principles of physics a calculus based text fourth edition pdf

www.EngineeringBooksPDF.com Pedagogical Color Chart Mechanics Linear (p ) and angular (L ) momentum vectors Displacement and position vectors Linear ( v ) and angular (ω ) velocity vectors Velocity component vectors Torque vectors (␶ ) Linear or rotational motion directions Force vectors ( F ) Force component vectors Springs Pulleys Acceleration vectors ( a ) Acceleration component vectors Electricity and Magnetism Electric fields Capacitors Magnetic fields Inductors (coils) Positive charges + Voltmeters V Negative charges – Ammeters A Resistors Batteries and other DC power supplies Switches AC sources – + Ground symbol Light and Optics Light rays Objects Lenses and prisms Images Mirrors www.EngineeringBooksPDF.com Some Physical Constants Quantity Symbol Valuea Atomic mass unit u Avogadro’s number NA 1.660 538 73 (13) ϫ 10Ϫ27 kg 931.494 013 (37) MeV/c 6.022 141 99 (47) ϫ 1023 particles/mol Bohr magneton ␮B ϭ 9.274 008 99 (37) ϫ 10Ϫ24 J/T Deuteron mass eប 2me ប2 a0 ϭ me e 2k e R kB ϭ NA h ␭C ϭ me c ke ϭ 4␲⑀0 md Electron mass me Electron volt Elementary charge Gas constant Gravitational constant eV e R G 2e h Bohr radius Boltzmann’s constant Compton wavelength Coulomb constant Josephson frequency – voltage ratio ⌽0 ϭ Neutron mass mn Nuclear magneton ␮n ϭ Permeability of free space ␮0 Permittivity of free space ⑀0 ϭ Planck’s constant h Proton mass mp Rydberg constant Speed of light in vacuum RH c 1.380 650 (24) ϫ 10Ϫ23 J/K 2.426 310 215 (18) ϫ 10Ϫ12 m 8.987 551 788 ϫ 109 N·m2/C2 (exact) 3.343 583 09 (26) ϫ 10Ϫ27 kg 2.013 553 212 71 (35) u 9.109 381 88 (72) ϫ 10Ϫ31 kg 5.485 799 110 (12) ϫ 10Ϫ4 u 0.510 998 902 (21) MeV/c2 1.602 176 462 (63) ϫ 10Ϫ19 J 1.602 176 462 (63) ϫ 10Ϫ19 C 8.314 472 (15) J/mol·K 6.673 (10) ϫ 10Ϫ11 N·m2/kg2 4.835 978 98 (19) ϫ 1014 Hz/V Magnetic flux quantum បϭ 5.291 772 083 (19) ϫ 10Ϫ11 m h 2e eប 2m p 2.067 833 636 (81) ϫ 10Ϫ15 T·m2 1.674 927 16 (13) ϫ 10Ϫ27 kg 1.008 664 915 78 (55) u 939.565 330 (38) MeV/c 5.050 783 17 (20) ϫ 10Ϫ27 J/T 4␲ ϫ 10Ϫ7 T·m/A (exact) ␮0c 8.854 187 817 ϫ 10Ϫ12 C2/N·m2 (exact) h 2␲ 1.054 571 596 (82) ϫ 10Ϫ34 J·s 6.626 068 76 (52) ϫ 10Ϫ34 J·s 1.672 621 58 (13) ϫ 10Ϫ27 kg 1.007 276 466 88 (13) u 938.271 998 (38) MeV/c 1.097 373 156 854 (83) ϫ 107 mϪ1 2.997 924 58 ϫ 108 m/s (exact) Note: These constants are the values recommended in 1998 by CODATA, based on a least-squares adjustment of data from different measurements For a more complete list, see P J Mohr and B N Taylor, “CODATA recommended values of the fundamental physical constants: 1998.” Rev Mod Phys 72:351, 2000 a The numbers in parentheses for the values represent the uncertainties of the last two digits www.EngineeringBooksPDF.com Solar System Data Body Mercury Venus Earth Mars Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune Pluto Moon Sun Mass (kg) Mean Radius (m) Period (s) Distance from the Sun (m) 3.18 ϫ 1023 4.88 ϫ 1024 5.98 ϫ 1024 6.42 ϫ 1023 1.90 ϫ 1027 5.68 ϫ 1026 8.68 ϫ 1025 1.03 ϫ 1026 Ϸ 1.4 ϫ 1022 7.36 ϫ 1022 1.991 ϫ 1030 2.43 ϫ 106 6.06 ϫ 106 6.37 ϫ 106 3.37 ϫ 106 6.99 ϫ 107 5.85 ϫ 107 2.33 ϫ 107 2.21 ϫ 107 Ϸ 1.5 ϫ 106 1.74 ϫ 106 6.96 ϫ 108 7.60 ϫ 106 1.94 ϫ 107 3.156 ϫ 107 5.94 ϫ 107 3.74 ϫ 108 9.35 ϫ 108 2.64 ϫ 109 5.22 ϫ 109 7.82 ϫ 109 — — 5.79 ϫ 1010 1.08 ϫ 1011 1.496 ϫ 1011 2.28 ϫ 1011 7.78 ϫ 1011 1.43 ϫ 1012 2.87 ϫ 1012 4.50 ϫ 1012 5.91 ϫ 1012 — — Physical Data Often Used 3.84 ϫ 108 m 1.496 ϫ 1011 m 6.37 ϫ 106 m 1.20 kg/m3 1.00 ϫ 103 kg/m3 9.80 m/s2 5.98 ϫ 1024 kg 7.36 ϫ 1022 kg 1.99 ϫ 1030 kg 1.013 ϫ 105 Pa Average Earth – Moon distance Average Earth – Sun distance Average radius of the Earth Density of air (20°C and atm) Density of water (20°C and atm) Free-fall acceleration Mass of the Earth Mass of the Moon Mass of the Sun Standard atmospheric pressure Note: These values are the ones used in the text Some Prefixes for Powers of Ten Power 10Ϫ24 10Ϫ21 10Ϫ18 10Ϫ15 10Ϫ12 10Ϫ9 10Ϫ6 10Ϫ3 10Ϫ2 10Ϫ1 Prefix yocto zepto atto femto pico nano micro milli centi deci Abbreviation Power Prefix Abbreviation y z a f p n ␮ m c d 101 deka hecto kilo mega giga tera peta exa zetta yotta da h k M G T P E Z Y 102 103 106 109 1012 1015 1018 1021 1024 www.EngineeringBooksPDF.com PRINCIPLES OF PHYSICS A CALCULUS-BASED TEXT FOURTH EDITION Raymond A Serway Emeritus, James Madison University John W Jewett, Jr California State Polytechnic University—Pomona Australia • Canada • Mexico • Singapore • Spain • United Kingdom • United States www.EngineeringBooksPDF.com pp Physics Acquisitions Editor: CHRIS HALL Publisher: DAVID HARRIS Editor-in-Chief: MICHELLE JULET Senior Developmental Editor: SUSAN DUST PASHOS Assistant Editor: SARAH LOWE Editorial Assistant: SETH DOBRIN Technology Project Manager: SAM SUBITY Marketing Managers: ERIK EVANS, JULIE CONOVER Marketing Assistant: LEYLA JOWZA Advertising Project Manager: STACEY PURVIANCE Senior Project Manager, Editorial Production: TERI HYDE Print/Media Buyer: BARBARA BRITTON Permissions Editor: JOOHEE LEE Production Service: PROGRESSIVE PUBLISHING ALTERNATIVES Text Designer: JOHN WALKER Art Director: ROB HUGEL Photo Researcher: DENA DIGILIO BETZ Copy Editor: KATHLEEN LAFFERTY Illustrator: PROGRESSIVE INFORMATION TECHNOLOGIES Cover Designer: JOHN WALKER Cover Image: TRANSRAPID INTERNATIONAL, BERLIN, GERMANY Cover Printer: TRANSCONTINENTAL-INTERGLOBE Compositor: PROGRESSIVE INFORMATION TECHNOLOGIES Printer: TRANSCONTINENTAL-INTERGLOBE COPYRIGHT © 2006, 2002, 1998, 1994 by Raymond A Serway Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning 10 Davis Drive Belmont, CA 94002-3098 USA ALL RIGHTS RESERVED No part of this work covered by the copyright hereon may be reproduced or used in any form or by any means — graphic, electronic, or mechanical, including but not limited to photocopying, recording, taping, Web distribution, information networks, or information storage and retrieval systems — without the written permission of the publisher Printed in Canada 09 08 07 06 05 For more information about our products, contact us at: THOMSON LEARNING ACADEMIC RESOURCE CENTER 1-800-423-0563 For 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PhysicsNow combines Serway and Jewett’s best-selling Principles of Physics with carefully crafted media resources that will help you learn This dynamic resource and the Fourth Edition of the text were developed in concert, to enhance each other and provide you with a seamless, integrated learning system APPLICATIONS OF NEWTON’S LAWS ❚ INTERACTIVE EXAMPLE 4.4 When two objects with unequal masses are vertically over a light, frictionless pulley as in Active Figure 4.12a, the arrangement is called an Atwood machine The device is sometimes used in the laboratory to measure the free-fall acceleration Calculate the magnitude of the acceleration of the two objects and the tension in the string PhysicsNow™ Quick Start Guide 111 The Atwood Machine tion with up as positive for m and down as positive for m 2, as shown in Active Figure 4.12a With this sign convention, the net force exerted on m is T Ϫ m g, whereas the net force exerted on m is m g Ϫ T