air conditioning a practical introduction 3rd edition pdf

1 ■' ■: ■■* AIR CONDITIONING A PRACTICAL INTRODUCTION 3RD EDITION DAVID V CHADDERTON www.FreeEngineeringbooksPdf.com www.FreeEngineeringbooksPdf.com Air Conditioning David Chadderton's Air Conditioning is the complete introduction and reference guide for students and practitioners of air conditioning design, installation and maintenance The scientific principles involved are introduced with the help of case studies and exercises, and downloadable spreadsheets help you work through important calculations New chapters on peak summertime air temperature in buildings without cooling systems, air duct acoustic calculations and air conditioning system cost enhance the usefulness to design engineers Case studies are created from real life data, including PROBE post-occupancy reports, relating all of the theoretical explanations to current practice Trends and recent applications in lowering energy use by air conditioning are also addressed, keeping the reader informed of the latest sustainable air conditioning technologies Over 75 multiple choice questions will help the reader check on their progress Covering both tropical and temperate climates, this is the ideal book for those learning about the basic principles of air conditioning, seeking to understand the latest technological developments, or maintaining a successful heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) practice anywhere in the world David V Chadderton is a retired consulting engineer in Victoria, Australia He was formerly the Principal LectLirer in Building Services Engineering at Solent University and was a Senior Lecturer at Oxford Brookes University www.FreeEngineeringbooksPdf.com www.FreeEngineeringbooksPdf.com Air Conditioning A practical introduction Third edition David V Chadderton O Routledge § Tiiylor 8i Francis Group U O N D O N A N D N E W YORK www.FreeEngineeringbooksPdf.com First edition published 1993 by Routiedge Second edition 1997 This third edition published 2014 by Routiedge Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, 0X 14 4RN and by Routiedge 711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017 Routiedge is an imprint o f the Taylor S Francis Group, an informa business © 1993, 1997, 2014 David V, Chadderton The right of David V, Chadderton to be identified as author of this work has been asserted by him in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 All rights reserved No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers Trademark notice' Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Chadderton, David V (David Vincent), 1944Air conditioning : a practical introduction / David V Chadderton, - Third edition pages cm Includes bibliographical references and index, Air conditioning L Title TH7687.C43 2014 697.9'3-dc23 2013040197 ISBN13: 978-0-415-70338-3 (pbk) ISBN13: 978-1-315-79406-8 (ebk) Typeset in Frutiger Light by Cenveo Publisher Services MIX “ P.p«troiT ™ wo™ ibl lourcM FSCC013056 Printed and bound in Great Britain by TJ International Ltd, Padstow, Cornwall www.FreeEngineeringbooksPdf.com Contents List of figures List of tables Preface Acknowledgements Introduction List of units and constants List of symbols xi xiv xvi xviii xix xx xxii Uncooled low energy design Learning objectives Key terms and concepts Introduction Peak summertime temperature Solent case study Queens Building case study Questions 11 Air conditioning systems 16 Learning objectives 16 Key terms and concepts 16 Introduction 17 The decision to air condition 17 Methods of system operation 18 Low cost cooling 19 Air handling zones 21 Single duct variable air temperature 100% fresh air (SDVATF) 23 Single duct variable air temperature with recirculation (SDVATR) 23 Single duct variable air temperature multiple zones (SDVATM) 24 Single duct variable air volume (SDVAV) 24 www.FreeEngineeringbooksPdf.com vi Contents Single duct variable air volume and temperature (SDVAVT) 27 Single duct variable air volume perimeter heating (SDVAVPH) 27 Single duct with induction units (SDI) 27 Single duct with fan coil units (SDFC) 29 Single duct with reversible heat pump (SDRHP) 30 Dual duct with variable air temperature (DDVAT) 30 Dual duct with variable air volume (DDVAV) 33 Independent unit (lU) 35 Split system (SS) 36 Reversible heat pump (HP) 40 Chilled ceiling (CC) 40 District cooling (DC) 40 Project building 40 Airport system 40 Questions 45 Heating and cooling loads 48 Learning objectives 48 Key terms and concepts 49 Introduction 49 Solar and internal heat gains 49 Sun position 