Tổng hợp Cấu trúc anh 7

I Định nghĩa mệnh đề quan hệ Mệnh đề (Clause) phần câu, bao gồm nhiều từ hay có cấu trúc câu Mệnh đề quan hệ dùng để giải thích rõ danh từ đứng trước • Xét ví dụ 1: The woman who is wearing the T-shirt is my girl friend Trong câu phần viết chữ nghiêng gọi relative clause, đứng sau “the woman” dùng để xác định danh từ Nếu bỏ mệnh đề có câu hồn chỉnh: The woman is my girlfriend • Xét ví dụ 2: The girl is Nam's girlfriend She is sitting next to me =>The girl who is sitting next to me is Nam's girl friend Mệnh đề quan hệ thường nối với mệnh đề đại từ quan hệ (relative pronouns): who, whom, which, whose, that Mệnh đề quan hệ có hai loại: mệnh đề quan hệ xác định mệnh đề quan hệ không xác định II Các loại mệnh đề quan hệ Mệnh đề xác định (Defining relative clauses) - Là mệnh đề dùng để xác định danh từ đứng trước nó,cần thiết cho ý nghĩa câu; khơng có câu không đủ nghĩa Tất đại từ quan hệ sử dụng mệnh đề xác định Ví dụ: • Do you know the name of the man who came here yesterday? • The man (whom / that) you met yesterday is coming to my house for dinner ➨ Mệnh đề xác định khơng có dấu phẩy b Mệnh đề không xác định (Non – defining clauses) - Là mệnh đề cung cấp thêm thông tin người vật, khơng có câu đủ nghĩa Ví dụ: Miss Hoa, who taught me English, has just got married ➨ Mệnh đề khơng xác định có dấu phẩy Mệnh đề không dùng “That” III Đại từ quan hệ (Relative Pronouns) Đại từ quan hệ Cách sử dụng - Làm chủ từ mệnh đề quan hệ Vị trí câu Ví dụ I told you about the woman who lives next door … N (person) + WHO + V + O Who The woman who lives next door is a doctor - Thay cho danh từ người - Làm chủ ngữ tân ngữ, đại diện đồ vật, động vật which - Bổ sung cho câu đứng trước Do you see the cat which is lying on the roof? … N (thing) + WHICH + V + O … N (thing) + WHICH + S + V He couldn’t read which surprised me The machine which broke down is working again now - Thay cho danh từ vật whose - Chỉ sở hữu cho người vật - Đại từ dùng để sở hữu cho danh từ người vật, thường thay cho từ: her, … N (person, thing) + WHOSE Do you know the boy whose mother is a nurse? + N + V … I met someone whose brother I went to school with his, their, hình thức ‘s Đại diện cho tân ngữ người whom … N (person) + WHOM + S + V I was invited by the professor whom I met at the conference George is a person whom I admire very much That Đại diện cho chủ ngữ người, vật, đặc biệt mệnh đề quan hệ xác định (who, which có thê sử dụng được) I don’t like the table that stands in the kitchen III Lưu ý sử dụng đại từ quan hệ “THAT”: • Mệnh đề quan hệ xác định: Là mệnh đề cần phải có câu, bỏ mệnh đề khơng có nghĩa rõ ràng Đối với loại câu này, đại từ quan hệ làm tân ngữ bỏ Ta dùng từ that thay cho who, whom, which • Mệnh đề quan hệ khơng xác định: Trước sau mệnh đề phải có dấu (,) Trường hợp ta KHÔNG ĐƯỢC dùng từ “that” thay cho who, whom, which không bỏ đại từ quan hệ mệnh đề Ex1: My father is a doctor He is fifty years old ➨ My father, who is fifty years old, is a doctor Ex2: Mr Brown is a very nice teacher We studied English with him ➨ Mr Brown, who(m) we studied English with, is a very nice teacher • Trường hợp bắt buộc dùng that: - Sau danh từ hỗn hợp (vừa người, vừa vật đồ vật) Ex: We can see a lot of people and cattle that are going to the field - Sau đại từ bất định: Ex: I’ll tell you something that is very interesting - Sau tính từ so sánh nhất, ALL, EVERY, VERY, ONLY: Ex: This is the most beautiful dress that I have You are the only person that can help us - Trong cấu trúc It + be + … + that … (chính …) Ex: It is my friend that wrote this sentence (Chính bạn tơi viết câu này.) • Trường hợp khơng dùng that: - Mệnh đề có dấu (,), ĐTQH có giới từ đứng trước Lưu ý: giới từ đứng trước whom which, khơng đứng trước who that Ví dụ: Peter, who/whom I played tennis with on Sunday, was fitter than me Or: Peter, with whom I played tennis on Sunday, was fitter than me Not: Peter, with who I played tennis on Sunday, was fitter than me IV Trạng từ quan hệ (Relative Adverb) Trạng từ quan hệ sử dụng thay cho đại từ quan hệ giới từ Cách làm làm cho câu dễ hiểu Ví dụ: This is the shop in which I bought my bike ➨ This is the shop where I bought my bike Trạng từ quan hệ when where why WHY: Trạng từ quan hệ why mở đầu cho mệnh đề quan hệ lý do, thường thay cho cụm