We have chosen the signs of the forces to be consistent with the choices of the positive direction for each object When Newton’s second law is applied to m 1, we find Solution Conceptualize the problem by thinking about the mental representation suggested by Active Figure 4.12a: As one object moves upward, the other object moves downward Because the objects are connected by an inextensible string, they must have the same magnitude of acceleration The objects in the Atwood machine are subject to the gravitational force as well as to the forces exerted by the strings connected to them In categorizing the problem, we model the objects as particles under a net force We begin to analyze the problem by drawing freebody diagrams for the two objects, as in Active Figure 4.12b Two forces act on each object: the upward force : T exerted by the string and the downward gravitational force In a problem such as this one in which the pulley is modeled as massless and frictionless, the tension in the string on both sides of the pulley is the same If the pulley has mass or is subject to a friction force, the tensions in the string on either side of the pulley are not the same and the situation requires the techniques of Chapter 10 In these types of problems, involving strings that pass over pulleys, we must be careful about the sign convention Notice that if m goes up, m goes down Therefore, m going up and m going down should be represented equivalently as far as a sign convention is concerned We can so by defining our sign conven- ͚ Fy (1) ϭ T Ϫ m 1g ϭ m 1a Similarly, for m we find ͚ Fy (2) ϭ m g Ϫ T ϭ m 2a Note that a is the same for both objects When (2) is added to (1), T cancels and we have Ϫm g ϩ m g ϭ m 1a ϩ m 2a Solving for the acceleration a give us (3) a ϭ ΂ m2 Ϫ m1 m1 ϩ m2 (4) T ϭ ΂ m2mϩmm ΃ g 1 2 To finalize the problem, let us consider some special cases For example, when m ϭ m 2, (3) and (4) give us a ϭ and T ϭ m g ϭ m g, as we would intuitively expect for the balanced case Also, if m ϾϾ m 1, a Ϸ g (a freely falling object) and T Ϸ For such a large mass ACTIVE FIGURE 4.12 (Interactive Example 4.4) The Atwood machine (a) Two objects connected by a light string over a frictionless pulley (b) The freebody diagrams for m1 and m2 T T Log into PhysicsNow at www.pop4e.com and go to Active Figure 4.12 to adjust the masses of the objects on the Atwood machine and observe the motion ΃g If m Ͼ m 1, the acceleration given by (3) is positive: m goes up and m goes down Is that consistent with your mental representation? If m Ͼ m 2, the acceleration is negative and the masses move in the opposite direction If (3) is substituted into (1), we find + m1 m1 m2 m2 + m1g m2 g (a) (b) As you work through the text, you will see notes that direct you to the media-enhanced activities in PhysicsNow This precise pageby-page integration means you’ll spend less time flipping through pages or navigating websites looking for useful exercises These multimedia exercises will make all the difference when you’re studying and taking exams after all, it’s far easier to understand physics if it’s seen in action, and PhysicsNow enables you to become a part of the action! Begin at http://www.pop4e.com and build your own Personalized Learning Plan now! Log into PhysicsNow at http://www.pop4e.com by using the free access code packaged with the text You’ll immediately notice the system’s simple, browser-based format You can build a complete Personalized Learning Plan for yourself by taking advantage of all three powerful components found on PhysicsNow: ᭤ What I Know ᭤ What I Need to Learn ᭤ What I’ve Learned The best way to maximize the system and optimize your time is to start by taking the Pre-Test ᭤᭤᭤ iv www.EngineeringBooksPDF.com What I Need to Learn ■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■ ■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■ ■■■■■■ Once you’ve completed the Pre-Test, you’re ready to work through tutorials and exercises that will help you master the concepts that are essential to your success in the course ACTIVE FIGURES A remarkable bank of more than 200 animated figures helps you visualize physics in action Taken straight from illustrations in the text, these Active Figures help you master key concepts from the book By interacting with the animations and accompanying quiz questions, you come to an even greater understanding of the concepts you need to learn from each chapter ᭢ ᭡ You take a Pre-Test to measure your level of comprehension after reading a chapter Each Pre-Test includes approximately 15 questions The Pre-Test is your first step in creating your custom-tailored Personalized Learning Plan PhysicsNow™ Quick Start Guide What I Know Each figure is titled so you can easily identify the concept you are seeing The final tab features a Quiz The Explore tab guides you through the animation so you understand what you should be seeing and learning An item-by-item analysis gives you feedback on each of your answers ᭡ Once you’ve completed the “What I Know” Pre-Test, you are presented with a detailed Personalized Learning Plan, with text references that outline the elements you need to review in order to master the chapter’s most essential concepts This roadmap to concept mastery guides you to exercises designed to improve skills 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Examples utilize the proven and trusted problemsolving methodology presented in Principles of Physics These animated learning modules give you all the tools you need to solve a problem type—you’re then asked to apply what you have learned to different scenarios You will find approximately two Interactive Examples for each chapter of the text.᭢ PhysicsNow™ Quick Start Guide You can choose to work through the Coached Problems by inputting an answer directly or working in steps with the program If you choose to work in steps, the problem is solved with the same problem-solving methodology used in Principles of Physics to reinforce these critical skills Once you’ve worked through the problem, you can click Try Another to change the variables in the problem for more practice You’re guided through the steps to solve the problem and then asked to input an answer in a simulation to see if your result is correct Feedback is instantaneous ᭡ Also built into each Coached Problem is a link to Brooks/Cole’s exclusive vMentor™ web-based tutoring service site that lets you interact directly with a live physics tutor If you’re stuck on math, a MathAssist link on each Coached Problem launches tutorials on math specific to that problem vi www.EngineeringBooksPDF.com I.10 ❚ INDEX Hydrogen atom(s) (Continued) emission spectrum of, 352 emission wavelengths of, 356 energy level diagram for, 356 frequency of radiation from, 356 fusion of, 1025 gravitational and electrostatic forces of, 610 ground state of, 990 in Rosette Nebula, 337 modeling of, 1048 probabilities for electron in, 990 quantum model of, 983 – 984, 985 – 987 quantum numbers in, 987t space quantization for, 993 spin of, 997 total energy of, 354 wave functions for, 