51 Shading effects 60 Around the world 70 Design total irradiance 76 Sol-air temperature 79 Heat transmission through glazing 80 Heat gains through the opaque structure 84 Plant cooling load 87 Energy used by an air conditioning system 93 Bourke Street case study 93 The Shard case study 98 Balance temperature 100 Questions 101 Psychrometric design Learning objectives 107 Key terms and concepts 107 Introduction 108 Properties of humid air 108 Summary of psychrometric formulae 118 Psychrometric processes 120 Heating 120 www.FreeEngineeringbooksPdf.com 107 Contents vii Cooling 124 Mixing 127 Steam humidification 131 Direct injection humidification 135 Questions 138 System design Learning objectives 140 Key terms and concepts 141 Introduction 141 Ven tila tion requiremen ts 141 Air handling equations 142 Plant air flow design 153 Coordinated system design 156 Mass cooling 169 Hollow core concrete floors 171 Labyhnth cooling 171 Questions 175 Ductwork design Learning objectives 178 Key terms and concepts 178 Introduction 178 Air pressure in a duct 179 Variation of pressure along a duct 181 Pressure changes at a fan 196 Flow measurement in a duct 199 Duct system design 205 Duct sizing workbook 213 Questions 215 Controls 218 Learning objectives 218 Key terms and concepts 219 Introduction 219 Components 219 Sensors and actuators 220 Terminology 224 Control system diagram 226 Heating and ventilating control 227 Single duct variable air temperature control 231 Single duct variable air volume control 233 Chilled water plant 236 www.FreeEngineeringbooksPdf.com viil Contents Building energy management systems 239 Electrical wiring diagram 242 Questions 245 Commissioning and maintenance Learning objectives 249 Key terms and concepts 250 Introduction 250 Commissioning 250 Information requirement 251 Visual data 252 Electrical items 253 Setting to work 253 Duct air leakage test 255 Air flow regulation 258 Instruments 260 Gas detectors 26 Ventilation rate measurement 262 Commissioning control systems 262 Commissioning sequence 264 Maintenance scfiedule 264 Questions 266 Fans Learning objectives 269 Key terms and concepts 270 Introduction 270 Fan types 270 Fan cfiaracteristics 276 Fan data 280 Fan testing 283 Duct system characteristics 283 Fans in series 284 Fan power 285 Motor protection 287 Control 288 Commissioning and maintenance 299 Questions 299 10 Fluid flow Learning objectives 304 Key terms and concepts 304 Introduction 304 www.FreeEngineeringbooksPdf.com 372 Answers to questions install a reverse cycle packaged air ditioning unit fo r the ir home, adding an o th e r kW o f electrical demand Copy the Oldham improved file and save it as Oldham unpowered Delete the occupants, lightin g and the entire electrical load The uninhabited house remains com fortable w ith an average fgj o f 22.9°C and a peak o f 24.3°C The problem is not the insulated house It is the electrical dem and th a t occupants create w h ich causes overheating and a need fo r a mechanical cooling system W ill our craving fo r m odern living overcome the objectives o f The Kyoto Protocol (1990), and HM G overnm ent Carbon Plan (2011)? It is possible W h a t you think? 16 Air conditioning systems 11 , \N Peak, — r Peak, kW 80 510 40.8 Sept 13.00 80 477 38.16 June 09.00 W 80 477 38.16 June 17.00 N 80 161 8 July 13.00 Side Glass, n ? S E Date Time, h Plant refrigeration load peak is n o t fo u n d from the sum o f the peaks o f each side 27 Rotating drum , compressed air jet, spinning disc, steam injection, capillary cells, sprayed coil, pan hum idifier, ultrasonic hu m id ifier and infrared evaporator 29 A m bien t air, ground w ater, rivers o r lakes, sea w ater, air cooled condenser, dry air cooler, open circuit cooling to w e r and evaporative condenser Heating and cooling loads 44.8 m to ta l height 46.15 m + 5.593 m = 744 m, 3.25 m each vertical height 20 139 m, sloping face length 20.59 m and area 617.7 m^ 52°, 69.3° D 69°, F 87°, 44.3 m^ 10 D O ° , F 33°, 686.9 m-^ 11 From CIBSE the m axim um may occur on 22 Septem ber at 12.00 h, 625 W /m ^, Ijy^ 710 W /m ^, /¿Hd 190 W /m ^, / t 5(J 878.4 W /m ^ Check o th e r dates and times 12 /pvd 303 W /m ^, Op 1569.5 W , Qd 1738.8 W , to ta l 3308.3 W 13 /Qsd 632 W /m ^, Op 872 W , Od 256 W , to ta l 1128 W 14 fg 39.8°C , 324 W /m ^, to ta l T 0.52 15 fg 4.8°C , - W /m ^, to ta l T - 0.34, heat flo w outw ards from room 16 Fu 0.54, Fv 0.92, Fy 0.96, Ou 264 W, Ou 2402 W , net Ou 2666 W 17 Fu 0.98, Fv 0.5, Fy 0.88, Ou 6 W , Ou - W, net Ou 454 W 18 Solar gain th ro u g h the glazing 4 W , 24 hour mean conduction th