for the reason, for that reason … N (reason) + WHY + S + V … Ví dụ 1: I don’t know the reason You didn’t go to school for that reason → I don’t know the reason why you didn’t go to school Ví dụ 2: I don't know the reason You didn't go to school for that reason =>I don't know the reason why you didn't go to school WHERE: Trạng từ quan hệ để thay cho từ/cụm từ địa điểm, nơi chốn ….N (place) + WHERE + S + V … (WHERE = ON / IN / AT + WHICH) Ví dụ 1: a/ The hotel wasn’t very clean We stayed t that hotel → The hotel where we stayed wasn’t very clean Ví dụ 2: This is my hometown I was born and grew up here => This is my hometown where I was born and grew up Ví dụ 3: The restaurant where we had Lunch was near the airport WHEN: Là trạng từ quan hệ để thay cho cụm từ/từ thời gian ….N (time) + WHEN + S + V … (WHEN = ON / IN / AT + WHICH) Ví dụ 1: Do you still remember the day? We first met on that day ➨ Do you still remember the day when we first met? ➨ Do you still remember the day on which we first met? Ví dụ 2: I don’t know the time She will come back then ➨ I don’t know the time when she will come back That was the day I met my wife on this day ➨That was the day when I met my wife V Lưu ý cần nhớ mệnh đề quan hệ Nếu mệnh đề quan hệ có giới từ giới từ đặt trước sau mệnh đề quan hệ (chỉ áp dụng với whom which.) Ví dụ: Mr Brown is a nice teacher We studied with him last year • • ➨ Mr Brown, with whom we studied last year, is a nice teacher ➨ Mr Brown, whom we studied with last year, is a nice teacher Có thể dùng which thay cho mệnh đề đứng trước • Ví dụ: She can’t come to my birthday party That makes me sad → She can’t come to my birthday party, which makes me sad Ở vị trí túc từ, whom thay who • Ví dụ: I’d like to talk to the man whom / who I met at your birthday party Trong mệnh đề quan hệ xác định , bỏ đại từ quan hệ làm túc từ:whom, which • Ví dụ: The girl you met yesterday is my close friend The book you lent me was very interesting Các cụm từ số lượng some of, both of, all of, neither of, many of, none of … dùng trước whom, which whose • Ví dụ 1: I have two sisters, both of whom are students She tried on three dresses, none of which fitted her • • Ví dụ 2: Daisy has three brothers All of them are teachers -> Daisy has three brothers, all of whom are teachers Ví dụ 3: He asked me a lot of questions I couldn’t answer most of them -> He asked me a lot of questions, most of which I couldn’t answer KHÔNG dùng THAT, WHO sau giới từ • Ví dụ: The house in that I was born is for sale VI Mệnh đề quan hệ rút gọn - Reduce Relative Clauses Active: Nếu mệnh đề quan hệ mệnh đề chủ động rút thành cụm phân từ (V-ing) Ví dụ: - The man who stands at the door is my uncle => The man who is / was standing at the door is my uncle - The man who stood at the door is my uncle.=> The man standing at the door is my uncle Passive: Ta dùng past participle (V2ed) để thay cho mệnh đề đề quan hệ mang nghĩa bị động Ví dụ: - The woman who is / was given a flower looks / looked very happy => The woman given a flower looks / looked very happy Rút thành cụm động từ nguyên mẫu - Infinitive relative clause (active / passive) Mệnh đề quan hệ rút thành cụm động từ nguyên mẫu (To-infinitive) trước đại từ quan hệ có cụm từ: the first, the second, the last, the only hoặchình thức so sánh bậc Ví dụ a Active: - The first student who comes to class has to clean the board The first student to come to class has to clean the board b Passive: - The only room which was painted yesterday was Mary’s The only room to be painted yesterday was Mary’s Notes: Chúng ta không sử dụng active hay passive to-infinitive sau an Ex1: Chọn đáp án để hoàn thành câu sau chọn đáp án có câu gần nghĩa với câu gốc: She is talking about the author book is one of the best-sellers this year A which B whose C that D who He bought all the books are needed for the next exam A that B what C those D who The children, parents are famous teachers, are taught well A that B whom C whose D their Do you know the boy we met at the party last week? A which B whose C who D whom The exercises which we are doing very easy A is B has been C are D was The man _ next to me kept talking during the film, _ really annoyed me A having sat / that B sitting / which C to sit / what D sitting / who Was Neil Armstrong the first