEARCH SCHOLAR Dr K KALIRAJAN JOINT SUPERVISOR Associate Professor PG and Research Department of Chemistry Sri Paramakalyani College Alwarkurichi - 627 412 Dr P NAGENDRA PRASAD SUPERVISOR Associate Professor & Head (Rtd) Department of Biotechnology Sri Paramakalyani College Alwarkurichi - 627 412 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I am most thankful to God Almighty for sustaining and keeping me in His grace and providential protection throughout my life I wish to express my sincere gratitude and indebtedness to my guide Dr P Nagendra Prasad, Associate Professor & Head (Rtd), Department of Biotechnology, Sri Paramakalyani College, Alwarkurichi who showed the path and light to continue my research career and his excellent guidance, constant encouragement and all other considerations provided me the environment to reach my goal I express my gratitude to my co-guide, Dr K Kalirajan, Associate Professor, PG and Research Department of Chemistry, Sri Paramakalyani College, Alwarkurichi for his guidance and encouragement I express my heartful thanks to Dr R Venkataraman, Principal and Dr G Devarajan, Secretary, Sri Paramakalyani College, Alwarkurichi for their advice and suggestions to carry out my work successfully I am very much thankful to Dr S Selvaraj, Associate Professor & Head, all teaching faculties and non-teaching members of PG and Research Department of Chemistry, Sri Paramakalyani College, Alwarkurichi for their encouragement and support I express my sincere thanks to the management of SPKC for all their support in proving the lab facilities and library facilities to me throughout my studies I also thankful to the Staff Members, Research Scholars and Non Teaching Staff members of Sri Paramakalyani College, Alwarkurichi for their encouragement in due course of this study My sincere thanks to my family members and all my friends who all behind the successful completion of this thesis M RAJAKOHILA TABLE OF CONTENTS SL.No Title Page No ABSTRACT LIST OF TABLES LIST OF FIGURES LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS INTRODUCTION 1.1 Energy 1.2 Types of Energy Sources 1.2.1.Non – Renewable Energy 1.2.2 Renewable Energy 1.3 Fossil Fuel 1.4 Need for Alternate fuel 1.5 Feasible Alternate energy sources 1.5.1.Biofuel 1.5.2.Biodiesel 1.5.3.Biodiesel Production Method 10 1.5.4.Blending or Dilution 11 1.5.5.Biodiesel Standard 12 1.6 Physico -Chemical Analysis of vegetable oil 13 1.7 Corrosion 14 1.7.1.Corrosion Inhibitors 14 1.7.2.Green Inhibitors 15 Objectives 15 REVIEW OF LITERATURE 16 1.8 BIOENERGY CROPS 41 3.1 Introduction 41 3.2 Classification of vegetable oil 41 3.3 Bioenergy crops selected for present study 42 3.3.1.Argemone mexicana 43 3.3.1.1 Scientific classification 43 3.3.1.2 Botanical name 44 3.3.1.3 Common name 44 3.3.1.4 Distribution 44 3.3.1.5 Description 44 3.3.1.6 Ecology 46 3.3.1.7 Chemical Constituents 46 3.3.1.8 Medicinal uses and other 46 3.3.2.Cleome viscosa 47 3.3.2.1.Scientific classification 47 3.3.2.2 Botanical name 47 3.3.2.3 Common name 48 3.3.2.4 Distribution 48 3.3.2.5 Description 48 3.3.2.6 Ecology 50 3.3.2.7 Chemical Constituents 50 3.3.2.8 Medicinal uses and other 50 3.3.3 Pongamia pinnata 51 3.3.3.1.Scientific classification 51 3.3.3.2 Botanical Name 51 3.3.3.3 Common name 51 3.3.3.4 Distribution 52 3.3.3.5 Description 52 3.3.3.6 Ecology 53 3.3.3.7 Chemical Constituents 53 3.3.3.8 Medicinal uses and others 55 3.3.4 Hevea brasiliensis 56 3.3.4.1 Scientific classification 56 3.3.4.2 Botanical Name 56 3.3.4.3 Common name 56 3.3.4.4 Distribution 56 3.3.4.5 Description 57 3.3.4.6 Ecology 57 3.3.4.7 Chemical constituents 59 3.3.4.8 Medicinal Uses and others 59 3.3.5 Sapindus trifoliatus 60 3.3.5.1 Scientific classification 60 3.3.5.2 Botanical name 60 3.3.5.3 Common name 60 3.3.5.4 Distribution 60 3.3.5.5 Description 61 3.3.5.6 Ecology 63 3.3.5.7 Chemical constituents 63 3.3.5.8 Medicinal uses and others 63 MATERIALS AND METHODS 65 4.1 Collection of plants 65 4.2 Extraction of oil 65 4.3 Preparation of Blends 66 4.4 Properties of biodiesel blends 66 4.4.1 Analysis of physical properties of biodiesel blends 67 4.4.1.1 Viscosity 67 4.4.1.2 Density 67 4.4.1.3 Specific Gravity 68 4.4.1.4 Conductivity 68 4.4.1.5 Dissolved