Oracle8 i Parallel Server Concepts and Administration Release 8.1.5 February 1999 Part No. A67778-01 Oracle8i Parallel Server Concepts and Administration Part No. A67778-01 Release 8.1.5 Copyright © 1999 Oracle Corporation. All Rights Reserved. Primary Author: Mark Bauer. Primary Contributors: Wilson Chan, Andrew Holdsworth, Anjo Kolk, Rita Moran, Graham Wood, and Michael Zoll. Contributors: Christina Anonuevo, Lance Ashdown, Bill Bridge, Sandra Cheever, Carol Colrain, Mark Coyle, Sohan Demel, Connie Dialeris, Karl Dias, Anurag Gupta, Deepak Gupta, Mike Hartstein, Ken Jacobs, Ashok Joshi, Jonathan Klein, Jan Klokkers, Boris Klots, Tirthankar Lahiri, Bill Lee, Lefty Leverenz, Juan Loaiza, Sajjad Masud, Neil Macnaughton, Ravi Mirchandaney, Kant Patel, Erik Peterson, Mark Por- ter, Darryl Presley, Brian Quigley, Ann Rhee, Pat Ritto, Roger Sanders, Hari Sankar, Ekrem Soylemez, Vinay Srihari, Bob Thome, Alex Tsukerman, Tak Wang, and Betty Wu. Graphic Designer: Valarie Moore. 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If you find any errors or have any other suggestions for improvement, please indicate the chapter, section, and page number (if available). You can send comments to the Information Development department using any of the following: ■ Electronic mail: infodev@us.oracle.com ■ FAX: (650) 506-7228 Attn: Oracle Server Documentation ■ Postal service: Oracle Corporation Server Documentation Manager 500 Oracle Parkway Redwood Shores, CA 94065 USA If you would like a reply, please give your name, address, and telephone number below. If you have problems with the software, please contact your local Oracle Worldwide Support Center. iv v Preface This manual describes the Oracle Parallel Server (OPS) and supplements the Oracle8i Administrator’s Guide and Oracle8i Concepts. This manual prepares you to successfully implement parallel processing by providing a thorough presentation of the concepts and procedures involved. Information in this manual applies to OPS as it runs on all operating systems. For information about the differences between Oracle8i and the Oracle8i Enterprise Edition and the available features and options, please refer to Getting to Know Oracle8i. Note: Oracle8i Parallel Server Concepts and Administration contains information that describes the features and functionality of the Oracle8i and the Oracle8i Enterprise Edition products. Oracle8i and the Oracle8i Enterprise Edition have the same basic features. However, several advanced features are available only with the Oracle8i Enterprise Edition, and some of these are optional. For example, to use client application failover, you must have the Enterprise Edition and the Parallel Server Option. vi Intended Audience This manual is written for database administrators and application developers who work with Oracle Parallel Server. Structure Part I: Parallel Processing Fundamentals Part II: Oracle Parallel Server Concepts Chapter 1, "Parallel Processing and Parallel Databases" This chapter introduces parallel processing and parallel database technologies that offer great advantages for online transaction processing and decision support applications. Chapter 2, "Implementing Parallel Processing" This chapter explains how to attain the goals of speedup and scaleup by effectively implementing parallel processing and parallel database technology. Chapter 3, "Parallel Hardware Architecture" This chapter describes the range of available hardware implementations that allow parallel processing, and surveys their advantages and disadvantages. Chapter 4, "How Oracle Implements Parallel Processing" This chapter gives a high-level view of how OPS provides high performance parallel processing. Chapter 5, "Oracle Instance Architecture for Oracle Parallel Server" This chapter explains features of Oracle multiple instance architecture that differ from an Oracle server in exclusive mode. Chapter 6, "Oracle Database Architecture for the Parallel Server" This chapter describes features of Oracle database architecture that pertain to the multiple instances of OPS. Chapter 7, "Overview of Locking Mechanisms" This chapter provides an overview of internal OPS locking mechanisms. Chapter 8, "Integrated Distributed Lock Manager" This chapter explains the role of the Integrated Distributed Lock Manager in controlling access to resources in OPS. vii Part III: OPS System Development Procedures Part IV: OPS System Maintenance Procedures Chapter 9, "Parallel Cache Management Instance Locks" This chapter provides a conceptual overview of PCM locks. The planning and allocation of PCM locks is one of the most complex tasks facing the Oracle Parallel Server database administrator. Chapter 10, "Non-PCM Instance