ro u g h the structure —151 W, swing in the conduction gain - W , ventilation air in filtra tio n - W, occupancy gain 180 W, electrical eq uipm ent emission 500 W, to ta l heat gain 3684 W www.FreeEngineeringbooksPdf.com Answers to questions 373 19 fu 94, Fy 0.93, Fy 0.89, Fi 1.17, solar gain th ro u g h the glazing 14208 W, 24 hour mean conduction th ro u g h the structure - 5 W, net swing in the conduction gain 2324 W, o u td o o r ventilation air in filtra tio n - W, in d o o r air in filtra tio n 1216 W, occupancy gain 3600 W , electrical equipm ent emission 5050 W , mean conduction gain from be lo w 6545 W, total net gain 30477 W, 30.477 kW, 14.5 W /m ^ o f the office volume 20 485 W 22 Total mean gain Q 1586 W , mean fg, 24.7°C , to ta l swing in gains Ôt 4095 W, fgj 3.2°C , peak fgj 27.9°C 23 M ean internal gain 48 kW, mean fg, 21.2°C , to ta l swing in gains Ôt 399.375 kW , fgj 3.3°C , peak environm ental tem pe rature fg, 24.5°C 25 73 nim 26 5.473 m2 28 Net gain o f 531 W 32 (c) approxim ately 10.6°C Psychrometric design % , 0.846 m ^/kg, 10.1°C, 41.7 kJ/kg, 0.0077 kg /kg Entry 0.0038 k g /k g , 9.45 kJ/kg, 0.778 m ^/kg, 0°C dew point Exit 30°C d.b., 14.5°C w b., 14% saturation, m ^/kg 40 kJ/kg, 0°C dew point Entp/ 12°C d.b., 4.1°C w b , % , 0.0 017 k g /k g , 16.5 kJ/kg, 0.81 m ^/kg, - ° C dew point Heated to 37°C d.b., 15.3°C w b , % , 0.00175 k g /k g , 41.5 kJ/kg, 0.881 m ^/kg, - ° C dew point 15.8°C d.b., 14.8°C w b., % , 0.0102 kg /k g , 41.5 kJ/kg, 0.832 m ^/kg, 14.4°C H um idified dew point O u td o o r % , 0.0 1 k g /k g , 60.3 kJ/kg, 0.875 m ^/kg, 16.3°C dew point Cooled 11.1°C w b., 0 079 k g /k g , 32 kJ/kg, 10.5°C dew point O u td o o r 58 % , 0.0141 k g /k g , 64 kJ/kg, 0.872 m ^/kg, 19.2°C dew point Cooled 5°C d.b., 5°C w b , 100% , 0 k g /k g , 18.6 kJ/kg, 0.7 94 m ^/kg, 5°C dew point Reductions o f 45 kJ/kg and 0.0 087 kg /k g 26°C d.b., 18.6°C w b., % , 0.0103 k g /k g , 52.4 kJ/kg, 0.861 m ^/kg, 14.4°C dew point M ixed 17.4°C d.b., 13°C w b., 61 % , 0 076 k g /k g , 36.5 kJ/kg, 0.833 m ^/kg, 9.8°C dew point Heated ‘^C d.b., 19.5°C w b., % , 0.0076 k g /k g , 54.8 kJ/kg, 0.883 m ^/kg, 9.8°C , de w point Hum idified 24°C d.b., 19.3°C w b., % , 0.0121 k g /k g , 54.8 kJ/kg, 0.858 m ^/kg, 16.9°C, dew point Duty 54 922 kW 13.779 kW Inlet 52% , 0 k g /k g , 63.3 kJ/kg, 0.8 74 m ^/kg, 18.5°C, dew point Cooled 12.1°C w b., 0.0084 k g 'k g , 34.4 kJ/kg, 0.821 m ^/kg, 1.4°C d e w point Duty 132.265 kW 10 163.5 kW 11 M ixed 23.7°C d.b., 0.010 k g /k g , 55 % , 17.5°C w b., 49.5 kJ/kg Cooled 7.8°C d.b., 0.0063 kg /kg , % , 7.4°C w b , 23.7 kJ/kg Duty 145 kW, 41.232 ton ne refrigeration, condensate 74.867 kg/h 12 - ° C w b., 0.7615 m ^/kg, 0 019 k g /k g , 10% , 76.428 kW 13 14.2°C w b., % saturation, 055 kW 14 9.6°C d.b., 0.0 075 k g /k g , 38.7 kJ/kg, 0.839 m ^/kg, 13.9°C w.b 15 No, 21.2°C w b , 0.877 m ^/kg, 6.681 kW 16 ps 9808 kPa, gs 0 188 k g /k g , fo r fj| 16°C ps 1.8159 kPa, pv 1.276 kPa, g 0.00793 kg /k g , PS 42 % , h 44.3, kJ/kg pv 1276 Pa, y 0.8523 m^ per kg dry air, density 1.173 kg/m ^, f^jp 11.03°C Accuracy is acceptable fo r most purposes 17 Ps 0,6 564 kPa, gs 0.0 040 k g /k g , fo r fj| 0.5°C ps 0.633 kPa, pv 0.6 kPa, g 0.0037 k g /k g , PS 91 % , h 26 kJ/kg, \j 0.781 m^ per kg dry air, density 1.28 kg/m ^, -0 °C www.FreeEngineeringbooksPdf.com 374 Answers to questions 18, ps 4.751 kPa, 0.0306 kg /k g , fo r fj, 22°C ps 2.641 kPa, pv 1.966 kPa, g 0.0123 k g /k g , PS % , h 63.65 kJ/kg, y 0.881 per kg dry air, density 1.135 kg /m ^, t(jp 17.3°C System design 1.999 m^/s Q 1.2 m^/s, SH 7.287 kW Q m^/s, ts 15.1“ C 3.891 m^/s m^/s, SH 16.49 kW 1.68 m^/s, fs 33°C Summer 5.315 m^/s, H 12.8 0.863 m^/s, 5.58 v, q.822 m ^/s, M 6.466 ' f W in te r fs 28.3°C d.b., i/ recalculated fs 28°C d.b 1.454 m^/s, gs 0.008 825 kg /kg f ratio 0.96, 6.722 m^/s, 10 0 077 09 kg /kg All a irflo w s I/s, fresh air inlet 960, to ta l supply 12821, o ffic e supply 10630, office extract duct 9942, corndor supply and extract 1962, to ile t supply duct 229, transfer grille into corndor and to ile t 688, to ile t separate exhaust 917, plant exhaust 43, plant recirculation duct 11861 11 9.846 m^/s, 0.0073 kg /kg 12 0.4 m^/s, fs 7°C d.b., 0.007 kg /k g 13 S H g a in 13.75 kW, 2.83 m^/s, 0.00725 kg /k g 14 Summer SH gain 12.974 kW, 14.4 W /m ^, Q 1.331 m ^/s, N 5.3 air changes/h, g, 0.0 08 905 kg /k g , gs 0.0 08 590 kg /kg , fresh air pro p o rtio n 22 5% , fm 24 4°C d.b., fm 17.8°C w b., 50 kJ/kg, 0.856 m ^/kg, supply 15°C d.b., 13°C w b., cooling coil 20.665 kW W in te r SH loss 9.57 kW, 10.6 W /m ^, 1-331 m^/s, mixed