person foot on the moon? A set B setting C to set D who was set This is the village in my family and I have lived for over 20 years A which B that C whom D where My mother, everyone admires, is a famous teacher A where B whom C which D whose 10 The old building is in front of my house fell down A of which B which C whose D whom The climate was very bad All the plants couldn't grow well I'm very tired I couldn't keep my eyes open 10 That boy is very lazy He never does his homework Ex5: Combine these pairs of sentences using "such that": Tom was a tall man He could almost touch the ceiling Mary is a good swimmer She has won two gold medals He drank strong coffee He couldn't go to sleep It was a long walk The children got tired He told interesting stories They all like him The boy made rapid progress It surprised everybody He had a difficult exercise He couldn't it The speaker gave a long talk Most of the audience felt sleepy We watched an exciting competition We didn't want to go home 10 It was an excellent show We all enjoyed it Ex1: Use SO or SUCH, TOO, ENOUGH: The sun shone _ brightly that she had to put on her glasses There were _ few students registered that the class was cancelled We had _ wonderful memories of that place that we decided to return It was a nice day that we decided to go to the beach The book looked _ interesting that we decided to read it Ray called at _ an early hour that we weren’t wake yet There were many people on the bus that we decided to walk The benefit was _ a great success that the promoters decided to repeat it I’ m not rich _to help you 10 This room is _ dark for us to study Ex2: Rewrite the following sentences as directed: (dùng thêm cấu trúc “such… that” “too” “enough”) It was such an expensive house that nobody can buy it → The house was so The food was so good that we ate all of it → It was The patient was too weak to get up → The patient was so This room is too dark for me to study → This room is so This room is too small for us to take the meeting → This room isn’t _ The test was so difficult that we couldn’t it → The test was not The map is so old that I couldn’t read it → The map is too _ He spoke so fast that we couldn’t hear him well → He didn’t Ex3 Hoàn thành đoạn văn với so / such Finland is (1) _ a nice place to go on winter holidays The winter there is (2) _ mild and welcoming! You can snowboarding, skating, skiing or any other winter sport, there are (3) _ many possibilities We found (4) _ a lovely hotel, and it was (5) _ a short walk to the skiing slope Well, winter season in Finland is not (6) _ cheap as we expected, but we had (7) _ a great time there It is (8) _ tempting to come there every winter, again and again Ex4: Combine these pairs of sentences using "too to", “enough”, “so….that”, “such…that”: The bag was very heavy She couldn't carry it He is very old He can't run She is very young She can't go to school Tom is very short He can't play volleyball It's very late We can't go to the movies The question was very hard We couldn't answer it The TV program is very exciting The children won't miss it You're very young You can't drive that car She was tired She didn't go anywhere 10 These shoes are very small I can't wear them Ex6: Rewrite the sentences using "enough" instead of "too to": He is too old to wear this colored shirt She is too weak to carry this box This pen is too expensive for me to buy Bill was too stupid to understand what I had said This bag is too heavy for her to carry The test was too difficult for them to I'm too poor to help you with the money This book is too dull to read The room is too dark for us to study 10 The shelf is too high for her to reach Ex7 Combine each of the following pairs of sentences into one sentence using too/enough/so…that/such…that You are very young You can't have a front-door key It is very cold We can't bathe Would you be very kind and answer this letter by return? I am rather old I can't wear that kind of hat The ladder wasn't very long It didn't reach the window He hadn't much money He couldn't live on it (Omit it.) He was furious He couldn't speak The fire isn't very hot It won't boil a kettle Tom was very foolish He told lies to the police 10 You are quite thin You could slip between the bars Ex8 Viết lại câu không thay đổi nghĩa The room is so tidy that it took us one hour to clean it.