Cisco Press 201 W 103rd Street Indianapolis, IN 46290 Cisco CCNP Routing Exam Certification Guide Clare Gough chpt_01.book Page iii Thursday, December 21, 2000 6:22 PM iv Cisco CCNP Routing Exam Certification Guide Clare Gough Copyright © 2001 Cisco Press Cisco Press logo is a trademark of Cisco Systems, Inc. Published by: Cisco Press 201 West 103rd Street Indianapolis, IN 46290 USA All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without written per- mission from the publisher, except for the inclusion of brief quotations in a review. Printed in the United States of America 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Number: 00-105173 ISBN: 1-58720-001-5 Warning and Disclaimer This book is designed to provide information about Cisco routing. 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Publisher John Wait Editor-in-Chief John Kane Executive Editor Brett Bartow Cisco Systems Program Manager Bob Anstey Managing Editor Patrick Kanouse Acquisitions Editor Amy Lewis Development Editor Andrew Cupp Production Editor Marc Fowler Copy Editor Krista Hansing Technical Editors Jorge Aragon Steve Gifkins Martin Walshaw Steve Wisniewski CD-ROM Question Authors David Barnes Martin Walshaw CD-ROM Technical Editors Steve Gifkins Mike Truett Team Coordinator Tammi Ross Book Designer Gina Rexrode Cover Designer Louisa Klucznik Production Team Octal Publishing, Inc. 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Access Registrar, AccessPath, Are You Ready, ATM Director, Browse with Me, CCDA, CCDE, CCDP, CCIE, CCNA, CCNP, CCSI, CD-PAC, CiscoLink, the Cisco NetWorks logo, the Cisco Powered Network logo, Cisco Systems Networking Academy, Fast Step, FireRunner, Follow Me Browsing, FormShare, GigaStack, IGX, Intelligence in the Optical Core, Internet Quotient, IP/VC, iQ Breakthrough, iQ Expertise, iQ FastTrack, iQuick Study, iQ Readiness Scorecard, The iQ Logo, Kernel Proxy, MGX, Natural Network Viewer, Network Registrar, the Networkers logo, Packet, PIX, Point and Click Internetworking, Policy Builder, RateMUX, ReyMaster, ReyView, ScriptShare, Secure Script, Shop with Me, SlideCast, SMARTnet, SVX, TrafficDirector, TransPath, VlanDirector, Voice LAN, Wavelength Router, Workgroup Director, and Workgroup Stack are trademarks of Cisco Systems, Inc.; Changing the Way We Work, Live, Play, and Learn, Empowering the Internet Generation, are service marks of Cisco Systems, Inc.; and Aironet, ASIST, BPX, Catalyst, Cisco, the Cisco Certified Internetwork Expert Logo, Cisco IOS, the Cisco IOS logo, Cisco Press, Cisco Systems, Cisco Systems Capital, the Cisco Systems logo, Collision Free, Enterprise/Solver, EtherChannel, EtherSwitch, FastHub, FastLink, FastPAD, IOS, IP/TV, IPX, LightStream, LightSwitch, MICA, NetRanger, Post-Routing, Pre-Routing, Registrar, StrataView Plus, Stratm, SwitchProbe, TeleRouter, are registered trademarks of Cisco Systems, Inc. or its affiliates in the U.S. and certain other countries. All other brands, names, or trademarks mentioned in this document or Web site are the property of their respective owners. The use of the word partner does not imply a partnership relationship between Cisco and any other company. (0010R) Cisco Systems has more than 200 offices in the following countries. Addresses, phone numbers, and fax numbers are listed on the Cisco Web site at www.cisco.com/go/offices Argentina • Australia • Austria • Belgium • Brazil • Bulgaria • Canada • Chile • China • Colombia • Costa Rica • Croatia • Czech Republic • Denmark • Dubai, UAE • Finland • France • Germany • Greece • Hong Kong • Hungary • India • Indonesia • Ireland Israel • Italy • Japan • Korea • Luxembourg • Malaysia • Mexico • The Netherlands • New Zealand • Norway • Peru • Philippines Poland • Portugal • Puerto Rico • Romania • Russia • Saudi Arabia • Scotland • Singapore • Slovakia • Slovenia • South Africa • Spain Sweden • Switzerland • Taiwan • Thailand • Turkey • Ukraine • United Kingdom • United States • Venezuela • Vietnam • Zimbabwe chpt_01.book Page v Thursday, December 21, 2000 6:22 PM vi About the Author Clare Gough is a Cisco Certified Internetworking Engineer(CCIE #2893) and was a Cisco Certified Systems Instructor for the ICRC, ACRC, CIT, CLSC, and CID courses. She holds a master's degree in education and a mas- ter's degree in information