air fm 14.5°C d.b., gm 0.006 kg /k g , room % saturation produced, hm 29.75 kJ/kg, 0.822 m ^/kg, supply 25 1°C d.b., 14.7°C w b., 40.55 kJ/kg, heating coil 17.488 kW 15 Summer SH gain 2.928 kW, 19.5 m^/s, N 9.6 air changes/h, to ta l 402 I/s w here 121 I/s enters from the h o t duct at 23°C and 281 I/s is fro m the cold d u c t at 13°C, g$ 0.008282 kg /k g , fresh air 6% W in te r f j 23°C d.b., fm 19°C d.b., to ta l supply Q 402 I/s com pnsing 268 I/s, 25°C fro m th e hot duct plus 134 I/s at 19°C from the cold duct Ductwork design 1.183 kg/m ^ 46.6°C d.b 245 Pa, kPa, 1226 Pa, 2942 Pa, 25 kPa 3.82 m /s m^/s, 2.26 m^/s, 6.28 m^/s, 25.13 m^/s 10 1.145 kg/m ^, 28 Pa, - Pa 11 1.181 kg/m ^, 10.2 m /s, 361 Pa 12 Node Pt, Pa Pv, Pa Ps Pa 600 22 578 595 22 574 591 62 529 573 62 511 www.FreeEngineeringbooksPdf.com Answers to questions 13 Node Pi, Pa P „ Pa P „ Pa 250 240 237 42 29 29 146 146 221 211 91 -1 Node Pt, Pa Pv, Pa Ps, Pa 400 320 144 126 221 221 38 38 179 99 106 89 14 Static: regain SR, (^53 - ■Ps2) = l 15 Node P,, Pa Pv Pa Ps, Pa 200 165 145 145 36 36 2 164 129 143 143 S ta tic regain SR, - Ps2) = 16 Node Pr, Pa Pv, Pa P „ Pa 400 391 389 379 375 365 21 21 30 30 23 23 379 370 360 349 352 342 Static regain SR, (Pjb - Ps2) = 17 Node P(, Pa Pv, Pa Ps, Pa 200 183 183 175 170 166 36 36 16 16 38 38 164 147 167 159 132 128 Static regain SR, (P53 - P52) = 20 Pa www.FreeEngineeringbooksPdf.com 375 376 Answers to questions 18 1/1 15.3 m /s, Pvi 136 Pa, 1/2 12.5 m /s, Pv2 91 Pa, Psi - 8 Pa, P ti - 7 Pa, P;2 1162 Pa, p t2 Pa, FTP 2000 Pa, FVP 91 Pa, FSP 1909 Pa 19 There is m ore than one correct solution to this question Duct sizes can be: Section 1-2 1200 mm x 1500 mm; Section -4 600 m m x 600 mm; Section -6 1200 mm x 700 mm; Section -7 800 mm x 400 mm; Section -8 Section 1200 mm x 500 mm Length, 1m Ap Pa ' m m V — s Pv Pa k 1-2 0.05 2.3 3 2-3 0.07 2.3 0.07 Fitting, Pa Duct, Pa Total, Pa 10 10 * 105 105 * 3^ 2.16 11.7 82 0.04 3 4-5 0.24 5.1 15 0.36 29 29 * * 5-6 16 0.24 5.1 15 0.35 * 6-7 0.42 15 1.25 49 49 * 6-8 15 0.31 4.5 12 0.09 31 36 Total Ap for index route Index route * 206 Pa 20 There is more than one correct solution to this question Duct sizes can be: Section 1-2; 2000 mm x 1600 mm; Section -3 ; 1350 mm x 1600 mm; Section -4 ; 650 mm x 650 mm; Section -6 ; 1000 mm x 800 mm; Section -7 ; 800 mm x 600 mm; Section -8 ; 800 m m x 450 mm Section Length, I m Ap Pa ' m V m - s Pv P a k Pa Fitting, Pa Duct, Pa Total, Pa 1-2 0 2 2.1 5 2-3 0.06 2.9 0.07 225 226 1r 3^ 2.9 14.9 133 0.45 60 60 ir 4-5 0 7.9 37 0.04 5 7.9 37 0.35 13 29 42 0.81 7.7 35 1.25 114 78 33 0.09 73 45 5-6 48 6-7 6-8 45 Index route * Total A p for index route *r 118 456 Pa Controls 6.25 volt, 1250 ohm 500 ohms 23 Vapour compression reciprocating, scroll, screw and centrifugal Absorption, gas-fired, v/aiste heat supplied www.FreeEngineeringbooksPdf.com Answers to questions 377 Commissioning and maintenance A llow a ble leakage 169 I/s, test leakage 161 I/s, duct passes test Assume du ct air ps is 300 Pa to estim ate p 1.234 kg/s, A p 2256 Pa, test orifice flo w Q 100 I/s, fo r a d u ct air leakage o f 100 I/s, ps is 290 Pa, w atch f o r X ' / ' ^ fun ction, h is 29.6 mm H2O A llow a ble leakage 151 I/s, leakage flo w on test 185 I/s, duct fails test Fans 30 F2 6.3 kg, 31 FVP 34 Pa, 32 A/i 20 Hz, N2 16 Hz, O2 6667 I/s, A p 267 Pa,P2 33 A t the design air flo w , po w e r 4.2 86 at the closed dam per air flo w , po w e r 0.857 kVA, phase kVA, 5267,5 W curre nt 1.19 ampere 34 Q m^/s, FTP 90 Pa, 1.2 kVA, 1.7 amp 35 1200 I/s, FTP 680 Pa, 2.3 kVA, 3.2 amp 36 0 I/s, FTP 550 Pa, 5.6 kVA, 7.8 amp 37 A nnual energy costs (a) £979.87, (b) £822.35, (c) £620.30, (d) £426.53 Annual cost savings (b) £157.52, (c) £359.57, (d) £553.34 10 Fluid flow 1.014 kg/s 15 mm 15 m ni 0.107 kg/s, 22 mm 0.311 kg/s, 28 mm 0.6 kg/s, 35 mm 1.12 kg/s, 42 mm 1.881 kg/s 54 mm 3.801 kg/s, 1,264 kg/s, ,4 I/s, 22 mm 1,13 I/s, 28 mm 2.3 I/s, 35 mm 4.19 I/s, 42 m m 7.11 I/s, 54 mm 14.56 I/s 0.5 m^/s Q 0.782 m^/s, 1/ 4.92 m /s 10 d, mm 12 0.3 200 250 350 450 600 11 For LTHW and 3.5 kW, M 0.07 kg/s; fo r LTHW and 420 kW , M 8.345 kg/s; fo r HTHW and 3.5 kW, M 02 kg/s; fo r HTHW and 420 kW, M 3.296 kg/s 12 M 0.497 kg/s, 28 mm pipe, A p / / 330 Pa/m, 1/ 0.941 m /s 13 M 4.3 16 kg/s, 54 mm, A p / / 630 Pa/m, v 2.11 m/s, 14 For Table X copper pipes, LTHW M 1.987 kg/s, d 54 m m , A p / / 150 Pa/m, v 0.96 m /s For galvanised m etal duct, M 8.2 35 kg/s, Q 7.331 m^/s, d 1,1 m, A p / / 0.475 Pa/m, 1/ 7.72 m /s www.FreeEngineeringbooksPdf.com 378 Answers to questions D istribute the air handling plan t around