Locks" This chapter describes some of the most common non-PCM instance locks. Chapter 11, "Space Management and Free List Groups" This chapter explains space management concepts. Chapter 12, "Application Analysis" This chapter provides a conceptual framework for optimizing OPS application design. Chapter 13, "Designing Databases for Parallel Server" This chapter prescribes a general methodology for designing systems optimized for OPS. Chapter 14, "Creating a Database and Objects for Multiple Instances" This chapter describes aspects of database creation that are specific to OPS. Chapter 15, "Allocating PCM Instance Locks" This chapter explains how to allocate PCM locks to datafiles by specifying values for parameters in the initialization file of an instance. Chapter 16, "Ensuring IDLM Capacity for Resources and Locks" This chapter explains how to reduce contention for shared resources and gain maximum performance from OPS by ensuring that adequate space is available in the Integrated Distributed Lock Manager for all the necessary locks and resources. Chapter 17, "Using Free List Groups to Partition Data" This chapter explains how to allocate free lists and free list groups to partition data. By doing this you can minimize contention for free space when using multiple instances. Chapter 18, "Administering Multiple Instances" This chapter describes how to administer instances of OPS. Chapter 19, "Tuning to Optimize Performance" This chapter provides an overview of tuning issues. viii Part V: Reference Chapter 20, "Cache Fusion and Inter-instance Performance" This chapter describes Cache Fusion in detail and explains how to monitor Cache Fusion and inter-instance performance. Chapter 21, "Backing Up the Database" This chapter explains how to protect your data by archiving the online redo log files and periodically backing up the datafiles, the control file for your database, and the parameter files for your instances. Chapter 22, "Recovering the Database" This chapter describes Oracle recovery features on a parallel server. Chapter 23, "Migrating from a Single Instance to Parallel Server" This chapter describes database conversion from a single instance Oracle database to a multi-instance Oracle database using the parallel server option. Appendix A, "Differences Among Versions" This appendix describes the differences between this release and previous releases of the Oracle that pertain to OPS. Appendix B, "Restrictions" This appendix lists restrictions for OPS. ix Related Documents Before reading this manual, you should have already read Oracle8i Concepts and the Oracle8i Administrator’s Guide. Conventions This section explains the conventions used in this manual including the following: ■ Text ■ Syntax diagrams and notation ■ Code examples Text This section explains the conventions used within the text: UPPERCASE Characters Uppercase text is used to call attention to command keywords, object names, parameters, filenames, and so on. For example, "If you create a private rollback segment, the name must be included in the ROLLBACK_SEGMENTS parameter of the parameter file." Italicized Characters Italicized words within text are book titles or emphasized words. Syntax Diagrams and Notation The syntax diagrams and notation in this manual show the syntax for SQL commands, functions, hints, and other elements. This section tells you how to read syntax diagrams and examples and write SQL statements based on them. Keywords Keywords are words that have special meanings in the SQL language. In the syntax diagrams in this manual, keywords appear in uppercase. You must use keywords in your SQL statements exactly as they appear in the syntax diagram, except that they can be either uppercase or lowercase. For example, you must use the CREATE keyword to begin your CREATE TABLE statements just as it appears in the CREATE TABLE syntax diagram. x Parameters Parameters act as place holders in syntax diagrams. They appear in lowercase. Parameters are usually names of database objects, Oracle datatype names, or expressions. When you see a parameter in a syntax diagram, substitute an object or expression of the appropriate type in your SQL statement. For example, to write a CREATE TABLE statement, use the name of the table you want to create, such as EMP, in place of the table parameter in the syntax diagram. (Note that parameter names appear in italics in the text.) This list shows parameters that appear in the syntax diagrams in this manual and examples of the values you might substitute for them in your statements: Parameter Description Examples table The substitution value must be the name of an object of the type specified by the parameter. emp ’text’ The substitution value must be a character literal in single quotes. ’Employee Records’ condition The substitution value must be a condition that evaluates to TRUE or FALSE. ename > ’A’ date d The substitution value must be a date constant or an expression of DATE datatype. TO_DATE ( ’01-Jan-1996’, DD-MON-YYYY’) expr The substitution value can be an expression of any datatype. sal + 1000 integer The substitution value must be an integer. 