Oxygen 68 4.4.1.6 Total dissolved solids 69 4.4.1.7.Determination of pH 69 4.4.1.8 Flash Point 69 4.4.1.9.Fire Point 70 4.4.1.10 Cloud Point 70 4.4.1.11 Pour Point 71 4.4.1.12 Smoke Point 71 4.4.1.13.Carbon Residue 71 4.4.2 Ultrasonic Properties Analysis 72 4.4.2.1 Principle and Instrumentation of Ultrasonic 72 Interferometer 4.4.2.2 Ultrasonic Velocity 74 4.4.2.3 Adiabatic compressibility 74 4.4.2.4 Acoustic impedance 75 4.4.2.5 Relaxation time 75 4.4.3 Analysis of chemical properties of biodiesel blends 76 4.4.3.1.Acid value 76 4.4.3.2 Saponification value 77 4.4.3.3 Iodine value 78 4.4.3.4 Cetane number 78 4.4.3.5 Higher Heating value 79 4.4.3.6 Average Molecular Weight of Total Free Fatty 79 Acid 4.4.3.7 Percentage of Free Fatty Acid 80 4.4.4 Statistical Analysis 80 4.4.5 Analysis of Fuel Efficiency of Biodiesel Blends 80 4.4.6 Analysis of Corrosion Parameters 81 4.4.6.1 Preparation of specimen 81 4.4.6.2 Inhibitor 81 4.4.6.3 Gravimetric measurements 82 4.4.6.4 SEM analysis 83 RESULT 84 Analysis of physical Property 87 5.1.1 Viscosity 87 5.1.2 Density 87 5.1.3 Specific Gravity 87 5.1.4 Conductivity 91 5.1.5 Dissolved Oxygen 91 5.1.6 Total dissolved Solids 94 5.1.7 pH 94 5.1.8 Flash Point 94 5.1.9 Fire Point 98 5.1.10 Pour Point 98 5.1.11 Cloud Point 98 5.1.12 Smoke Point 102 5.1.13 Carbon Residue Analysis 102 Ultrasonic Study 105 5.2.1 Ultrasonic Velocity 105 5.2.2 Adiabatic Compressibility 105 5.2.3 Acoustic Impedance 105 5.2.4 Relaxation Time 109 Analysis of Chemical properties 109 5.3.1 Acid Value 109 5.3.2 Saponification Value 112 5.3.3 Iodine Value 112 5.3.4 Cetane Number 112 5.3.5 Higher Heating Value 116 5.3.6 Average Molecular Weight of Total Fatty Acid 116 5.3.7 Percentage of Free Fatty Acid 116 5.4 Fuel Efficiency 120 5.5 Corrosion Study 121 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.5.1 Variation of mild steel weight loss in acid medium with different concentration of selected bioinhibitors 121 at different duration 5.5.2 Variation of Corrosion rate in acid medium with different 126 concentration of selected bioinhibitors at different duration 5.5.3 Variation of Corrosion inhibition efficiency in acid medium 130 with different concentration of selected bioinhibitors at different duration 5.5.4 Morphological study of Mild steel using Scanning Electron 135 Microscope DISCUSSION 140 SUMMARY 160 CONCLUSION 162 REFERENCES 164 10 APPENDICES LIST OF PUBLICATIONS REPRINTS OF JOURNAL PUBLICATION BIO-DATA LIST OF TABLES TABLE PAGE TITLE NO NO 3.1 List of bioenergy crops screened 42 5.1 Viscosity of selected biodiesel blends 88 5.2 Density of selected biodiesel blends 89 5.3 Specific Gravity of selected biodiesel blends 90 5.4 Conductivity for different biodiesel blends 92 5.5 Dissolved Oxygen of selected biodiesel blends 93 5.6 Total Dissolved Solids of selected biodiesel blends 95 5.7 pH of selected biodiesel blends 96 5.8 Flash Point of selected biodiesel blends 97 5.9 Fire Point of selected biodiesel blends 99 5.10 Pour Point of selected biodiesel blends 100 5.11 Cloud Point of selected biodiesel blends 101 5.12 Smoke Point of selected biodiesel blends 103 5.13 Carbon Residue of selected biodiesel blends 104 5.14 Ultrasonic Velocity of selected biodiesel blends 106 5.15 Ultrasonic Adiabatic Compressibility of selected biodiesel blends 107 5.16 Acoustic Impedance of selected biodiesel blends 108 5.17 Relaxation Time of selected biodiesel blends 110 5.18 Acid Value of selected biodiesel blends 111 5.19 Saponification Value of selected biodiesel blends 113 5.20 Iodine Value of selected biodiesel blends 114 5.21 Cetane Number of selected biodiesel blends 115 5.22 Higher Heating Value of selected biodiesel blends 117 5.23 Average Molecular weight of Total Fatty Acid of selected biodiesel 118 blends 5.24 Percentage of Free Fatty Acid of selected biodiesel blends 119 5.25 Fuel Efficiency of selected biodiesel Blends 120 Ryan, T, Dodge, LG, & Callahan, TJ 1984, ‘The effects of vegetable oil properties in injection and combustion in two different diesel engines’, J Am Oil Chem Soc, vol 61, pp 1610 Saeid, B, Mohamed, KA, Abdul, AA & Meriam, N 2008, ‘ Prediction of Palm OilBased Methyl Ester Biodiesel Density Using Artificial Neural Networks’, Journal of