the building to m inim ise air duct runs and supply each plant w ith LTHW pipew ork I For Table X copper pipe, LTHW, M 1.49 kg/s, d 35 m m , A p / / Pa/m , v 1.83 m /s, pum p head H 57.5 kPa, pu m p po w e r consum ption 370.3 W For galvanised steel air duct, Q 5.498 m^/s, d 0.9 m, A p / / Pa/m , y 8.64 m /s, fan pressure rise H 196.875 Pa, fan po w e r consum ption 1.665 kW 17 Stored energy 35.2 kW h, heater input po w e r 4.4 kW 18 Storage capacity 864 MJ, heater po w e r 30 kW , tank needs to be 2.9 07 m x 2.907 m x m high 19 Cooling load 11 kW, com pressor runs fo r 30 m inutes per h o u r fo r fo u r runs o f 7.5 m inutes each, chilled w a te r storage tank size is 4.44 m x 4.4 m x m I I Air duct acoustics 87 dBA 91 dBA 10 86, 83, 80, 78, 74, 70, 65, 58, 48 dB 1 83, 82, 81, 79, 77, 75, 72, 69, 65 22 72 dB 23 82 dB 24 NR 35, yes 25 NR 55, not suitable, m ore atten uatio n required or use a d iffe re n t fan 26 NR 20, highly suitable 27 M axim um NR allow ed in a library is NR 35 m o f lined d u ct reduces higher frequencies to below NR 30 28 m of lined du ct reduces the cntical 500 Hz SPL to NR 35 suitable fo r a lounge 29 W ith o u t duct a tte n u a tio n the restaurant experiences ju st over NR 60 and this is unacceptable; NR 40 is needed A serious problem is the harshness of the room , every surface is hard, bouncing sound and creating m ultiple echoes w ith a reverberation tim e o f 2.5 s a t 1000 Hz, the m ost noticeable fo r listening H anging 250 m^ of acoustic panels from the ceiling and 100 m^ o f drapes to hide some of the stone w all halves reverberation tim e but does not reduce room sound below NR 60; additionally lining m o f du ct lowers the room to NR 35; this w o u ld greatly im prove the aural en viro nm en t w ith o u t perm anently losing the in te rio r heritage style 12 Air conditioning system cost No model answers 13 Question bank 1.3 2.5 3.5 4.5 5.5 6.3 7.5 8.5 9.5 10.4 11.5 12.5 13.3 14.3 15.3 16.4 17.5 18.4 19.3 20.3 21.5 22.4 23.3 24.5 25.1 26.5 39.4 27.4 28.3 29.4 30.5 31.5 32.2 33.4 34.3 35.5 36.2 37.3 38.3 40 41.5 42.5 43.3 44.5 45.3 46.3 47.1 48,3 49.3 50,5 51.5 52.3 53.4 54.3 55.3 56.4 57.4 58.5 59.1 60.5 61.5 62.5 63.2 64.5 65.2 66.3 67.5 68.4 69.5 70.4 71.4 72.4 73.5 74.4 75.5 76.5 www.FreeEngineeringbooksPdf.com Answers to questions 14 Understanding units 1.4 2,4 3.2 4.3 5.5 6.3 7.4 8.5 9.4 10.5 1.4 12.3 13.4 14.5 15,5 16.2 17.5 18.4 19.5 20 21, 22.1 23.1 24 25.3 26.2 27.1 28.2 29.5 30.2 31.3 32.3 33.5 34,2 35.5 36 37.3 38.3 39.3 40.5 41.1 42.5 43.3 44.3 45.1 47.1 49.3 50.5 www.FreeEngineeringbooksPdf.com 379 References and further reading AIRAH Technical Handbook, edition 5, 2013, The Australian Institute o f Refrigeration, A ir C o nd ition ing and Heating, http://w vw v.airah,org.au AS 1460-1983 Acoustics-M ethods fo r the de term in ation o f noise rating numbers, http://infostore sa iig lob al com /store/ BSRIA (2010) Soft Landings Framework and CIBSE Building Log Book Toolkit Bundle, Chartered lns.titution of Building Services Engineers, h ttp ://w w w cib se o rg / Building Services, The CIBSE Journal, Chartered Institution o f Building Services Engineers, h ttp :.//w w w cibsejournal.com / Cement and Concrete Association o f Australia (2002) The Labyrinth under Federation Square, M elbo urne , Mix, 10, July Chadderton, David V (1997) Building Services Engineering Spreadsheets, E & F N Spon, London Chadderton, David V (2013) Building Services Engineering, sixth edition, Routledge, A bing don CIBSE (1997) The Quest for Comfort, Centenary 1897-1997, Centenary o f the CIBSE Heritage Gro'up CIBSE Com m issioning Code A (2004) A ir D istribution, Chartered Institution o f Building Services Encgineers, h ttp ://w w w cib se o rg / CIBSE Com m issioning Code B (2002) Boilers, Chartered Institution o f Building Services Encgineers, http ://w w w cib se o rg / CIBSE Com m issioning Code C (2009) A u to m a tic Controls, Chartered Institution of Building '.Services Engineers, h ttp ://w w w cib se o rg / CIBSE Com m issioning Code R (2002) Refrigerating Systems, Chartered Institution of Building Services Engineers, h ttp ://w w w cib se o rg / CIBSE Com m issioning Code W (2010) W ater D istribution Systems, Chartered Institution o f Building Services Engineers, h ttp ://w w w cib se o rg / CIBSE Guide A (2006) Environm ental Design, Chartered Institution o f Building Services Engineers, h ttp ://w w w cib se o rg / CIBSE Guide B (2005) Heating, V entilation, A ir C o nd ition in g and Refrigeration, C hartered In stitu tio n o f Building Services Engineers, http ://w w w cib