987 – 991 Hydrogen fuel cell, 221 Hyperbolic escape orbit, 368 Hypocenter, 421 of earthquake, 371 I Ice, phase changes for, 538 Ice Man, 1016 carbon dating of, 1034 Ice point, 501 of early gas thermometers, 504 Icebergs, visible portion of, 464 Ideal gas law, 511, 512 Ideal gas model, 511, 522 Ideal gas(es), adiabatic processes for, 550 – 551 definition of, 511 energy transferred by heat to, 548 free expansion of, 586 – 587 macroscopic description of, 510 – 513 molar specific heats of, 547 – 550, 561 monatomic, total internal energy of, 548 on macroscopic scale, 499 – 500 on microscopic (molecular) scale, 500 pressure of, 514 – 516 temperature of, molecular interpretation of, 516 – 518 Image distance, 868 Image formation, 890 by concave mirror, 871 – 877 by convex mirror, 873 – 877 by flat mirror, 868 – 870 by refraction, 878 – 881 by spherical mirror, 871 – 877 Image(s), inverted, 869, 874 magnification of, 868 – 869 multiple, formed by two mirrors, 870 real, 868, 890 virtual, 868, 890 Immersion heater, 698 – 699 Impedance matching, 721 Impulse, approximation, 232 of net force, 231, 250 Impulse-momentum equation, 514 Impulse-momentum theorem, 231 – 233, 250 Impulsive force, 232 Incidence, angle of, 843 critical angle of, 858 Incline, object sliding down, 132 Indefinite integral, 162 – 163 Inductance, of coil, 789 of solenoid, 781 SI unit of, 789 Induction, charging by, 606 – 608 energy stored in, 785 – 786, 789 Faraday’s law of, 765 – 770, 789, 809 Inductor, circuit element, 782 energy stored in, 785 – 786 in RL circuit, 782 – 785 Inductrack system, 802 – 803 Inertia, 100 moment of, 298 – 299, 324 and angular momentum, 315, 317 of homogenous rigid objects, 300 of uniform solid cylinder, 302 Inertial frame of reference, 99, 115 Infrared radiation, 559, 806, 823, 824 from atmosphere, 588 from Earth’s surface, 597 – 598, 599 Instantaneous current, 684 Instantaneous power, 177, 181 Insulator(s), 606 – 608, 633 Intensity, 559 of electromagnetic waves, 818, 819 Interference conditions for, 899 constructive, 435, 452, 900, 902 conditions for, 906, 922 definition of, 434 destructive, 435, 436, 452, 900 conditions for, 902, 906, 922 in diffraction pattern, 910 double-slit, 922 intensity distribution of, 904 in acoustical system, 436 in light waves, 899 – 901, 901 – 904 in soap film, 907 in thin films, 905 – 908 in wedge-shaped film, 908 of electrons, 958 of waves, 434 – 437, 898 – 899, 957 – 958 spatial, 446 stable pattern of, 899 temporal, 446 – 448 Interference grating, 915 Interference path(s), constructive, 903 destructive, 903 Interferometer, Michelson, 262 – 263 Internal combustion engine, 34 chemical reaction in, 207 mass production of, 35 Internal energy See Energy, internal Internal thermal equilibrium, 539 International Committee on Weights and Measures, temperature points of, 504 International Space Station, 223 Inverse tangent function, 85 Iodine, radioactive isotope of, 1028 Ionization, 354n atmospheric, 1004 – 1005 Ionization energy, 355, 1003, 1025 Ionized elements, 356 – 357 Ion(s), magnetic moments of, 752t mass-to-charge ratio of, 736 – 737 Iridescence, 928 – 929 Irreversible process(es), 572 – 573, 575, 589 entropy change in, 585 – 587 Irrotational flow, 476 Isentropic process(es), 584 Isobaric process(es), 544, 561 www.EngineeringBooksPDF.com Isolated system, 190 – 194, 209 electric charge version of, 605 – 606 total energy in, 952 total energy of, 197 – 200 total momentum of, 229 Isolation dampers, 460 Isotherm, 545 Isothermal compression, 575 – 576 Isothermal expansion, 550 – 551 in Carnot cycle, 575, 576 Isothermal process(es), 545, 546 – 547, 561, 580 – 581 entropy change in, 584 Isotope(s), 1017, 1039 Isotropic motion, 513 of gas molecules, 515 Isovolumetric process(es), 544 – 545, 548, 561 J Japan Railways magnetic levitation system, 787 – 788 maglev vehicle of, 726 schematic diagram of, 788 Japanese Aerospace Exploration Agency ( JAXA), 223 – 224 Joule, James Prescott, 531, 532 Joule heating, 685n Joule(s), 158 per kilogram-degree Celsius, 534 Junction rule, Kirchhoff’s, 706, 707, 714 application of, 708 K K capture, 1033 K meson, 1056 K shell electron(s), 1005 – 1006 capture of, 1033 Kaon(s), 1060 decay of, 230 – 231 neutral, 230 properties of, 1056t Keating, R E., 267 Keck telescope, 914 Kelvin, Lord (William Thomson), 573 Kelvin temperature scale, 502 – 504, 521 versus Celsius temperature, 535 Kelvin-Planck statement, of second law of thermodynamics, 574, 575, 585, 589 Kelvin(s) (units), 503, 504 Kepler, Johannes, 1, 342 Kepler’s laws of planetary motion, 342, 368 first, 342 – 343, 359 second, 343 – 344, 359 third, 344 – 345, 359, 369 Kilocalorie(s) (Calories), 533 Kilogram (kg), 26 definition of, Kilowatt-hour (kWh), 178 Kinematic equation, 53, 61 Kinematics, 37 rotational, 295 – 296 variables in rotational motion, 292 Kinetic energy, 180, 181 average, pressure and, 516 – 517 translational, per molecule, 522 conservation of in collisions, 234, 237 – 238 conserved in proton-proton collision, 240 – 241 for particle in a box, 964 in atomic and nuclear processes, 279 – 280 INDEX Kinetic energy (Continued) in Bernoulli’s equation, 482 in elastic collisions, 234, 235 in fusion process, 1037 – 1038 in perfectly inelastic collision, 236 – 237 in simple harmonic motion, 381 – 382 in two-dimensional collisions, 239 – 240 of alpha particle collision with nucleus, 1018 – 1019 of alpha particle emission, 1030 – 1031 of gas molecules, 504 pressure and, 516 of hydrogen atom, 354 of nuclear reactions, 1039 of orbital system, 985n of rolling object, 321 of rotating object, 318 of sinusoidal wave on string, 414 of system, 188 – 189 of viscous fluid, 476 photoelectron, 943 photoelectron, maximum, 944 potential energy transformed into, 204 relativistic, 276 – 277, 284 rotational, 298 – 302, 324, 532 total, 324 temperature of ideal gas and, 517 translational, 532 transformed to internal energy, 725 translational, 312 units of, 644 work-kinetic energy theorem and, 166 – 168 Kinetic friction, 181 coefficient of, 127, 147 force of, 126 – 127, 132, 147 situations involving, 173 – 177 Kinetic theory of gases, 513 – 518 Kirchhoff, Gustav, 706 Kirchhoff’s rules, 705 – 708, 714 junction rule, 706, 707, 714 application of, 708 loop rule, 706 – 707, 714, 782 application of, 708 applied to RL circuit, 783 Kobe, Japan, earthquake, 460 L L shell electron, 1006 Lagoon Nebula, 1007 Lake Monoun, explosive carbon dioxide release from, 509 – 510 Lake Nyos, explosive carbon dioxide release from, 509 – 510 Laminar flow, through constricted pipe, 478 Land, E H., 825 Landau, Lev Davidovich, 1014 Large Electron-Positron (LEP) Collider, 1071 Large Hadron Collider (LHC), 1071 Large Magellanic Cloud, 935 Laser cooling, 828 – 829 Laser Interferometer Gravitational Wave Observatory (LIGO), 351 Laser light, in holography, 920 – 921 measuring wavelength of, 903 rectangular pulse of, 856 special properties of, 826 – 829 Laser, in playback system of CD player, 932 Laser pointer(s), 821 – 822 Laser(s), design of, 828 Doppler-shifted frequency of, 828, 829 high-power, 835 invention of, 804 medical uses of, 