Applied Sciences, vol 8, no 10, pp 1938-1943 Sagar, A, Uppal, N & Singh, B 2016, ‘Utilization of argemone oil biodiesel in commercial IDICI engine Engineering and Technology in India’, Engg & Tech in India, vol 7, no 1, pp 33-44 Sharma, YC & Singh, B 2010, ‘An ideal feedstock, Kusum ( Schleichera triguga) for preparation of biodiesel : Optimisation of parameters’, Fuel, vol 89, no.7, pp.1470- 1474 Sahni, KC 1998, ‘The Book of Indian Trees Bombay Natural History Society, Oxford University Press, Mumbai, vol 98 Sajjadi, B, Raman, AAA & Arandiyan, H 2016, ‘A comprehensive review on properties of edible and non-edible vegetable oil-based biodiesel: Composition, specifications and prediction models’ Renew Sust Energ Rev vol 63, pp 62–92 Sakthivel, P., Nirmala, P.V., Umamaheswari, S., Arul Antony, A., Kalignan, G.P.P., Gopalan, A and Vasudevan, T (1999), “Corrosion inhibition of mild steel by extracts of Pongamia Glabra and Annona Squamosa in acidic media”, Bulletin of Electrochemistry, Vol 15, pp 83-6 Salimon, J & Abdullah, BM 2009, ‘A study on the thermal properties and solid fat content of Malaysian rubber seed oil’, Malaysian Journal of Analytical Sciences, vol 13, no 1, pp 1–7 Sangeetha, S, Rajendran, S, Muthumegala, Ts & Krishnaveni, A 2011, ‘Green corrosion inhibitors-An Overview’, Journal of Material science, vol 52, pp 1-7 200 Sanghvi, M.J., Shukla, S.K., Mishra, A.N., Padh, M.R and Mehta, G.N (1996), “Corrosion inhibition of mild steel in hydrochloric acid by acid extracts of Sapindus trifolianu’s, Acacia concian and Trifla”, Trans MFSI, Vol 5, pp 143-7 Sangwan, S, Rao, DV & Sharma, RA 2010, ‘A review on Pongamia Pinnata (L.) Pierre: a great versatile leguminous plant’, Nature and Science, vol 8, no 11, pp 130–139 Sahoo, PK, Das, LM, Babu, MKG & Naik, SN 2007, ‘Biodiesel development from high acid value polanga seed oil and performance evaluation in a C I engine’ , Fuel, vol 86, no 3, pp 448-454 Sanjay, B 2013, ‘Non-Conventional Seed Oils as Potential Feedstocks for Future Biodiesel Industries: A Brief Review’, Research Journal of Chemical Sciences, vol 3, no 5, pp 99-103 Sankarappa, T & Prashantkumar, M 2014, ‘Dielectric Properties and AC Conductivity in Some Refined and Unrefined Edible Oils’, International Journal of Advanced Research in Physical Science, vol 1,no 2,pp 1-7 Sapindus Integrated Taxonomic Information System 2010 Retrieved 2010-11-01 Saravana Kumar, D & Krishna Rao, D 2007, ‘Indian Journal of Pure and Applied Physics’, vol 43, pp 210 Saribiyik, OY, Ozcan, M, Serin, H, Serin, S & Aydın, K 2012, ‘Biodiesel Production from Ricinus Communis Oil and Its Blends with Soybean Biodiesel’, Journal of Mechanical Engineering, vol 56, pp 811-816 Sarin A, Arora, R, Singh, NP, Sarin, R & Malhotra, RK 2010, ‘Blends of biodiesels synthesized from non-edible and edible oils: influence on the OS (oxidation stability)’, Energy , vol 35, pp 3449–53 Sarin, R, Sharma, M, Sinharay, S & Malhotra, RK 2007, ‘ Jatropha- plam biodiesel blends : An optimum mix for Asia’, Fuel, vol 86, no 10-11, pp 1365-1371 Sarma, AK, Konwer, D & Bordoloi, PK 2005, ‘A comprehensive analysis of fuel properties of biodiesel from Koroch seed oil’, Energy Fuel, vol 19, pp 656657 201 Sastry, GSR, Krishna Murthy, ASR, Ravi Prasad, P, Bhuvaneswari, K & Ravi, PV 2006, ‘Identification and determination of bio-diesel in Diesel’, Energy Sources Part A, vol 28, pp 1337-1342 Saufi, H,Al Maofari, A,El Yadini, A, Eddaif, L, Harhar, H, Gharby, S & El Hajjaji, S 2015, ‘ Evaluation of vegetable oil of nigel as corrosion inhibitor for iron in NaCl’, J Mater Environ Sci, vol 6, no 7, pp 1845-1849 Saxena, P, Jawale, S & Joshipura, MHA 2013, ‘Review on prediction of properties of biodiesel and blends of biodiesel’, Proc Eng, vol 51, pp 395–402 Sayli, BJ, Shruti, K, Yogesh, BK, Rashinkar, B, Akash, S & Navale Vipul, R 2018, ‘Performance and Emission Analysis of VCR by Using Biodiesel and its Blends’, International Journal of Current Trends in Science and Technology, vol 8, no 1, pp 51-56 Schmelzer, GH, Achigan-Dako, EG & Bosch, CH 2010, Medicinal Plants of Tropical Africa, Conclusions and recommendations based on PROTA II (I): Medicinal plants, PROTA Foundation, Nairobi, Kenya, pp.148 Scholl, KW, & Sorenson, SC 