systems. Over the last 15 years, she has developed and taught a variety of networking and internetworking courses throughout the world for Digital Equipment Co. and various Cisco training partners. She moved from England in 1991 and now lives in San Francisco with her family. About the Technical Reviewers Jorge Aragon (CCIE #5567) is a network engineer with Perot Systems Corporation (PSC) in Dallas, Texas. He holds a bachelor of science degree in electrical engineering from the National Polytechnic Institute in Mexico, and has a master of science degree in telecommunications from the University of Pittsburgh. He also holds an MCSE certification and several of Cisco's specializations. Jorge is part of the PSC Global Infrastructure team, where he designs, implements, and troubleshoots LAN and WAN networks for clients in multiple industries across the globe. He enjoys spending time with his wife and children, reading, jogging, and practicing martial arts. Jorge can be reached at jorge.aragon@ps.net. Steve Gifkins is a CCIE and CCSI of four and five years, respectively. He is based in the United Kingdom, where he runs his own independent Cisco-only consulting and training business. He is married with no children, and his hob- bies include anything to do with outdoor life. Having retired with a knee injury from playing active sports such as squash, rugby, and soccer, he has taken up new hobbies in horse eventing and show jumping. In addition, he enjoys skiing and hill scrambling. Martin Walshaw is a CCIE (#5629), CCNP, and CCDP. He is a systems engineer working for Cisco Systems in the enterprise line of business in South Africa. His areas of specialty are multiservice (voice and video) as well as secu- rity, which keeps him busy both night and day. During the last 12 years or so, Martin has dabbled in many aspects of the IT industry, ranging from programming in RPG III and Cobol to PC sales. When Martin is not working, he likes to spend all his available time with his wife, Val, and his son, Joshua. Without their patience, understanding, and sup- port, projects such as this would not be possible. Steve Wisniewski is CCNP certified and has a master of science degree from Stevens Institute of Technology in Telecom Management. Steve works for Lehmqan Brothers as a senior implementation specialist implementing Cisco switches and routers. He has also previously edited several other Cisco books and recently authored a book entitled Network Administration . Steve lives in East Brunswick, New Jersey, with his wife, Ellen. chpt_01.book Page vi Thursday, December 21, 2000 6:22 PM vii Dedications This book is dedicated to David and Jack, who make everything worthwhile. chpt_01.book Page vii Thursday, December 21, 2000 6:22 PM viii Acknowledgments All books are the product of a team, and I have been blessed with a dedicated and professional team, whose expertise in their given areas have made this book. Over the course of writing this book and its predecessor, I have come to think of members of this team as friends as well as colleagues. In particular, I would like to thank John Kane, the editor in chief, and Drew Cupp, the development editor, who were always there with solutions and support. My thanks go also to Amy Lewis for her understanding and flexibility. Of course, I thank all the members of the Cisco Press team helping to bring this book together, including the project editor, Marc Fowler, and the copy editor, Krista Hansing. The technical editors, Steve Gifkins, Martin Walshaw, Jorge Aragon, and Steve Wisniewski, were extremely thor- ough. Their careful attention to detail and constructive advice improved this book immeasurably. I would particu- larly like to thank Jorge Aragon and Steve Wisniewski who went the extra mile by testing configurations and producing output screens. I would also like to thank Wendell Odom, who led me into the art of book writing and has ever generously shared his expertise. Of course, I am immensely grateful to my husband, David, for his support, in spite of the long hours demanded by this book, and to our small son, Jack, for making me laugh and see the joy of life. chpt_01.book Page viii Thursday, December 21, 2000 6:22 PM ix Contents at a Glance Chapter 1 Cisco Certifications, the Routing Exam, and This Book's Features Chapter 