889 – 890 technology of, 804 – 805 to record and read digital information, 931 – 934 Laser trapping, 828 – 829 Laue pattern, 919 LC circuit, resistanceless, 816 resonance frequency of, 817 Lederman, Leon, 1067 Left-right reversal, in mirror, 869 Length, 5, 26 approximate values of, – 7, 7t contraction of, 269 – 272, 284 Lens makers’ equation, 883, 885 Lens(es), antireflecting coatings on, 908 converging, 881, 882 – 883, 884, 890 combination of, 887 – 888 image formed by, 885 – 886 cross sectional shapes of, 881 diverging, 881, 882 – 883, 884, 890 focal length of, 881, 883, 890 focal points for, 881, 883 thin, 881 – 883, 883t, 890.See also Thin lens equation Lenz’s law, 775 – 777, 789, 802 application of, 777 – 778 in repulsive magnetic levitation model, 788 Lepidoglyphus destructor, 937 Lepton number, checking, 1060 conservation of, 1059 – 1060, 1068 Lepton-antilepton pair, 1068 Lepton(s), 1055, 1057, 1067, 1070, 1077, 1084 properties of, 1056t Lift, on object moving through fluid, 481 Light, classical wave theory of, 947 coherent, 826 diffraction of, 841 dispersion of, 850 – 851 Doppler effect for, 813 frequency of, electron ejection and, 943, 945 photoelectron kinetic energy and, 943, 945 geometric model of propagation of, 851 – 853 incoherent sources of, 899 intensity of, photoelectron kinetic energy and, 944 – 945 through polarizing material, 825 – 826 laser, special properties of, 826 – 829 monochromatic, 826 nature of, 840 – 841 particle model of, 840, 949 – 950 path of through spherical raindrop, 851 photon model of, 944 – 945 point source of, 868n polarized, 830 refraction of, 870 small angle of divergence of, 826 ultraviolet, 823 – 824 visible, 823 spectrum of, 850 wavelengths of and color, 824t wave model of, 839, 840, 950 www.EngineeringBooksPDF.com ❚ I.11 Light beam, bending, 281 – 282 passing through slab, 849 unpolarized and linearly polarized, 825 Light clock, 267 Light ray(s), average speed of through glass, 846 coherent, 921 sources of, 905 diverging, brain’s interpretation of, 868n from object, 871 in rainbow, 850 moving from air into glass, 846 passing through raindrop, 867 reflecting through focal point, 872 refracted, 845, 853 – 854 reversible path of, 843 Light speed, in material, 848 – 849 in vacuum, 846 Light wavelength, measurement of, 902 – 903 Light wave(s), 263, 812 diffraction patterns of, 909 – 912 interference of, 899 – 904, 922 oscillating, 373 phase change in, 904 – 905 speed of, 813 under reflection, 842 – 845 under refraction, 845 – 849 Lightbulb(s), “burned out,” 701n connected across same potential difference, 697 connected in series, 703 – 704 electrical rating of, 698 electromagnetic radiation on inside surface of, 507 – 508 parallel connection of, 702 series connection of, 701 three-way, 704 Lightning, 601 – 602 above erupting volcano, 602 air as conductor for, 712 – 713 dart leader of , 602 light streaks after, 1004 – 1005 return stroke of, 602 stepped leader of, 601 strokes of, 601 thunder associated with, 602 Lightning flash, 601 determining number of, 602 Lightning rod, 656 Lightning strike(s), currents during, 713 determining number of, 723 – 724 Limiting process, 43 – 44 Line integral, 643 Linear charge density, 614 Linear expansion, average coefficient of, 506 – 507, 522 Linear mass density, 421 Linear momentum, 227 – 231, 313, 316 – 317, 324 conservation of, 229 – 231, 250 definition of, 228, 315 for system of particles, 246 – 247 Linear wave equation, 407 – 408 Linear wave(s), 433 speed of, 409 Liquefaction, 459 – 460 Liquid crystal display (LCD), 936 Liquid(s), boiling of, 536 characteristics of, 464 evaporation of, 519 I.12 ❚ INDEX Liquid(s) (Continued) pressure in, 482 thermal expansion of, 505 – 510 Lithium, electronic configuration of, 999 Lloyd’s mirror, 904 Load resistance, 699 – 700 Loma Prieta earthquake, 459 amplitude of oscillations during, 460 destruction caused by, 451 Longitudinal wave, 401, 424 oscillations and propagation of, 416 propagating along tube, 416f sound, 415 – 417 Loop rule, Kirchhoff’s, 706 – 707, 714, 782 application of, 708 Loop-the-loop maneuver, 137 – 138 Lorentz force, 735, 809 law, 829 Lorentz transformation equations, 272 – 275, 284 Lorentz velocity transformation, 273 – 274, 284 Love wave, 422, 424 Luminiferous ether, 262 Lyman series, 355 M Macroscopic system(s), connection with microscopic particles, 935 – 936 quantization of energy in, 966 Macrostate(s), entropy of, 582 – 583 generation of, 583 high-probability, 581 low-probability, 581 versus microstates, 581 Magic number(s), 1020 – 1021, 1039 Magnetic braking, 800, 802 Magnetic charge, 747n Magnetic dipole moment, 742, 755 Magnetic energy density, 786, 789 Magnetic field line(s), 729 circular, 747 coming out of and going into paper, 731 for tightly wound solenoid, 751 orientations of, 780 surrounding current loop, 745 Magnetic field wave equation, 812 Magnetic field(s), 728 – 732 changing, electric field generated by, 779 – 780 charged particles moving into, 735 – 738 created by long current-carrying wire, 749 created by toroid, 749 – 750 determining direction of, 744 due to long, straight wire, 744 electron moving in, 732 energy stored in, 785 – 787, 789 induced current opposing change in, 775 inside long solenoid, 751 – 752 magnitude of, 755 versus time, 769 nonuniform, 758 of Earth, 728 of solenoid, 750 – 752 on axis of circular current loop, 744 – 745 patterns of, 729 point source of, 819 produced by conduction currents and changing electric fields, 808 sliding bar in, 773 – 774 Magnetic field(s) (Continued) sources of, 728, 743 time-varying, electric current produced by, 767 uniform, charged particle motion in, 732 – 735 proton moving perpendicular to, 734 torque on current loop in, 741 – 743 Magnetic fingerprinting, 727 Magnetic flux, 767 – 768, 789 changing, 769 electric field generated by, 778 rate of, 809 – 810 increasing with time, 775 – 776 inducing emf, 774 net, 809 through rectangle, 811 Magnetic force(s), 729 – 730, 755 between two parallel conductors, 746 direction of, 730, 731 exerted on fast-moving particles, 735 – 736 magnitude of, 730 nonzero, 741 on current-carrying conductor, 738 – 740 right-hand rules for, 730 – 731 versus electric force, 730 – 731 Magnetic induction, 765 Magnetic levitation, attractive model for, 753 – 755 control system for, 754 Inductrack model of, 802 – 803 repulsive model for, 787 – 788 Magnetic levitation vehicle(s), 725 – 726 braking system in, 802 funding for, 726 propulsion of, 801 – 802 Magnetic moment(s), 1021 – 1022 direction of, 742 of current loop, 742 of nucleus, 1039 of some atoms and ions, 752t Magnetic orbital quantum number(s), 992 – 993 Magnetic propulsion, 801 – 802 Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), 1023 of human brain, 1023 Magnetic tape(s), 727 Magnetism, Biot-Savart law of, 743 – 745 electricity and, 728 Gauss’s law for, 809 historical overview of, 604, 728 in matter, 752 – 753 technological applications of, 727 Magnetite, 604, 728 Magnetized needle, mapping of, 728 Magnetooptical disc, 934 Magnet(s), applications of, 727 Halbach array of, 802 in ammeter, 