1993, ‘Combustion of soybean oil methyl ester in a review’, Braz J Chem Soc, vol 9, pp 199-210 Senthil Kumar, S & Purushothaman, K 2012, ‘ High ffa rubber seed oil as an alternative Fuel for diesel engine – an overview’, International Journal of Engineering and Science, vol 1, no 10, pp 16-24 Senthil Kumar, S, Purushothaman, K & Devan, PK 2015, ‘Performance and emission characteristics of a diesel engine using rubber seed oil and its diesel blends’, International Journal of Chem Tech Research, vol 8, no 2, pp 669-675 Senthil, R, Silambarasan, R & Pranesh, G 2017, ‘A Comparative Assessment of Operating Characteristics of a Diesel Engine using 20% Proportion of Different Biodiesel Diesel Blend’, Recent Adv Petrochem Sci, vol 3, no 1, pp 555 - 601 Shah, MAH, Dutta, K & Deka, DC 2014, ‘Fatty acid composition of Sapindus mukorossi seed oil’, Advances in Applied Science Research, vol 5, no 4, pp 43-50 202 Shah ZH & Tahir, QA, 2011, ‘ Dielectric properties of vegetable oils’, Journal of Scientific Research, vol 3, no 3, pp 481 - 492 Shah, P, Wee, C, White, JM, Sanford, S & Meier, G 2010, ‘Experimental determination and thermodynamic modelling of water content in biodieseldiesel blends’, Renewable Energy Group Shahid, EM & Jamal, Y 2011, ‘Production of biodiesel: A technical review’, Renewable and Sustainable Reviews, vol 9, pp 4732 - 4745 Shaker, NO, Badr, EE & Kandeel, EM 2011, ‘Adsorption and inhibitive properties of fatty imidazoline surfactants on mild steel’, Pelagia Research Library Der Chemica Sinica, vol 2, pp 26-35 Shay, EG 1993, ‘Diesel fuel from vegetable oils : status and opportunities’, Biomass and Bio energy, vol 4, no.4, pp 227-242 Shereena, KM & Thangaraj, T 2009, ‘Biodiesel: an Alternative fuel Produced from Vegetable Oils by Transesterification’, Electronic Journal of Biology, vol 5, no 3, pp 67-74 Shiela, PM, Sreerama, YN & Krishna, G 2004, ‘Storage stability evaluation of some packed vegetable oil blends’, J Am Oil Chem Soc, vol 81, no 12, pp 11251129 Shikha, K & Rita, CY 2012, ‘Biodiesel production from non edible-oils A Review’, Journal of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Research, vol 4, no 9, pp 42194230 Shokib, A,1Gumanti, P & Rachimoellah, M 2010, ‘Biodiesel Production from Rubber Seed Oil by Supercritical Methanol Method’, The Journal for Technology and Science, vol 21, no Shrestha, DS, Van Gerpen, JH, Thompson, J & Zawadzki, A 2005, Cold flow properties of biodiesel and effect of commercial additives ASAE Paper No 056121 Tampa, Florida: ASABE Shukla, N, Kumar, V, Dwivedi, DK 2016, ‘Dependence of dielectric parameters and a.c conductivity on frequency and temperature in bulk se90cd8in2 glassy alloy journal of non-oxide glasses’, vol 8, no 2, pp 47 – 57 203 Si, Z, Zhang, X, Wang, C, Ma, L & Dong, R 2017, ‘An overview on catalytic hydro deoxygenation of pyrolysis oil and its model compounds’ ,Catalysts, vol 7, pp 169-174 Silitonga, AS, Masjuki, HH & Mahli, TMI 2013, ‘Overview properties of biodiesel diesel blends from edible and non-edible feedstock’, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, vol 22, pp 346–360 Singh, B, Korstad, J & Sharma, YC 2012, ‘A critical review on corrosion of compression ignition (CI) engine parts by biodiesel and biodiesel blends and its inhibition’, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, vol 16, pp 34013408 Singh, H, Amrita Mishra & Mishra, AK 2015, ‘Cleome viscosa Linn (Capparaceae): A Review’, Pharmacognosy Journal, vol 7, no Singh, M, Gandhi, SK, Mahla, SK & Sandhu, SS 2018, ‘Experimental investigations on performance and emission characteristics of variable speed multi-cylinder compression ignition engine using Diesel/Argemone biodiesel blends’, Energy Exploration & Exploitation , vol 36, no 3, pp 535–555 Singh, SP & Singh, D 2010, ‘Biodiesel production through the use of different sources and characterization of oils and their esters as the substitute of diesel:a review’, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews , vol 14, no 1, pp 200216 Singh, A, Singh, VK, Quraishi, MA & Rasayan, J 2010, ‘Inhibition effect of environmentally benign kuchla (strychnos nuxvomica) seed extract on corrosion of mild steel in hydrochloric acid solution’, Chem, vol 3, no 4, pp 811-824 