se o rg / CIBSE Guide C (2007) h ttp ://w w w cib se o rg / Reference Data, Chartered Institution of Building Services Engineers, CIBSE Guide H (2001) Building C ontrol Systems, Chartered Institution o f Building Services Engineers, h ttp ://w w w cib se o rg / CIBSE Guide M (2008) M aintenance Engineering and M anagem ent, Chartered Institution o f B uilding Services Engineers, http ://w w w cib se o rg / CIBSE KS02 (2005) M anaging Your Building Services (CIBSE Knowledge Series KS2), Chartered lns.titution o f Building Sen/ices Engineers, h ttp ://w w w cib se o rg / www.FreeEngineeringbooksPdf.com References and further reading 381 CIBSE KS04 (2005) Understanding Controls (CIBSE Know ledge Series KS4), Chartered Institution o f Building Services Engineers, h ttp ://w w w cib se o rg / CIBSE PROBE reports available fo r members to w n loa d from : https://vw w cibse.org/m em bersservices/ downloads/listings.asp?pid=373 CIBSE TM 26 (2000) Hygienic M aintenance o f O ffice V entilation D u ctw ork, Chartered Institution o f Building Services Engineers, h ttp ://w w w cib se o rg / CIBSE TM31 (2006) Building Log Book T oolkit (includes tem plates on CD-ROM), Chartered Institution o f B uilding Services Engineers, h ttp ://w w w cib se o rg / CIBSE TM 52 (2013) The Limits o f Thermal C o m fo rt: A voiding O verheating in European Buildings, Chartered Institution o f Building Services Engineers, h ttp ://w w w cib se o rg / DUALL Project (1996) Q ueen's Building, De M o n tfo rt University, Leicester, PROBE 4, Building Services Journal, April, h ttp://d uall.ie sd.dm u.a c.u k/1 01 0bu ildin gs/ HVCA (1995) Heating and V en tila ting C ontractors Association, HVCA Green Building o f the Year Award, h ttp ://w w w h vca o rg u k/in d e x.p h p HM G overnm ent Carbon Plan (2011) The D epartm ent o f Energy and Clim ate Change, DECC, W hitehall Place, London, S W A A W , h ttp ://w w w d e cc.g o v.u k H oneywell (1997) Engineering M anual o f A u to m a tic C ontrol fo r Com m ercial Buildings, https://cu sto m er honeywell.com Johnson Controls (2008) Building A u to m a tio n System over IP (BAS/IP), Design and Im plem entation Guide, http://w w w cisco co m Kyoto Protocol (1997) h ttp ://u n fccc.in t/kyo to _p ro to co l/ite m s/2 p h p Low Energy C ooling (n.d.) G ood Practice Guide 5, h ttp ://w w w islin g to n g o v.u k Moss, B (1991) A New A pproach to Airports, The CIBSE Journal, 13(10), O ctober, p.22, h ttp ://w w w cib se jo u rn a l.co m / Siemens AG Dow nload Center A pp (n.d.) http://w w w sie m ens.co m Spon's Mechanical and Electrical Services Price Book 2013, 4 th edition, Davis Langdon, Routledge, h ttp ://w w w p rice b o o ks.co u k TermoDc'ck International Ltd (n.d.) h ttp ://w w w te rm o d e ck.co m / The Australian Institute o f Refrigeration, A ir-C o n d itio n in g and Heating (1997) A pplication M anual DA20, Hurnid Tropical A ir C o nd ition in g, h ttp ://w w w a ira h o rg a u The Governmient's Energy Efficiency Best Practice Programme (1997) New Practice Case Study 102, 1997 www.FreeEngineeringbooksPdf.com Index Absorption coefficient 323 Automatic controls 251 Absorptivity 79 Axial flow 272 Acceleration due to gravity 362 Azimuth 51 Acoustic power 329 Acronyms 349 Backward curved 272 Actuator 220 Balance temperature 100 Adelaide 73 Balancing damper 279 Admittance 7, 51, 84, 170 Barometric pressure 100 Aerodynamic forces 286 Belt drive 273 Aerofoil 271 Bernoulli 113, 179 Aerosols 264 Bi-metallic cut-out 287 Air change rate 95 Biocide 265 Air conditioning 2,1 7, 279, 349 Blue sky radiation 51, 60, 72 Air density 144, 180, 280 Building management system, B M S 240, 349 Air ductwork 345 Bourke Street 93, 172 Air duct lining 327 Building air leakage Air duct sizing 205 Building pressurisation test 352 Air filter 273 Air flo w control 289 Carbon plan 349 Air handling zones 21 Capacity step 239 Air intake 96, 155, 162, 235, 252, 274, 327 Caravan 13, 177, 371 Air mass flow rate 143 Catalyst 261 Air quality 354 Celsius 367 Air static pressure 46, 154, 254, 257, 280 Centrifugal 272 Air temperature 2, 79 Changeover system 28 Air volume flow rate 144 Characteristic cun/es 276 All-in labour cost 342 Chilled beam 356 Altitude 51 Chilled ceiling 40 Analogue 220 Chilled water 19, 28, 73, 8 , 93, 124, 232 23i Anem om eter 260 Chlorine 265 App 108, 156, 219 Combined heat and power, CHP Apparent power 285 Circuit breaker 263, 299 Around the world 70 Climate 19, 70, 371 Atmospheric contaminants 289 Coanda effect 25 Atmospheric pressure 284, 362 Cold bridge 74 Attenuation 326 Colebrook and W hite equation 