766 permanent, 753 poles of, 728 Magnification, 890 lateral, 868 – 869 of image formed by refraction, 879 versus enlargement, 868 Maiman, Theodore, 804 Malus’s law, 826 Mambu, Yoichiro, 1069 Manometer, 470 Mantle, 423 www.EngineeringBooksPDF.com Marconi, Guglielmo, 817n Mars Climate Orbiter, 223 Mars Express orbiter, 224 Mars Global Surveyor, 223 Mars Pathfinder, 223 Mars Polar Lander, 223 Marsden, Ernst, 984 Mass, 5, 100 – 101 See also Center of mass acceleration and, 115 approximate values of, – as manifestation of energy, 278 center of, 242 – 245, 250 changing in radioactive decay, 280 continuous distribution of, 243, 245 definition of, 100, 687 dual behavior of, 280 – 281 energy and, 279 – 280 nuclear, unit for, 1017 – 1018 of selected particles in various units, 1018t of various objects, 7t per unit volume, relativistic, 275 spherically symmetric distributions of, 204 units of, 102 weight and, 101, 103 – 104 Mass number(s), 1017, 1039 binding energy per nucleon versus, 1024 of electron, 1032 Mass production, 35 Mass spectrometer, 736 – 737 Mass-to-charge ratio, measuring, 736 – 737 Mathematical representation, 25 Matter, dark, 1084 dual nature of, 950 – 951 magnetism in, 752 – 753 quantum structure of, 959 transfer of, 554 Matter, states of, 464 Matter transfer, 171, 181 Maximum height, projectile, 75 – 76 Maxwell, James Clerk, 2, 518, 604, 728, 808, 840 Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution function, 518, 522 Maxwell’s equations, 806 – 807, 808 – 812, 829 – 830, 985 Mean free path, 694 Measurement standards, – Mechanical energy, 531 conservation of, 191, 192, 199 – 200, 209 in collisions, 238 – 239 total, 191, 209 transformation of, 195 Mechanical wave(s), 170 – 171, 181, 400 – 401, 806 disturbance and, 401 – 403 linear, 408 reflection and transmission of, 411 – 413 traveling, 405 – 408 types of, 401 – 425 Mechanics, classical, – Meissner effect, 797 Melting, 536 entropy change in, 584 Mendeleev, Dmitri, 1002 Mental representation, 24 Mercury, resistance versus temperature for, 692 Mercury barometer, 470 INDEX Meson(s), 1053 – 1055, 1066, 1068, 1077 composition of, 1065 decay of, 1056 mass and spin of, 1056 patterns of, 1064 properties of, 1056t quark composition of, 1067t spin-zero, 1063 Metal ingot, cooling of, 536 Metallic object, charging by induction of, 606 – 607, 607 Metal(s), alkali, 1002 homogeneous, thermal expansion of, 507 resistance versus temperature for, 692 work function of, 944, 974 x-ray spectrum of, 1009 Metastable state, 827 Meteor shower, light streaks after, 1004 – 1005 Meteoroid, interacting with Sun, 346 motion of, 343 Meter, 26 definition of, Methane, 208 atmospheric concentrations of, 599 Mexico City, earthquake destruction in, 451 Michell, John, 728 Michelson, Albert A., 262 Michelson-Morley experiment, 262 – 263 Michoacán earthquake, 371 – 372, 460 destruction in, 451 Microscopic disorder, measure of, 589 Microscopic particle(s), 935 – 936 Microscopic state(s), 589 Microstate(s), 581, 582 generation of, 583 two-dice, 581 Microwave beam, 822 Microwave oven(s), 824 Microwave(s), 420, 823, 944 concave reflector for, 873 from Big Bang, 836 polarizer for, 826 Milky Way galaxy, hydrogen distribution in, 1008 measuring radiation from, 973 Mirror equation, 890 in terms of focal length, 873 in terms of radius of curvature, 872 Mirror isobar(s), 1041 Mirror(s), concave, center of curvature of, 871 images formed by, 871 – 873, 877 ray diagram for, 874, 875 constructing ray diagrams for, 873 – 876 convex, images formed by, 877 ray diagram for, 874 – 876 diverging, 873 enlarged image in, 874, 876 flat, images formed by, 868 – 870 focal length of, 873, 890 focal point of, 872 – 873 Lloyd’s, 904 principal axis in, 871, 875 sign conventions for, 874t spherical, images formed by, 871 – 877 Models, 22 – 26 categories of, 22, 337 Molar mass, 511 root-mean-square speed and, 517 Molar specific heat(s), 561 at constant pressure, 547 – 550, 561 at constant volume, 547, 548, 561 equipartition of energy and, 551 – 554 of various gases, 548t relation between, 549 Molecular speed(s), distribution curve for, 519 distribution of, 518 – 520, 522 Molecule(s), elastic collisions of, 513, 514 kinetic and potential energy associated with vibration of, 532 short-range forces between, 513 Mole(s), 511 Moment arm, 303 Momentum, 226 – 227 See also Angular momentum; Linear momentum angular, of electron, 752 orbital, 991 – 992 photon carrying, 1004 spin, 995 – 996 conservation of, 229 – 231 in collisions, 234 in proton-proton collision, 240 – 241 in rocket propulsion, 248 – 250 in two-dimensional collisions, 240 – 242 delivered to perfectly absorbing surface, 820 impulse and, 231 – 233 in elastic collisions, 234, 235 – 236 in isolated system, 229 in perfectly inelastic collision, 237 instantaneous angular, 313 – 314 law of conservation of, in nuclear reactions, 1036 linear, 227 – 231, 228 – 231, 246 – 247, 250, 313, 315 – 317, 324 of electromagnetic waves, 830 of electron, 276 of gas molecule in collisions, 514 of photons, 1053 of system of particles, 245, 246 – 247 radiation pressure and, 820 – 822 relativistic, 275 – 276, 284 time rate of change of, 228 – 229 uncertainty principle, 959 – 960 Monopole(s), magnetic, 728 Moon, escape speed from surface of, 349t Morse code, 818 Moseley, Henry G J., 1006 Motion, direction of, length contraction in, 370 – 371 frequency of oscillatory, 376, 377 in one dimension, 37 – 61 in plane, 73 in presence of velocity-dependent resistive forces, 140 – 143 in two dimensions, 69 – 87 laws of, 1, 96 – 115 Newton’s first law of, 98 – 100 Newton’s second law of, 101 – 103 Newton’s third law of, 104 – 106 nonuniform circular, 138 – 140 of charged particles, 618 – 621 of system of particles, 245 – 247 oscillatory, 373 – 391 period of oscillatory, 376, 377 projectile, 73 – 79, 86 quantity of, 228 www.EngineeringBooksPDF.com ❚ I.13 Motion (Continued) rotational, 291 – 324 uniform circular, 132 – 138 Motion diagrams, 50 – 51 Motional emf, 770 – 775, 789 induced in rotating bar, 772 – 773 M-theory, 1085 Müller, K Alex, 692 Multimode graded index optical fiber, 857 Multimode stepped index optical fiber, 855 – 856 Multiplication, distributive law of, 161 Muon-neutrino, properties of, 1056t Muon(s), 267, 1053 – 1054, 1056n, 1084 properties of, 1056t time dilation of, 370 – 371 Musical instruments, characteristic sounds of, 450 standing waves produced by, 443 – 446 Musical sound, nonsinusoidal wave patterns of, 448 – 450 N Nanotechnology, 969 National Aerodynamics and Space Administration (NASA), Mars mission of, 223 – 224 Natural frequency, 388, 443 – 444 of oscillation, 389, 391 Natural gas, potential energy in, 208 Natural process(es), entropy in, 583 – 584 Nature, fundamental forces in, 143 – 145, 1049 – 1050 Nebula(e), dark, 1007, 1008 Ne’eman, Yuval, 1063 Nerve impulse(s), as electrical signals, 603 Net force, impulse of, 231, 250 particle motion under, 101 – 103 particle under, 108 – 109 variable, work done by, 163 Net torque, external, 324 angular momentum and, 315, 316 internal, 310 angular momentum and, 314 rigid object under, 309 – 