Singh, P, Duran, SK & Singh, A 2015b, ‘Optimization of biodiesel from argemone oil with different reaction parameters and performance analysis in ci engine’, International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology, vol 4, no Singh, U, Wadhwani, AM & Johri, BM 1983, Dictionary of economic plants in India ICAR, New Delhi, India, pp 288 204 Siraj, SR, Joshi, SD & Dharmadhikari, HM 2013, ‘ Effect of individual physiochemical properties of karanja oil methyl ester (KOME) and its statistical correlation with gross calorific value’, International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology,vol 2, no 12 Sivaganesan, S, Chandrasekaran, M, Ramasubramanian, S & Gnanavel, C 2017, ‘The influence of bio-additive on the compression ignition engine with diesel and Jatropha methyl ester biodiesel’, International Journal of Ambient Energy, vol 39, no 4, pp 377-381 Solmaz, R, Kardas, G, Culha, M, Yazici, B & Erbil, M 2008, ‘ Investigation of adsorption and inhibitive effect of 2-mercaptothiazoline on corrosion of mild steel in hydrochloric acid media’, Electrochim Acta, vol 53, no 20, pp 5941–5952 Solmon, D 2007,’Energy and Environment Interaction – Future Challenges’, Deep and Deep Publication Pvt LTD, New Delhi Son, SM, Kusakabe, K & Guan, G 2010, ‘Biodiesel synthesis and properties from sun flower and waste cooking oils using Cao catalyst under reflux conditions’, J Applied Sci, vol 10, pp 3119-3198 Sorate, KA & Bhale, P 2014, ‘Biodiesel properties and automotive system compatibility issues’, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, vol 41, pp 777–798 Sorensen, G, Pedersen, DV, Norgaard, AK, Sorensen, KB & Nygaard, SD 2011, ‘Microbial growth studies in biodiesel blends’, Biores Technol, vol 102, pp 5259-5264 Spohner, M 2012, ‘A Study of the Properties of Electrical Insulation Oils and of the Components of Natural Oils’, Acta Polytechnica, vol 52, no Srivastava, A & Prasad, R 2000, ‘Triglycerides-based diesel fuels’, Renewable Sustain Energy Rev, vol 4, pp 111-33 Srivatsava, K & Srivatsava, P 1981, ‘Studies on plant materials as corrosion inhibitors’, Britain Corrosion Journal, vol 16, pp 221-223 Statistical review of world energy and resources, 2014 205 Stromberg, N, Eriksson, H & Saramat, A 2014, ‘Determination of phase separation efficiency for biodiesel quality and blending’, Fuel , vol 117, pp 74–8 Sulistyo, H, Rahayu, G, Winoto & Suardjaja, IM 2008, ‘ Biodiesel production from high iodine number candlenut oil’, World Acad Sci Eng Technol, vol 48, pp 485-488 Swathi PN, Rasheeda, K, Samshuddin, S & Alva, DPV, ‘ Fatty acids and its derivatives as corrosion inhibitors for mild steel – an overview ‘, Journal of Asian Scientific Research, vol 7, no 8, pp 301-308 Syndia, AM, Nagendra Prasad, P, Annadurai, G, Nair, RR, Thilaga, S & Ganesh, D 2015, ‘ Characterization of neem seed oil and de-oiled cake for its potentiality as a biofuel and biomanure’, International Research Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biosciences (IRJPBS), vol 2, no 5, pp 10- 19 Takeda, Y 1982, Development Study on Jatropha curcas (Sabu Dum) Oil as a Substitute for Diesel Engine Oil in Thailand, Interim Report of the Ministry of Agriculture, Thailand Tanaka, T, Iinuma, M, Fujii, Y, Yuki, K & Mizuno, M 1992, ‘Flavonoids in root bark of Pongamia pinnata’, Phytochemistry, vol 31, pp 993-998 Tat, ME & Van Gerpen, JH 2003, ‘Effect of temperature and pressure on the speed of sound and isentropic bulk modulus of mixtures of biodiesel and diesel fuel’, Journal of American Oil Chemists Society, vol 80, no 11, pp 1127 - 1130 Tat, ME, Van Gerpen, JH, Soylu, S, Canakci, M, Monyem, A & Wormley, S 2000, ‘The speed of sound and isentropic bulk modulus of biodiesel at 21°C from atmospheric pressure to 35 MPa’, Journal of American Oil Chemists Society, vol 77, no 3, pp 286 - 289 Tesfa, B, Mishra, R, Gu, F & Powles, N 2010, ‘ Prediction models for density and viscosity of biodiesel and their effects on fuel supply system in CI engines’, Renewable energy, vol 35, no 12, pp 2752-2760 Thangavelu, SK, Chelladorai1, P & Ani, FN 2015, ‘Corrosion Behaviour of Carbon Steel in Biodiesel–Diesel–Ethanol (BDE) Fuel Blend’, MATEC web of conferences , vol 27, pp 1011 206 The ARC Centre of