2 Managing Scalable Network Growth Chapter 3 IP Addressing Chapter 4 IP Routing Principles Chapter 5 Using OSPF in a Single Area Chapter 6 Using OSPF Across Multiple Areas Chapter 7 Using EIGRP in Enterprise Networks Chapter 8 Connecting to Other Autonomous Systems—The Basics of BGP-4 Chapter 9 Implementing and Tuning BGP for Use in Large Networks Chapter 10 Controlling Routing Updates Across the Network Chapter 11 Scenarios for Final Preparation Appendix A Answers to Quiz Questions Appendix B Sample Configurations Appendix C Glossary chpt_01.book Page ix Thursday, December 21, 2000 6:22 PM x Contents Chapter 1 Cisco Certifications, the Routing Exam, and This Book’s Features 3 Goals of This Book 4 This Book’s Intended Audience 5 Overview of Cisco Certifications 6 Exams Required for Certification 8 What’s on the Routing 2.0 Exam 9 Cisco Routing Exam Outline File Excerpts From CCO 9 Author’s Note About Exam Content 12 Topics in This Book 13 How to Use This Book to Pass the Exam 15 I’ve Taken BSCN—Now What? 17 I’ve Taken the Old ACRC Course—Now What? 17 I’ve Taken the Cisco Networking Academy Courses—Now What? 18 I’m New to Internetworking with Cisco, and I Will Not Be Taking the BSCN Course—Now What? 19 I’ve Learned a Lot About CCNP Topics Through Experience, But I Will Not Be Taking the BSCN Course—Now What? 20 The Features of This Book 21 Command Syntax Conventions 21 References and Suggested Reading 22 Strategies for The Exam Day 22 Conclusion 23 Chapter 2 Managing Scalable Network Growth 25 How to Best Use This Chapter 25 “Do I Know This Already?” Quiz 26 Foundation Topics 30 Introduction to Corporate Networks—Growth, Scalability, and Congestion 30 Key Requirements of a Network 31 Reliability 31 Responsiveness 31 Efficiency 32 chpt_01.book Page x Thursday, December 21, 2000 6:22 PM xi Adaptability/Serviceability 32 Accessibility/Security 32 Factors That Increase Network Traffic 33 Identifying the Problems Created by Network Congestion 33 Traffic Analysis and Network Design 33 Problems Created by Network Congestion 34 Excessive Traffic 34 Dropped Packets 35 Retransmission of Packets 35 Incomplete Routing Tables 35 Incomplete Server Lists 36 The Spanning-Tree Protocol Breaks 36 Runaway Congestion 37 Symptoms of Congestion 37 Applications Time Out 38 Clients Cannot Connect to Network Resources 38 Network Death Results 38 Creating a Network That Meets the Key Requirements 38 Cisco’s Hierarchical Design 39 Why Scaling Reduces Congestion 39 How Hierarchical Is Hierarchical? 39 The Functions of Each Layer 39 General Design Rules for Each Layer 40 IP Access Lists: Alleviating Congestion with Cisco Routers 41 Cisco Proprietary Solutions 42 Managing Network Congestion for IP 42 The Implementation of IP Access Lists 42 IP Access List Overview 43 Guidelines for Writing Access Lists 46 Uses of IP Access Lists 49 Security Using Access Lists 49 Controlling Terminal Access 49 Prioritization 52 Types of Prioritization 52 Reducing Network Traffic: Alternatives to Access Lists 53 Null Interface 53 CPU Considerations and Additional Methods for Controlling Network Traffic 55 Fast, Autonomous, and Silicon Switching 56 Cisco Express Forwarding 56 chpt_01.book Page xi Thursday, December 21, 2000 6:22 PM xii Placement of Client/Server 57 Design Principles of a Client/Server Network 57 IP Helper Address 57 Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol 58 Tunneling into IP 59 Conclusion 62 Foundation Summary 63 Chapter Glossary 66 Q&A 67 Scenarios 72 Scenario 2-1 72 Scenario 2-2 74 Scenario 2-3 74 Scenario Answers 75 Scenario 2-1 Answers 75 Scenario 2-2 Answers 76 Scenario 2-3 Answers 77 Chapter 3 IP Addressing 81 How to Best Use This Chapter 81 “Do I Know This Already?” Quiz 82 Foundation Topics 86 Introduction: What Is a Layer 3 Address and How Does It Affect My Life? 86 Case Study 86 The Need for Layer 3 Addressing 86 The Network and How It Is Addressed 87 An IP Address 89 Why IP? 89 Network and Host Addressing 90 The Internet Mask 90 The Subnet Mask 92 Prefix Routing/CIDR 96 A Definition of Prefix Routing/CIDR 96 Problems with IP Addressing and the Internet 97 chpt_01.book Page xii Thursday, December 21, 2000 6:22 PM [...]