313 Net work, 163 Neutrino(s), 1053 – 1054, 1084 nonzero mass of, 1057 properties of, 1032 Neutron number(s), 1017, 1039 versus atomic number, 1021 Neutron star, 317 rotation period of, 318 – 319 Neutron-neutron interaction(s), 1020 Neutron(s), 1049, 1057 charge of, 609t decay of, 1032, 1059 – 1060 mass of, 1017 – 1018, 1018t neutrality of, 1017 number of, 1017 properties of, 1056t slowed by collisions, 237 – 238 Newton, 102 per square meter, 465 – 466 Newton, Isaac, – particle model of light of, 840 relativity principle of, 259 – 262, 263 self-propelled vehicle of, 34 Newton meter, 158 I.14 ❚ INDEX Newton’s law of universal gravitation, 143 – 144, 337, 338 – 341, 359 Newton’s laws of motion, 55, 96, 98 – 115 applications of, 107 – 114, 125 – 147 first, 98 – 100, 115, 229 in inertial reference frame, 409 kinetic theory of gases and, 513 relativistic form of, 275 – 276 second, 101 – 103, 115, 147, 179, 227, 368, 411, 687, 733, 773 application of, 130 – 138 applied to satellites, 340 – 341 for floating objects, 472 for particle, 228 – 229 for system of particles, 246 – 247 for translational motion, 309 for uniform circular motion, 344 rotational analog to, 309 – 310, 314 with velocity-dependent resistive forces, 142 – 143 third, 104 – 106, 115, 226, 227, 514 – 515 Nichrome wire, resistance of, 690 Nimitz Freeway collapse, 451, 459 Nitrogen, beta-plus decay of nucleus of, 1038 speed distribution of molecules of, 519 Nitrogen-15, fusion of, 1038 Nodal lines, in sedimentary basin, 451 Nodes, 452 in string, 440 – 441 positions of, 438 – 439 Nonconducting plane sheet of charge, 629 – 630 Nonconservative force, 209 Nonisolated system, 169 – 173 Nonlinear waves, 433 Nonohmic material, 688 Normal force, 105 – 106 Normalization, 962, 974 North pole, 728 Northridge, California, earthquake, 371, 451 Nozomi orbiter, 223, 224 Nuclear atom, classical model of, 985 Nuclear bomb testing, 1046 Nuclear chain reaction, 1037 Nuclear fission, 1036 –1037 Nuclear force(s), 1019 – 1021, 1039, 1049 – 1050, 1053, 1077 attractive, 1030 – 1031 limited range of, 1020 mediation of, 1055 saturated, 1024 – 1025 short-range character of, 1025 Nuclear fusion, 972 – 973, 1037 – 1039 Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), 1022 experimental arrangement for, 1023 Nuclear magnetism, 1022 Nuclear magneton, 1021, 1039 Nuclear processes, mass and energy in, 279 – 280 Nuclear reaction(s), 1035 – 1036, 1039 in stars, 1036 – 1039 Q value of, 1029 – 1030 Nuclear spin, angular momentum of, 1021 quantum numbers of, 1021, 1039 Nucleon(s), 144 – 145, 1017 binding energies per, 1024 – 1025 fluctuations in, 1055 force between, 1077 forming nucleus, 1019 rest energy of, 1023 Nucleus-alpha particle system, 972 Nucleus(ei), alpha particle collision with, 1018 – 1019 angular momentum of, 1021, 1039 as cluster, 1019 atomic mass in, 1016 – 1017 charge and mass of, 1017 – 1018 charge of, 985 energy states of, 1022 fissionable, 1036 – 1037 high temperatures and densities of, 1037 – 1038 magnetic resonance of, 1022 – 1023 properties of, 1017 radius of, 1019, 1039 size of, 1018 – 1019 spin and magnetic moment of, 1021 – 1022 stability of, 1019 – 1021, 1039 volume and density of, 1019 Oscillation(s) (Continued) in LC circuit, 814 – 815 number of per unit time interval, 376 of block-spring system, 815, 816 of simple pendulum, 384 – 386 simple harmonic, 374, 378 – 379, 391, 459 energy of, 381 – 384 total energy and frequency of, 941 Oscillator(s), allowed energy levels for, 939 energy units emitted and absorbed by, 939 quantized, 941 Oscillatory motion, 373 – 391 of particle attached to spring, 374 – 375 Oscilloscope(s), electrons deflected in, 621 Otto cycle, 596 Oxygen, beta-plus decay of nucleus of, 1038 molar mass and speed of, 517 Oxygen molecule, rotation of, 300 Ozone shield, stratospheric, 823 – 824 O Object distance, 868 Oblique incidence, 820n Occhialini, Giuseppe P S., 1053 Ocean, affecting Earth temperature, 497 Oersted, Hans Christian, 604, 728, 743 experiments of, 747 Ohm, Georg Simon, 687 Ohmic material(s), 687 – 688, 714 current-potential difference curve for, 687 Ohm’s law, 695, 714 resistance and, 687 – 691 Ohm(s) (⍀), 687, 714 Oil crisis, 209 One-dimensional motion See Motion, in one dimension Open-circuit voltage, 699 Opportunity rover, 224 – 225 Optical fiber(s), 855 – 857 construction of, 855 medical use of in fiberscope, 888 – 890 Optical length of day, 848 Optical lens(es), antireflecting coatings in, 908 Optical storage, 931 Optical tweezers, 828 Optics, 839 geometric, 841 – 842 wave, 898 – 922 Orbital angular momentum, 997, 1009 Orbital angular momentum vector, 991 – 992 Orbital magnetic quantum number(s), 986, 1009 Orbital period, 344 – 345 Orbital quantum number(s), 986, 991 – 992, 1009 magnetic, 992 – 993 Orbital(s), definition of, 998 kinetic energy of, 985n of equal energy, 999 Orbiting object, escape speed of, 348 – 349 Orbit(s), circular, 752 Order number, 902 Order-of-magnitude calculations, 10 Orion Nebula, 1007 stars in, 940 Oscillating particle, 380 Oscillation(s), damped, 387 – 388, 391 forced, 389 – 390, 391 frequency of, 817 P P waves, 421 – 424 in earthquake, 461 Pair production, 1051 Parabolic path, projectile, 247 Parabolic trajectory, 73 – 74 Parallel axis theorem, 321 Parallel combination of capacitor(s), 661 – 662 Parallel combination of resistors, 702 – 703 Parallel ray(s), 881 Parallel-plate capacitor(s), 646, 658 – 659 with dielectric, 668 Paraxial ray(s), 871, 890 Parent nucleus, 1029 Particle accelerator(s), 737 – 738, 1071 – 1072 Particle in a box, 963 – 966 expectation values for, 970 Schrödinger equation for, 968 – 970 Particle model of light, 949 – 950 Particle models, 22, 37, 45 – 47, 51 – 53, 61 Particle physics, 1048 – 1077 beginning of, 1053 – 1055 connected to physics of Universe, 1084 – 1086 Standard Model of, 1070 – 1072 Particle in equilibrium model, 107 – 108 Particle in uniform circular motion model, 132 – 134 Particle under a net force model, 101, 108 Particle under constant acceleration model, 51 – 53, 61 Particle under constant speed model, 45 – 47 Particle-antiparticle pair(s), 1077 Particle-Earth system, potential energy of, 203 – 204 Particle(s) See also Charged particle(s) acceleration of, 618 – 619 classification of, 1055 – 1057 finding patterns in, 1063 – 1064 head-on-collisions of, 1072 high-energy collisions of, 1049 in equilibrium, 107 – 108, 610 in uniform circular motion, 79 – 81, 132 – 138 interactions of, 1050t kinetic energy of, 956 – 957 localization of, 954 – 955 mass of, 1077 measuring lifetimes of, 1061 – 1063 www.EngineeringBooksPDF.com INDEX Particle(s) (Continued) motion of system of, 245 – 247 properties of, 1056t quantized energy of, 965 quantum, 954 – 957 representing interactions of, 1054 shorthand notation for charge of, 609n strange, 1060 – 1061 under net force, 108 – 109 wave function of, 962 wave properties of, 950 – 953 Pascal (Pa), 465 – 466 Pascal’s law, 467 – 468, 482 Paschen series, 355 Path difference(s), 901 – 902, 904 Path integral, 643, 646n Path length, 436, 437 Pauli, Wolfgang, 994, 998 proposal of neutrino in beta