Excellence for Integrative Legume Research (CILR), 2013, Thiyagarajan, R & Palaniappan, L 2007, ‘Excess value studies in the mixture of aniline+ 1-propanol+benzene’, Main Group Chemistry, vol 6, no 1, pp 25-30 Thliveros, P, Kiran, EU & Webb, C 2014, ‘Microbial biodiesel production by direct methanolysis of oleaginous biomass’, Bioresour Technol, vol 157, pp 181–187 Toliwal, SD & Javad, K 2009, ‘Inhibition of corrosion of mild steel by phenyl thiosemicarbazides of non-traditional oils’, Journal of Scientific and Industrial Research, vol 68, pp 235-241 Tomic M, Savin, L & Micic, R 2014, ‘Possibility of using biodiesel from sunflower oil as an additive for the improvement of lubrication properties of low-sulfur diesel fuel’, Energy, vol 65, pp 101–108 Toscano, G & Maldini, E 2007, ‘Analysis of the physical and chemical characteristics of vegetable oils as fuel’, J of Ag Eng Riv di Ing Agr, vol 3, pp 39-47 Tyson, KS & McCormick, RL 2006, Biodiesel handling and use guidelines: US Department of Energy, Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Tziourtzioumis, DN & Stamatelos, AM 2017, ‘Experimental investigation of the effect of biodiesel blends on a di diesel engine’s injection and combustion’,Energies, vol 10, pp 970-976 Uma Krishnakumar, Sivasubramanian, V, Selvaraju, N 2013, ‘International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA), vol 3, no 4, pp 2206-2209 Upadhyay, RK, 2015 ‘Cleome viscosa Linn: A natural source of pharmaceuticals and pesticides’, International Journal of Green Pharmacy, vol 9, pp 71-85 Uprety, BK, Chaiwong, W, Ewelike, C & Rakshit, SK 2016, ‘Biodiesel production using heterogeneous catalysts including wood ash and the importance of enhancing byproduct glycerol purity’, Energy Convers.Manag, vol 115, pp 191–199 207 Usta, N, Ozturk, E, Can, O, Conkur, ES, Nas, S, Çon, AH, Can, AC & Topcu, M 2005, ‘Combustion of biodiesel fuel produced from hazelnut soapstock/waste sunflower oil mixture in a diesel engine’, Energy Conversion and Management, vol 46, pp 741-755 Vashistha, KK, Jayant, J & Tiwari, AC 2015, ‘Effect of using blends of soapnut biodiesel with petro-diesel as engine fuels on performance parameters of a single cylinder four stroke diesel engine’, International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET), vol 6, no 7, , pp 28-38 Veljkovic, VB, Lakicevic, SH, Stamenkovic, OS, Todorovic, ZB & Lazic, KL 2006, ‘ Biodiesel production from tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) seed oil with a high content of free fatty acids’, Fuel, vol 85, no 17-18, pp 2671-2675 Velusamy, V & Palaniappan, L 2012, ‘ Ultrasonic study on Biodiesel and diesel mixtures’, Asian Journal of Applied Sciences, vol 5, pp 514-521 Velusamy, V & Palaniappan, L 2016, ‘Effect of pH and Glucose on the Stability of αlactalbumin, Food Biophysics, vol 11, pp 108-115 Verma, OPS & Patel, KL 2004, Emerging Perspectives for Biodiesel in India, Society of Automotive Engineers Inc, pp 28-34 Vicente, G, Martinez, M, & Aracil, J 2005, Brassicacarinata oil methanolysis for biodiesel production’, J Am Oil Chem Soc, vol 82, pp 899- 904 Vijay Kumar, M, VeereshBabu, A & Ravi Kumar, P 2017, ‘Producing biodiesel from crude Mahua oil by two steps of transesterification process’, Aust J Mech Eng, pp 1-6 Vijayalakshmi, GS, Meena Devi, VN, Nagendra Prasad, P 2007, ‘Fuels and Biofuels’, Agrobios (India), Jodhpur Virmani, Paul, Y & Clemena, Gerardo, G 1998, Corrosion Protection- Concrete Bridges, Report Federal Highway Administration, Washington, D.C Viswanathpatil, 2007, ‘The relevance of biofuel’, Current Science, vol 92, no 6, pp 707 208 Vuppaladadiyam, VK, Sangeetha, CJ & Sowmya, V 2013, ‘Transesterification of Pongamia pinnataOil Using Base Catalysts: A Laboratory Scale Study’, Universal Journal of Environmental Research and Technology, vol 3, no 1, pp 113-118 Wagner, M, Lippe, M, Lewandowski, I, Salzer, M & Cadisch, G 2018, ‘ CO2 Footprint of the Seeds of Rubber (Hevea brasiliensis) as a Biodiesel Feedstock Source’, Forests, vol 9, pp – 17 Wang, W, Jenkins, PE & Ren Z 2011, ‘ Heterogeneous corrosion behaviour of carbon steel in water contaminated biodiesel’, Corrosion Science, vol 53, pp 845– 849 Wealth of India 2004, A Dictionary of Indian Raw