⇒ It is The man is so fool that no one took any notice of him.⇒ He is The film is so long that they can't broadcast it on one night.⇒ It is The books are so interesting that we have read them many times.⇒ They are The news was so bad that she burst into tears on hearing it.⇒ It was The food was so hot that it turned my tongue.⇒ It was There is so much rain that we can't go out.⇒ There is such The boy is so fat that every calls him Stuffy.⇒ He is The milk is so excellent that all the children want some more.⇒ It is 10 The weather was so warm that they had a walk in the garden.⇒ It was Ex1 Dùng câu cảm thán với “what” “how” để viết lại câu sau This girl is very intelligent ⇒ What _ ⇒ How _ They are interesting books! ⇒ What _ ⇒ How _ It is a sour orange ⇒ What ⇒ How _ She cooks a delicious meal ⇒ What It is a boring story ⇒ What Ex2 Rewrite the sentence which uses the structure "as as", starts by the given words I'm quite tall but you are taller → I'm not My salary is high, but yours is higher → My salary isn't You know a bit about cars, but I know more → You don't know _ It's still cold, but it was colder yesterday → It isn't _ I still feel quite tired I felt, but a lot more tired yesterday → I don't _ Our neighbors have many friends, but we have more → Our neighbors haven't _ I was a bit worried before the exam, but usually I'm a lot more worried → I wasn't _ I know them better than you → You don't There are fewer people at this meeting than at the last one → There aren't 10 I go out less than I used to → I don't _ Ex3 Matt changed his life style He stopped doing some things and started doing other things: | studying hard He stopped | going to bed early | running three miles every morning | sleeping late He started | going out in the evening | spending a lot of money Write sentences about Matt with used to and didn't use to He used to stud hard He didn't use to sleep late _ _ _ _ Ex4 Combine each pair of sentences, using ENOUGH and TOO 21 These exercises are easy You can them _ 22 Those oranges are ripe We can eat them _ 23 My sister was tired She didn’t go to work _ 24 The book is small I can put it in my pocket 25 The boy is tall He can reach the top shelf _ 26 Those shoes are large You can’t wear them _ 27 Your brother was clever He could this exercise in a few minutes _ 28 We were late We couldn’t see the first part of the play _ 29 She has much money She can buy that dictionary _ 30 The children were very eager They started playing without me _ Ex5 Điền từ thiếu vào chỗ trống Sử dụng cấu trúc too to enough to He wasn’t heavy _ become a navy soldier I’m busy _ eat with you tonight The Shirt isn’t good He’s not patient _ be a doctor It’s pm It’s late the museum He couldn’t run fast _ catch the bus It’s nice _ go outside We have seats for all people here She’s _ busy come up to our party tonight 10 We haven’t people form four groups 11 Anna is _ young _ drive a car 12 There is _ flour _ make thirty loads of bread 13 We were far away turn around 14 The cellar was dark for him _ see 15 The tea is _ cold for me drink Ex6 Dùng câu cảm thán với “what” “how” để viết lại câu sau It is a dirty bowl ⇒ What His picture is very perfect ⇒ How _ Tom drives is very careful ⇒ How _ That is an interesting book ⇒ What _ She cooks a delicious meal ⇒ What _ It is a terrible dish ⇒ What _ These boys are very naughty ⇒ What _ ⇒ How His drawing is very perfect ⇒ How He writes very carelessly! ⇒ How 10 This girl is very intelligent ⇒ What _ ⇒ How _ 11 They are interesting books! ⇒ What _ ⇒ How 12 It is a sour orange ⇒ What ⇒ How _ Ex1: Viết câu cảm thán sử dụng từ gợi ý sau: Lovely/ dress Tight/ shoes Beautiful/ flowers Awful/ weather Smooth/ hair Ex2 Viết lại câu sau với từ cho sẵn: The weather today is so beautiful => How _ => What _ The chocolate is so sweet => How => What These questions are so difficult => How => What _ Ex3.Dùng câu cảm thán với “what” “how” để viết lại câu sau He is very gentle ⇒How _ My mother buy a cute shirt ⇒What Flowers are smelt very odorous ⇒What _ She is very beautiful ⇒How It is a cute baby ⇒What _ Ex4 Fill in the comparison with as as John is (tall) _ Glen Janet is (beautiful) Jenifer You are (crazy) _ my sister We can run (fast) _ they can My mom is (not/ strict) _ your mum Your mobile phone is (not/ trendy) mine Matrix II was (not/ interesting) _ Matrix I This yoghurt (not/ taste/ good) _ the one I bought yesterday I can (many/ press-ups) you 10 I (not / earn/ much/ money) _ you Ex5 Write the comparison of equality for the sentences below Use the words in brackets John is meter 80cms tall Dave is meter 80cms tall (John/be/tall) _ Seville has temperatures of 40ºC Cordova has temperatures of 40ºC (Seville/be/hot) _ John is not very clever Mary is cleverer (John/be/clever) _ The blue car is not expensive The red car is more expensive (The blue car/be/expensive) _ Mrs Jones talks very quietly Mrs Smith talks more loudly (Mrs Jones/talk/loudly) _ The brown house is 100 years old The green house is 100 years old (The brown house/be/old) Steve did not well in the English test Melissa did better in the English test (Steve/do/well) _ The impala runs 90km per hour The cheetah runs 120km per hour (The impala/run/fast) _ The first exam was difficult The second exam was difficult too (The first exam/be/difficult) _ 10 Ciudad Real is not very beautiful Seville is more beautiful (Ciudad Real/be/beautiful) _ Ex6 Complete the second sentences so that it has a similar meaning to the first I usually stayed up late to watch football matches last year, but now I don’t I used There were some trees in the field, but now there aren’t any There used Anna doesn’t live with her parents any more Anna used _ He is not a poor man any more, but he become a rich businessman He used _ They didn’t often go to the cinema every Sunday last year They didn’t use _ My hair now is much longer than that in the past In the past my hair used I don’t have time to collect stamps as when I was in primary school I used Did you often go to the beach when you lived in Nha Trang? Did you use Mr Hung often went to work by motorbike, but now he goes to work by bus Mr Hung 10 There were traffic jams in this street during rush hours, but now the street become wider There _ Ex7 Chia động từ ngoặc: When I was a child, I used (dream) of being an astronaut I'm terribly nervous I'm not used (speak) to a large audience It took us ages to get used (live) in an apartment house Lots of trains used (stop) here, but not many now Didn't Nick use _ (work) on a building site? I'll have an orange juice, please I'm not used _ (drink) alcohol David doesn't seem to mind being in hospital I suppose he's got used _ (be) there When Laura was at college, she used (have) a picture of Elvis Presley on her bedroom wall There used (be) a cinema here but it was knocked down a few years ago 10 When she arrived in Britain, she wasn't used (drive) on the left, but she soon got used to it Ex8 Combine each pair of sentences, using ENOUGH and TOO The moon is very bright We can play outdoors I have enough money I can pay this bill My sister is old She can drive a car The weather was fine We could go camping This coat is thin I don’t wear it in winter Robinson isn’t rich He can’t buy a house He was unexperienced He couldn't the job You are young You can’t have a front– door key He was poor He couldn’t live on it 10 The buffalo isn’t big He can’t harm you 11 The ice is quite thick We can’t walk on it 12 The tea isn’t strong It won’t keep us awake 13 This novel is interesting We can read it 14 We thick you are strong enough You can lift this table 15 This kind of rubber is good We can use it to make tires for car 16 He has no time He can’t finish this word 17 My friend is quite well She can it again 18 This exercise is very difficult Her pupils can’t it _ 19 There isn’t enough time This students can’t write this essay _ 20 It’s warm tonight We can go out _ ... got (water) we have Used to cấu trúc ngữ pháp tiếng Anh sử dụng để nói tới kiện xảy khứ mà không xảy Hoặc việc sử dụng cấu trúc use to để nhấn mạnh khác biệt khứ Cấu trúc Used to Khẳng định: S... cịn lạ lẫm gặp khó khăn với việc Cấu trúc to GET USED TO (Dần quen với) - Cấu trúc To get used to + V-ing/ noun - Cách dùng Được sử dụng để nhấn mạnh nội dung cấu trúc việc dần quen với vấn đề/sự... rượu khơng thích bia) Neither Lan nor Mai is his girlfriend (Cả Lan Mai bạn gái anh ta) Cấu trúc "either or " Cấu trúc "Either or " mang nghĩa "hoặc Either + N + or + N Ví dụ: - Hung wants to