decay, 1032 Pauli exclusion principle, 1002 – 1003 violation of, 1068 – 1069 Pendulum, conical, 135 – 136 physical, 386 – 387, 391 simple, 384 – 386, 391 motion of, 383 Penzias, Arno, 836, 973 Perigee, 343 Perihelion, 343 Period, 377, 391, 424 of particle in uniform circular motion, 81 of physical pendulum, 387 of simple pendulum, 385 of wave, 404 Periodic motion, 373 – 374 Periodic table, 1002 – 1003 Permeability of free space, 743, 755 Perrin, Jean, 526 Personal digital assistants (PDAs), 936 Phase, 376 Phase change(s), 536 – 539 due to reflection, 413, 904 – 905 energy in, 560 – 561 Phase constant, 376, 391, 405, 406 Phase difference(s), 904 Phase shift, 180Њ, 413, 905 Phase speed, 956 Phased array, 923 Phillips, William, 1015 Phipps, T E., 995 Phipps-Taylor experiment, 995 Phosphorus-32, radiopharmaceutical, 1046 Photoelectric current(s), 942, 943 Photoelectric effect, 840, 942 – 947, 974 apparatus, 942 features of, 943 practical uses of, 945 – 946 Photoelectric photometry, 946 Photoelectron(s), 942 ejection of, and incidence of light, 943, 945 and light frequency, 945 kinetic energy of, light frequency and, 943 light intensity and, 943, 944 – 945 maximum, 944 Photomultiplier tube(s), 945 – 946 Photon model of light, 944 – 945 Photon momentum, 947 Photon(s), 943, 974 collection of, 829 Compton scattering of, 1073 Photon(s) (Continued) Einstein’s concept of, 985 electromagnetic waves and, 949 – 950 emission of, 1008 in de-excitation process, 1034 – 1035 stimulating, 827 energy of, 951 frequencies of, 1003 – 1004 high-energy, 1025, 1039 momentum of, 947, 951, 1053 virtual, 1054 wave properties of, 950 – 953 Phototube(s), 945 Physics, classical, – contextual approach to, – goal of, modern, 2, 935 – 936 Pickup coil, 768, 769 Pictorial representation, 24, 39 simplified, 24 Pinch effect, 761 Pion exchange model, 1054 – 1055, 1070 Pioneer 10 spacecraft, 1046 Pion(s), 1053, 1056 charge of, 1069 – 1070 negative and positive, 230 – 231 properties of, 1056t Pipe, harmonics in, 445 Pipeline(s), loops for thermal expansion and contraction in, 499 Pitch, versus frequency, 448 Planck, Max, 939 Planck length, 1084 – 1085, 1086 Planck’s constant, 353, 939, 974 Planck’s theory of blackbody radiation, 939 – 941 Plane, motion in, 73 Plane polar coordinates, 13 – 14 Plane sheet of charge, nonconducting, 629 – 630 Plane wave(s), 810 passing through rectangular path, 811 propagation of, 841, 852 Planetary motion, Copernican theory of, 134 – 135 energy considerations in, 345 – 351 Kepler’s laws of, 342 – 345, 359, 368 two-object system of, 346 Planetary orbits, 337 eccentricities of, 343 Planets, escape speeds from surface of, 349t useful data on, 345t Plasma, stripped electrons in, 1004 Plastic optical fiber, 856 Pleiades Nebula, 1007 Pluto, telescopic images of, 914 Point charge(s), 611n electric field due to, 611 – 612, 627, 634 electric potential and electric potential energy due to, 647 – 650, 673 in electric field, 643 outside closed surface, 625 positive, at center of spherical surface, 624 – 625 Point source(s), emitting spherical waves, 841 fields due to, 819 object as, 868n Polar molecule(s), 669 Polar satellite, 340 www.EngineeringBooksPDF.com ❚ I.15 Polarization, 607 – 608, 824 – 826, 830 dielectric effects and, 668 – 669 linear, 825 plane, 825 Polarized wave(s), linearly, 810 Polarizer, 825 – 826 Polarizing angle, 860 Polarizing direction, 825 Polarizing film, 830 Polarizing material, 825 – 826 Polaroid, 825 Polonium, discovery of, 1025 Polyatomic gas, molar specific heat of, 548t, 553 Population inversion, 827 Position, 292 as function of time, 52 as function of velocity and time, 52 change of, 14 expectation value for, 963 of particle in simple harmonic motion, 378 – 379 uncertainty principle, 959 – 960 Position vector, 69 – 71 as function of time, 72 of projectile, 75 Positron-emission tomography (PET), 1051 – 1052 Positron(s), 1025 – 1026, 1050 – 1053 decay of, 1032 production of, 1051 Potential See Electric potential Potential difference, 643 – 644, 673 across capacitor, 665, 709 – 710 across inductor, 780 across resistor, 709, 714 in conductor moving through magnetic field, 771 in uniform electric field, 645 – 647 Kirchhoff’s rules in determining, 708 rules for determining sign of across resistor and battery, 707 Potential energy, 532, 643 change in, 204 – 205, 643, 673 conservative forces and, 200 – 201 elastic, 195 – 196, 209 electric, 210 for gravitational and electric forces, 203 – 205 for particle in a box, 964 gravitational, 189 – 190, 198, 209, 210 in fuels, 207 – 209 in simple harmonic motion, 381 – 382 negative, 204 of photoelectric system, 943 of sinusoidal wave on string, 414 of system, 188 – 190 rate of system loss of, 696 – 697 versus separation distance for neutronproton and proton-proton systems, 1020 versus separation distance in alpha decay, 1031 Potential energy barrier, tunneling through, 970 – 973 Potential energy difference, 644 Powell, Cecil Frank, 1053 Power, 181, 414, 714 associated with sinusoidal wave, 424 delivered by elevator motor, 178 – 179 I.16 ❚ INDEX Power (Continued) delivered to resistor, 696 – 697 delivered to rotating object, 312 electric energy and, 696 – 699 general expression for, 177 – 178 instantaneous, 177 SI units of, 697 Power line(s), 683 Powers of ten, prefixes for, 7t Poynting vector, 818, 822, 830 Precessional motion, 319 – 320 Pressure, 482 See also Atmospheric pressure; Blood pressure as function of volume, 542 constant, molar specific heat at, 547 – 550, 561 definition of, 465 depth of Titanic and, 493 – 494 in adiabatic process for ideal gas, 550 – 551 in compressed air lift, 469 measurements of, 470 of ideal gas, 516, 522 molecular interpretation of, 514 – 516 units of, 465 – 466 variation of with depth, 466 – 469 variation of with fluid speed, 479 Pressure amplitude, 416 Pressure differential, 466 Pressure node, 443 Pressure versus temperature graph, for gas, 503 with constant-volume gas thermometer, 503 Pressure wave, 416 Principal quantum number, 986 Prism, 850 – 851 white light entering, 850 Probability, of finding particle, 962 – 963 Probability amplitude, 961 Probability density, 962, 974 wave function and, 965 Problem-solving strategy, 26 analyze, 25 categorize, 25 conceptualize, 25 finalize, 25 for applying Newton’s laws, 108 for calculating electric potential, 652 for calculating the electric field, 614 for isolated systems, 197 for Kirchoff’s Rules, 707 for one-dimensional collisions, 236 for projectile motion, 76 for particle under constant acceleration, 53 – 54 for rigid object in equilibrium, 307 for two-dimensional collisions, 240 Projectile, exploding, 247 horizontal range and maximum height of, 75 – 76 motion of, 73 – 79, 86 Projections, of a vector, 17 Propagation, of disturbance, 401 – 403 Propane, potential energy in, 208 – 209 Propellant gas, temperature and pressure of, 512 – 513 Proper time interval, 266 – 267 Propulsion, magnetic, 801 – 802 Proton accelerator, 1071 Proton-antiproton collider, 1055 Proton-neutron interaction(s), Feynman diagram of, 1054 – 1055 quark model of, 1069, 1070 Yukawa’s pion model