305 Attenuators 273 Commissioning 264, 343 Auto transformer control 288 Compressor load control 225 www.FreeEngineeringbooksPdf.com Index Condensation 167 Enthalpy control 226 Conductivity 262 Environmental temperature Containme'nt 22 Evaporation 150 Contammdnts 279, 289 Evaporative cooling Controlled condition 224 Evaporative cooling tower 20 Controlled variable 224 Evaporator 238 Controller 224 Exhaust air 142 Controller action 225 Exponential 364 Controls 24, 218 Cooling coil load 159 Fabric energy storage 169 Cooling load 71, 238, 291 Fan 17, 352 Cooling tow er 264, 351 Fan coil unit 29, 165 Cost of material 344 Fan laws 281 Cost variations 342 Fan motor power 276 Cyclic model Fan noise spectrum 324 Cyclone 74 Fan performance curve 236, 277 Fan static pressure 197, 277 Damper 179, 198, 213, 220 Fan testing 283 Data transmission 349 Fan total pressure 196, 276 Dead time 224 Fan velocity pressure 196, 280 Decibel 322 Fans in series 284 Decrement factor 85 Filter 154, 179, 198 Dehumidification 70, 97, 124 Flow 99, 120, 125 Delta connection 288 Flow measurement devices 199 Density of air 142 Fluid flow rate and pressure drop rate 305 Density of water 364 Fluid properties 310 Desired value 224 Forward curved 271 Design total irradiance 76 Frequency 324, 366 Detector 226 Frequency inverter 289 Dew point 116 Fresh air intake 18, 162 Diffuse irradiance 60 Direct irradiance 62 Gas detector 261 Direct and reverse acting 226 Gas energy 75, 8 , 93, 97, 98, 99 Direct digital control 244 Glass temperature 80 Directivity 323 Green building 351 Discomfort Guide vanes 235, 272, 284 District cooling 40 Drive belt 274 Heat balance 143 Dry bulb temperature 109 Heat gains 17, 50 Dual duct 30, 176 Heating and cooling coils 29 Dubai 73 Heating coil load 161 Duct 352 Heating load 25, 99 Duct fittings 181 Duct air leakage test 255 HM Government Carbon Plan, 2011 349 Duct sizing 208, 213 Homes 18, 71, 75, 93 Ductwork schematic 153 Hong Kong 55, 71 Dumping 25 Hot dry climate 70 Hollow concrete floors 169, 171, 316 Hot humid climate 73 Economy cycle 96, 289 Humidification 17, 36, 70, 124 Electrical energy 15, 80, 93, 235, 294 Humid air 363 Electrical equipment 49 Humidity 351 Electrical units 365 Electrochemical 262 Impeller diameter 281 Emissions 349 Impeller efficiency 279 Emissivity 79 Energy 349 Independent unit 35 Enthalpy 108, 114 Index route 207 Incidence 51 www.FreeEngineeringbooksPdf.com 383 384 Index Induction unit 27 Olympic velodrome 12 Infiltration 49 Opaque structure 50, 79, 84 Ingress 45, 73, 74, 170, 284, 288 Opening force 273 Inspection 254 Operating point 292 Instruments 200, 223, 260 Operative temperature 50, 72 Intermittent heat gam 49 Optimunn start time 227 Internal heat gains Orientation 21 Inverter 350 Outdoor air 141 Irradiance 2, 3, 5, 49 Overhead costs 342 Overheating Joule 365 Overheat protection 287 Overloading 279 Kelvin 351, 367 Kilo volt ampere 286 Packaged units 36, 74, 93, 239 Passivhaus Labour cost 342 Peak demand 93, 99 Labour total 344 Peak solar gains 21 Labyrinth 171 Peak sunnmertime temperature Latent heat 150 Perimeter heating 27 Legionella 351 Percentage saturation 109 Legionnaire's disease 264 Limiting air velocity 206 Pitot - static tube 179 London 98, 342 Plant air flow 153 Low cost cooling 32 Plant cooling load 84 Low energy building 2, 353 Plant room 18, 24, 74, 235 Lower explosive limit 141 Pneumatic actuator 223 Pneumatic controls 263 Maintenance 249 Power factor corrector 286 Manom eter 199, 256 Pressure 366 Mass cooling 169, 360 Pressure drop rate 369 Mean radiant temperature Pressure gradient 182 Mean 24 hour heat gam Pressurization 253 Measured work price 342 Pricing method 342 Mechanical ventilation 18 PROBE Melbourne 93 Project price 344 Mixed air 154 Propeller 270 Mixed flow 273 Proportional balancing 268 Mixing box 30 Psychrometric processes 160 Modulating damper 94, 279, 289, 294 Pump and fan power 314 Moisture 150 Moisture content 109 Qatar 106 M otor contactor 287 Queens Building M otor efficiency 286 M otor poles 279 M otor protection 287 Recirculated air 162 M otor speed 279 Recirculation 18 Motorized damper operation 20 Recording 250 M ould 73, 174 Rectifier 220 Multizone plant 24 Reflectance 81 Refrigerant 30, 238, 253 Newton 365 Refrigeration 317, 358 Non-overloading 279 Refrigeration compressor 19, 239 Noise 358 Relative humidity 109 Noise rating 329, 359 Relay 243 Resistance 33, 79, 120, 179, 196 Occupational exposure limit 141 Resultant tem perature 84 Odours 351 Reverberant 359 www.FreeEngineeringbooksPdf.com Index Reversible heat pump 30 Thermal analysis software Room