Materials and Industrial Products, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, New Delhi, vol 1, pp 86-87 Yang, ZN, Liu, YW, Chen, Y 2018, ‘ Linseed Oil Based Amide as Corrosion Inhibitor for Mild Steel in Hydrochloric Acid’, Int J Electrochem Sci, vol 13, pp 514 – 529 Yerrennagoudaru, H, Chandragowda, M, Manjunatha, K & BasavantappaHugar, N 2014, ‘ Experimental investigation of multi cylinder diesel engine using rubber seed oil and diesel’, International Journal of Recent Development in Engineering and Technology, vol 3, no 1, pp 45-50 You, Q, Yin, X, Zhao, Y & Zhang, Y 2013, ‘Biodiesel production from jatropha oil catalyzed by immobilized Burkholderiacepacia lipase on modified attapulgite’ , Bioresour Technol, vol 148, pp 202–207 Yuan, Y, Hansen, A & Zhang, Q 2004, ‘The Specific Gravity of Biodiesel Fuels and Their Blends With Diesel Fuel ‘, Agricultural Engineering International: the CIGR Journal of Scientific Research and Development, Manuscript EE 04 004 vol VI Zohary, D, Hopf, M 2000, Domestication of Plants in the Old World: The Origin and Spread of Cultivated Plants in West Asia, Europe, and the Nile Valley Oxford University Press, New York, United Kingdom pp 328 209 Zuleta, EC, Baen, L, Riosa, LA & Calderón, JA, ‘The Oxidative Stability of Biodieseland its Impact on the Deterioration of Metallic and Polymeric Materials: a Review’, J Braz Chem Soc, vol 23, no 12, pp 2159-2175 Zullaikah, S, Rakhadima, YT, Rachimoellah, M, Widjaja1, T & Sumarno 2014, ‘An Efficient Method for the Production of Biodiesel’, Rice Bran Journal of Proceeding Series, vol 1,pp 351-354 210 SUMMARY In the present study, a detailed analysis was carried out for determining the physicochemical properties of biodiesel extracted from different biodiesel crops The essential parameters such as ultrasonic properties and other important characteristics features for biodiesel such as viscosity, density, flash point, fire point, pour point, cloud point, smoke point, acid value, saponification value, iodine value, cetane number, higher heating value and percentage of free fatty acid with several physical and chemical properties of five different sources of biodiesel was determined The neat oils of these bioenergy crops were also evaluated for corrosion inhibition studies as an effective bioinhibitors The blending technology (B10 & B20) was used for the production of biodiesel from the potential source The present study reveals that the five types of vegetable oils selected for evaluation were found to the potential source for production of biodiesel Among the sources, the biodiesel prepared from Cleome (Cleome viscosa) and Pongamia (Pongamia pinnata) were found to have more desirable characteristics features than other biodiesel source crops The special physical properties such as flash point, fire point, cloud point, pour point revealed very useful information regarding the usability of biodiesel at cold region Ultrasonic properties such as ultrasonic velocity, adiabatic compressibility, acoustic impedance and relaxation time were analysed critically for utilization of biodiesel for feasible operation of combustion ignition engines Based on the analysis Cleome, Pongamia and Rubber were found highly suitable for many of the compression engine used in India The biodiesel obtained through blending process in free from the addition of alcohol and catalyst and showed similar fuel properties to the biodiesel obtained through transesterification The result obtained 160 was compared with the ASTM, EN and BIS specification standards and the results obtained agree with the same The corrosion inhibition efficiency of neat oils of Argemone (Argemone mexicana), Cleome (Cleome viscosa), Pongamia (Pongamia pinnata), Rubber (Hevea brasiliensis) and Soapnut (Sapindus trifoliatus) were carried out by weigh loss measurement using mild steel specimen in acid medium The corrosion parameter like mass loss, corrosion rate, inhibition efficiency and morphological study for bioinhibitors shows that these bioinhibitors has the tendency to form a protective biofilm over the metals or alloy and prevent the further corrosion effect Among these, Cleome oil and Pongamia oil were found to more effective in prevention of mild