... unveiled, and the Routing exam was one of those The Routing 2.0 exam replaced the old ACRC exam; this is why the exam is called Routing 2.0 sometimes, even though there was never a Routing 1.0 exam To certify for CCNP, you must pass multiple exams This book deals with the Routing 2.0 exam Sylvan Promteric exam #640-503 The qualifying exams, the CCNA and the CCDA, require only a single exam The exams generally... the Routing 2.0 exam more topics are covered on the exam than are in the course Table 1-1 outlines the exams and the courses with which they are most closely matched Table 1-1 Exams and Courses by Certification Level Certification Exam Number Name CCNA #640-507 CCNA exam Interconnecting Cisco Network Devices (ICND) CCDA #640-441 DCN (or CCDA) exam Designing Cisco Networks (DCN) CCNP #640-503 Routing exam. .. Switching exam Building Cisco Multilayer Switched Networks (BCMSN) #640-505 Remote Access exam Building Cisco Remote Access Networks (BCRAN) #640-509* Foundation exam BSCN, BCMSN, and BCRAN #640-506 Support exam Cisco Internetwork Troubleshooting (CIT) #640-503 Routing exam BSCN #640-504 Switching exam BCMSN #640-505 Remote Access exam BCRAN #640-509* Foundation exam BSCN, BCMSN, and BCRAN #640-025 CID exam. .. Matching Exam Requirements * Exam #640-509 meets the same requirements as passing these three exams: #640-503, #640-504, and #640-505 Therefore, you can substitute exam #640-509 for those three exams, but you can expect a longer exam that covers the material in the other three exams chpt_01.book Page 9 Thursday, December 21, 2000 6:22 PM What’s on the Routing 2.0 Exam 9 Be cautioned that, although the exam. .. exam is current and fair What’s on the Routing 2.0 Exam Every one of us would like to know exactly what is on the Routing 2.0 exam, as well as the other Cisco certification exams Well, to be honest, exactly what is on the exam is a very closely guarded secret Only those who write the questions for Cisco and who have access to the entire question database truly know what is entirely on the exam The Routing. .. Routing 2.0 exam content that is made known by Cisco to the public is general You can find a list of Cisco exams and the general outline that accompanies each exam at www.cisco.com/warp/public/10/wwtraining/certprog/testing /exam_ list.htm You will have to download the outline for each exam The following section contains excerpts from the Routing exam outline downloaded file Cisco Routing Exam Outline... Chapter 1: Cisco Certifications, the Routing Exam, and This Book’s Features The Routing 2.0 exam is not an easy exam This is to say that you cannot simply read one book and expect to pass it In fact, the exam is surprisingly difficult; this is so that Cisco can be sure that everyone who passes the test thoroughly understands the subject matter on a conceptual level and is not just good at exams More importantly,... passing an exam If you are looking for a new job, not only might passing an exam help you land the job, but it may actually help you make more money chpt_01.book Page 8 Thursday, December 21, 2000 6:22 PM 8 Chapter 1: Cisco Certifications, the Routing Exam, and This Book’s Features Exams Required for Certification In 2000, Cisco initiated a major revamping of the career certification exams Several new exams... of which CCNP and CCDP are a part Cisco developed Routing and Switching career tracks, WAN Switching career tracks, and several specialization career tracks Thus far, the Routing and Switching career tracks, which begin with CCNA/CCDA certification, have proven to be the most popular and make up the heart of Cisco certification The Routing exam required for CCNP/ CCDP certification is part of the Routing. .. (CCO) The Routing exam is a computer-based exam, with multiple-choice, fill-in-the-blank, and list-in-order style questions The exam can be taken at any Sylvan Prometric testing center (1-800-829-NETS, www.2test.com) The exam will take about 75 minutes and has approximately 60 questions You should check with Sylvan Prometric for the exact length of the exam (Be aware that when you register for the exam, . Cisco CCNP Routing Exam Certification Guide Clare Gough chpt_01.book Page iii Thursday, December 21, 2000 6:22 PM iv Cisco CCNP Routing Exam Certification. Certifications 6 Exams Required for Certification 8 What’s on the Routing 2.0 Exam 9 Cisco Routing Exam Outline File Excerpts From CCO 9 Author’s Note About Exam Content