air change rate 148 Thermal balance 100 Rotational speed 336 Thermal bridge 73 Sensible and latent heat 73, 143 Thermal insulation 158, 252, 307, 318 Sensible to total heat ratio 152 Set point 225 Thermal protection 279 Shade 9, 19, 21, 50, 60 Thermal transmittance 51 Shading 60 Thermistor 221, 262 Thermal comfort 354 Thermal storage 316 Sick building syndrome 264 Throttling valve 26 Signal 224 Time 366 Simple (cyclic) Model Total heat gam 51 Single duct 23, 148 Total pressure 179 Sodium hypochlorite 265 Tracer gas 262 Soft start 254, 288 Transducer 223 Sol air temperature 79 Transfer between rooms 153 Solar gains 100 Transmittance 3, 51, 80 Solar position 51, 64 Trend log 251 Solent University Triac motor speed controller 288 Solenoid 224 Trigonometry 49 Sound power level SW L 322 Tropical 73, 76, 93 Sound pressure level SPL 322 Tropical climate regions 74, 93, 97 Southampton 7, 89, 104 Turbulent noise 306 Specific enthalpy 114 Specific heat capacity 363 Upper explosive limit 141 Specific volume 113 Useful power 285 Split system 36 Stagnation 26 Vapour pressure 110 Standard atmosphere 362 Vapour seal 74 Star/delta controller 288 Variable air volume 24, 235 Static pressure 22, 153, 179 Variable frequency control 25, 235, 255 Static reg.iin 189 Variable pitch vanes and blades 235 Stefan Boltzmann 363 Variable speed drive 279 Step control 36, 230, 247, 284, 316 Variations 222, 254, 334, 342 Storage tcink 316 Velocity 197, 200, 204, 206, 210 Summertime air temperature Sun position 51 Velocity pressure 179, 182 Supply air fan 230, 235, 274, 284 Ventilation 2, 141 Velocity pressure loss factors 183 Supply air moisture content 151 Vibration 255 Supply air temperature 143 Volt 221 Surface factor 90 Volume 368 Sustainability 352 Swing in heat gams W all solar azimuth 51 Swing in temperature 85, 90 W arm air heating system 147 Switch 228 W a tt 365 Switching 253 W e t bulb temperature 110 Switchboards 74 W eath er compensator 231 System logic 53 W h ite Tower 12, 169 W ind ow s Temperature 351 W iring diagram 242 Tent 13 W oodhouse Medical Centre 12 Terminal unit 25 W orld 50, 72, 93, 141 Testing 200, 256, 283 TheSfiard 74, 98, 169 Zero carbon 349 Thermal admittance 85 Zones 17, 18, 21 www.FreeEngineeringbooksPdf.com 385 David Chadderton's Air Conditioning is the complete introduction and reference guide for students and practitioners of air conditioning design, installation and maintenance The scientific principles involved are introduced with the help of case studies and exercises, and downloadable spreadsheets help you work through important calculations New chapters on peak summertime air temperature in buildings without cooling systems, air duct acoustic calculations and air conditioning system cost enhance the usefulness to design engineers Case studies are created from real life data, including PROBE post-occupancy reports, relating all of the theoretical explanations to current practice Trends and recent applications in lowering energy use by air conditioning are also addressed, keeping the reader informed of the latest sustainable air conditioning technologies Over 75 multiple choice questions will help the reader check on their progress Covering both tropical and temperate climates, this is the ideal book for those learning about the basic principles of air conditioning, seeking to understand the latest technological developments, or maintaining a successful heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) practice anywhere in the world a retired consulting engineer in Victoria Australia He was formerly thé Principal Lecturer in Building Services Engineering at Solent University and was a Senior Lecturer at Oxford Brookes University HEATING, VENTILATION AND AIR CONDITIONING www.routledge.com/9780415703383 i S.- IS B N - - - 3 - O Routledge T a y lo r & Fra n cis G r o u p w w w r o u t le d g e c o m Rotlledsiô ỗ il 78 415 D33 available as eBook edteonan a rangm f digital formats www.FreeEngineeringbooksPdf.com ... Description A area Units solar altitude angle o absorptivity of glass At Aq B b ° area of opaque fabric C wall azimuth angle area of window solar azimuth angle barometric pressure bar angle degree... irradiance on a vertical surface hn total solar irradiance on a horizontal surface diffuse solar irradiance on a horizontal surface Ik direct solar irradiance on a sloping surface hs total solar... Surprisingly perhaps, measured building air leakage rates are higher than some might expect Air leakage standards for the buildings are: leaky 36 m^/h m^, meaning typically 12 air changes/h; average 18