72 rowid The substitution value must be an expression of datatype ROWID. 00000462.0001.0001 subquery The substitution value must be a SELECT statement contained in another SQL statement. SELECT ename FROM emp statement_name block_name The substitution value must be an identifier for a SQL statement or PL/SQL block. s1 b1 [...]... v Part I 1 Parallel Processing Fundamentals Parallel Processing and Parallel Databases What Is Parallel Processing? Parallel Processing Defined Problems of Parallel Processing Characteristics of a Parallel System Parallel Processing for SMPs and MPPs Parallel Processing for Integrated Operations What Is a Parallel Server? ... Elements of Parallel Processing? s What Are the Benefits of Parallel Processing? s What Are the Benefits of Parallel Databases? s What Is the Role of Parallel Execution? s Do You Need Parallel Server? What Is Parallel Processing? This section defines parallel processing and describes its use s Parallel Processing Defined s Problems of Parallel Processing s Characteristics of a Parallel System s Parallel Processing... ELAPSED TIME Processor 1 task (runtime) Figure 1–2 illustrates parallel processing in which a query is divided into multiple, smaller tasks, and each component task executes on a separate instance 1-2 Oracle8i Parallel Server Concepts and Administration What Is Parallel Processing? Figure 1–2 Parallel Processing: Executing Component Tasks in Parallel TOTAL ELAPSED TIME Processors 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10... Restoring and Recovering Redo Log Files 22-9 Disaster Recovery 22-10 Parallel Recovery 22-14 Parallel Recovery Using Recovery Manager 22-14 Parallel Recovery Using Operating System Utilities 22-15 Fast-start Parallel Rollback in OPS 22-16 Managed Standby and Standby Databases 22-16 23 Migrating from a Single Instance to Parallel. .. Parallel Processing s Characteristics of a Parallel System s Parallel Processing for SMPs and MPPs Parallel Processing and Parallel Databases 1-1 What Is Parallel Processing? s Parallel Processing for Integrated Operations Parallel Processing Defined Parallel processing divides a large task into many smaller tasks and executes the smaller tasks concurrently on several nodes As a result, the larger task... The Export and Import Utilities B-1 Compatibility Between Shared and Exclusive Modes B-1 Restrictions B-2 xxviii Maximum Number of Blocks Allocated at a Time B-2 Restrictions in Shared Mode B-2 xxix xxx Part I Parallel Processing Fundamentals 1 Parallel Processing and Parallel Databases This chapter introduces parallel processing and parallel. .. parallel" s Preserving task sequencing for tasks that must execute serially Characteristics of a Parallel System A parallel processing system has the following characteristics: s Each processor in a system can perform tasks concurrently s Tasks may need to be synchronized 1-4 Oracle8i Parallel Server Concepts and Administration ... Overview of Shared Nothing Systems Massively Parallel Systems Summary of Shared Nothing Systems Shared Nothing /Shared Disk Combined Systems Part II 4 3-3 3-5 3-6 3-7 3-7 3-8 3-9 Oracle Parallel Server Concepts How Oracle Implements Parallel Processing Enabling and Disabling Parallel Server Synchronization Block Level... (OLTP) and Decision Support Systems (DSS) The administrator’s challenge is to selectively deploy these technologies to fully use their multiprocessing powers To do this successfully you must understand how multiprocessing works, what resources it requires, and when you can and cannot effectively apply it This chapter answers the following questions: s What Is Parallel Processing? s What Is a Parallel. .. 8.0.4 and 8.1 Cache Fusion Architecture Changes New Views Removal of GMS Parallel Transaction Recovery is now "Fast-Start Parallel Rollback" Changes to Instance Registration Listener Load Balancing Diagnostic Enhancements Oracle Parallel Server Management (OPSM) Parallel Server Installation and . Oracle8 i Parallel Server Concepts and Administration Release 8.1.5 February 1999 Part No. A67778-01 Oracle8i Parallel Server Concepts and Administration Part. between Oracle8i and the Oracle8i Enterprise Edition and the available features and options, please refer to Getting to Know Oracle8i. Note: Oracle8i Parallel