steel from corrosion attack in acidic medium This study also provided a fundamental data for utilization of non- edible vegetable oil crops as an alternative source of third generation fuels 161 CONCLUSION “The future is Green energy, Sustainability, Renewable energy” The present study concludes the following Ø The bioenergy crops namely Argemone (Argemone mexicana), Cleome (Cleome viscosa), Pongamia (Pongamia pinnata), Rubber (Hevea brasiliensis) and Soapnut (Sapindus trifoliatus) were identified as the potential feed stocks for biodiesel Production Ø Among the various biodiesel production methods, the blending process was found to be a potential method for biodiesel production Ø The physicochemical analysis shows that the selected blends are more suitable to use in compression engine without any modification and the values met with the standarard biodiesel specification Ø The ultrasonic study was found to be novel method for screening the vegetable oil, which is potential for production of biodiesel Ø The corrosion study shows that the neat oil bioinhibitors used in the present study are more effective in the formation of biofilm and inhibit the corrosion of metal in acidic medium Ø The bioenergy crop Argemone mexicana is found as a weed in most of the fallow lands As it is a weed, the cost of production of oil is very less when compared to the agricultural commercial crops The cultivation of this crop through biotechnological methods the yield potential may increase The production and usage of A.mexicana biodiesel will boost the economy Ø The present study on C.viscosa oil has shown that most of the physical and chemical properties evaluated for the biodiesel blends (B10 and B20) falls within the range of ASTM and EN a n d B I S standard values The values are nearer to the conventional diesel properties The production of biodiesel 162 from Cleome had several advantages it grows as wild, thrives on waste land, easy to propagate, seeds not eaten by animals and birds, short duration biodiesel crop and cost of feed stock in Zero budget Ø Pongamia pinnata occurs in wild as well as cultivated along the roadsides and railway tracks as an avenue tree There is a possibility of collecting the seeds in large scale from the natural vegetation without any investment Physicochemical properties of the oil blends are almost equal to or very near to ASTM and EN standards It has great impact on the environmental nitrogen fixation and enhances the nitrogen content in the lithosphere Apart from that, the plant can also be used as an ornamental, medicinal, timber value, biomass source for energy purposes, biomanure and pesticide Because of the above reasons, this plant could be exploited as alternative source for renewable energy Ø In India, Rubber tree (Hevea brasiliensis) is mainly cultivated for its latex and its seed oil was found to be unutilized much Using the rubber seed oil, biodiesel could be produced by blending with conventional diesel at B10 and B20 proportion that satisfies the fuel properties of biodiesel This study indicates that the rubber seed oil as a potential biofuel source and protects the environment from further pollution Ø The physicochemical property reveals that that the Soapnut oil blend B20 could be a potential source for biodiesel It can be directly blend with the fossil fuel at the maximum of 20% Soap nut seed has a great potential source for inhibitory agent for the bio-corrosion of mild steel Ø From the findings of this study, the production of biodiesel from above mentioned non-edible oil provides numerous local, regional and national economic benefits 163 ... parameters on production of biodiesel The cost of biodiesel and demand of vegetable oils can be reduced by non-edible oils instead of vegetable oils Biodiesel can be derived from non-edible vegetable. .. processing and effect of different parameters on production of biodiesel They discussed production of biodiesel from edible oil and extensive use of edible oils for biodiesel production may lead... Value B Blends of Biodiesel B0 Petro diesel B5 percent Blend of Biodiesel B10 10 percent Blend of Biodiesel B20 20 percent Blend of Biodiesel B100 Biodiesel in pure form BIS Bureau of Indian Standards