of, 1069 – 1070 Proton-proton collider, 1071 Proton-proton collision, 240 – 241 Proton-proton cycle, 1038 Proton(s), 1049, 1057 charge of, 608 – 609, 1017 decay of, detection of, 1032, 1057 – 1059 energy of, 279 half-life of, 1058 magnetic moment of, 1022 mass of, 1017 – 1018, 1018t motion of in uniform electric field, 647 moving perpendicular to uniform magnetic field, 734 properties of, 1056t repulsive electrostatic force between, 144 – 145 Pulse(s), 401, 409 at boundary, 413 propagation of, 401 – 402 reflection of, 411, 412 shape of, 409 speed of on cord, 410 superposition of, 433 – 434 transmission of, 412 – 413 Pure rolling motion, 320 – 321 PV diagram(s), 540 – 541, 543 for adiabatic expansion, 551 for arbitrary cyclic process, 574 for Carnot cycle, 577 for cyclic process, 546 for isothermal expansion of ideal gas, 545 Pythagorean theorem, 85, 515 Q Q value, 1029 – 1031, 1035 – 1036 Quanta, 1049 – 1050 Quantization, 432 – 433, 440, 452 of energy for quantum particle, 966 – 967 Quantized Solar system, 990 – 991 Quantum chromodynamics (QCD), 1069, 1077 electroweak theory and, 1070 – 1071 Quantum corral, 969 Quantum dot, 969 Quantum mechanical model, 695 Quantum mechanics, 2, 354, 935 applied to hydrogen atom, 1008 interpretation of, 961 – 963 nature of light in, 950 Quantum number(s), 354, 359, 939, 1009 for microscopic systems, 939n in hydrogen atoms, 984, 987t in Schrödinger equation, 986 – 987, 997 magnetic orbital, 992 – 993 nuclear spin, 1021 orbital, 991 – 992 physical interpretation of, 991 – 997 principal, 1009 spin magnetic, 994 – 997 strangeness, 1060 – 1061 Quantum of action See Planck’s constant Quantum particle model, 974, 1084 Quantum particle(s), 840 – 841, 954 – 957 quantization of energy for, 966 – 967 under boundary conditions, 966 – 967 Quantum physics, 337, 935 – 936, 937, 939 www.EngineeringBooksPDF.com Quantum state(s), 354, 939, 967, 974 allowed for atoms, 998 energies of, 355 Quark model, 145, 1022 Quark-antiquark pair(s), 1068, 1070 Quark-gluon plasma, 1072 creation of, 1048, 1068 Quark(s), 144, 936, 1049, 1065, 1070, 1084 bottom, 1067 charmed, 1066 – 1067 colored, 1068 – 1070 down, 1065 flavors of, 1065, 1077 force between, 1053, 1055 in structural model for hadrons, 1065 – 1066 properties of, 1066 – 1068 strange, 1065 superpartner to, 1085 top, 1067 up, 1065 Quasar, recession of, 1074 Quasi-static adiabatic expansion, 550 Quasi-static process(es), 540 – 541, 561 Quasi-steady state, 202 R Radar, 373 Radial acceleration, 82 – 83, 138 – 139 Radial probability density, 989 for state of hydrogen, 988 Radian (rad), 292 Radiation, 171n See also specific types of as energy transfer mechanism, 557 – 558 braking, 1005 electromagnetic, 559, 561 energy transfer by, 558 from hot object, 559 from sun, 822 of energy into atmosphere, 587 – 588 of stratosphere, 598 of universe, 973 – 974 particle emission in, 1026 thermal, 561 21 – cm, 1008 types of, 1025 – 1026 Radiation pressure, apparatus for measuring, 820 from laser pointer, 821 – 822 momentum and, 820 – 822 on perfectly absorbing surface, 820 Radiator, convection currents from, 557 Radio, invention of, 817n Radio wave(s), 822, 823, 944 discovery of, 815 frequencies of, 824 oscillating, 373 short-wavelength.See Microwaves transmission of, 817 – 818 Radioactive dating, 1033 – 1034 Radioactive decay, 280 Alpha, 1029 – 1031 Beta, 1031 – 1033 disintegration energy of, 1035 – 1036 energy from, 559 Gamma, 1034 – 1035 Half-life for, 1027 pathways of, 1035t processes of, 1029 – 1035 rate of, 1026 – 1027, 1039 INDEX Radioactive nucleus, 971 – 972 Radioactive process(es), 1039 Radioactivity, 1016, 1025 – 1028 lead shielding from, 1045 of radium-226, 1028 unit of activity in, 1027 Radio-frequency radiation, 1023 Radio-frequency wave(s), 806 Radium, activity of, 1028 discovery of, 1025 Radium-226, alpha decay of, 1030 energy liberated in, 1030 Radon, 1042 Rail guns, 764 Rainbow, double, 851 formation of, 851 light rays in, 850 secondary, 839 Rainbow hologram, 921 Raindrop(s), light entering, 851 light rays passing through, 867 Ramp, crate sliding down, 198 Rare-earth magnets, 753 Rarefactions, 415 Ray approximation, 841 – 842, 858 Ray diagram(s), 868 for flat mirror, 868 for spherical mirrors, 873 – 876 for thin lenses, 883 – 886 Ray model, 841 – 842 Rayleigh wave, 422, 424 Rayleigh’s criterion, 913, 922 RC circuit(s), 708 – 712, 714, 782 charging capacitor in, 708 – 710, 712 discharging capacitor in, 710 – 712, 808 in roadway construction flasher, 711 Reaction energy, 1039 in nuclear reaction, 1036 Reaction force, 104 – 106, 107, 226 Rearview mirror, daytime and nighttime settings of, 870 Reasonable values, Rectangular coordinate system, 13 Rectangular loop, induced emf in, 772 Red shift, 813, 832 – 833, 1075 Reference clock, Reference frames, absolute, 262 inertial, 99, 115 noninertial, 99 time measurement and, 264 Reflected ray(s), 843, 844 Reflection, angle of, 843 images formed by, 867 in flat mirror, 868 – 870 law of, 843, 852 – 853, 858 mechanical wave, 411 – 413 phase change due to, 904 – 905 total internal, 853 – 855 wave under, 842 – 845 Reflection nebula(e), 1007, 1008 Refracting surface(s), curved, 878 – 879 in lenses, 881 sign conventions for, 879t Refraction, angle of, 845, 850 images formed by, 867, 878 – 881 in material, 845 – 848 in prism, 850 index of, 846, 848, 858, 922 for various substances, 847t of thin film, 906 Refraction (Continued) of water, 855 total internal reflection and, 854 variation of, 850 law of, 847 – 848, 852 – 853, 858 of light rays, 870 wave under, 845 – 849 Refrigerant fluid, 578n Refrigerator(s), 578 – 579 Reines, Frederick, 1032 Relative velocity, 83 – 85, 87 Relativistic energy, 276 – 279 Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC), 1068 Relativistic momentum, 275 – 276 Relativistic particle, total energy of, 278 Relativistic wave equation, 1050 Relativity, 259 – 284 See also General relativity; Special relativity Einstein’s principle of, 263 – 264 general theory of, 280 – 283, 284 in space travel, 283 – 284 length contraction and, 269 – 272 Lorentz transformation equations and, 272 – 275 Michelson-Morley experiment and, 262 – 263 Newtonian, 259 – 263 special theory of, 260, 284 consequences of, 264 – 272 theory of, time dilation and, 265 – 269 twin paradox and, 268 – 269 Repulsive force(s), 205, 607 – 608, 728, 788 Repulsive magnetic levitation model, 787 – 788 Resistance, color code for determining, 690 internal, 699, 700 in battery, 714 microscopic origin of, 692 – 693 of conductor, 687 – 690, 714 of fluid flowing through pipe, 688 – 689 of lightbulb filament, 697 of Nichrome wire, 690 Resistance thermometer, platinum, 691 Resistive force, 147 magnitude of, 140 mathematical representation of, 141 proportional to object speed, 140 – 142 proportional to object speed squared, 142 – 143 velocity-dependent, 140 – 143 Resistivity, 688, 714 change in with temperature, 691 for various materials, 689t high temperature, 691 – 692 microscopic parameters of, 694 Resistor(s), 683, 688 color code for, 690t composition, 690 energy delivered to, 696 – 697 energy transferred to, 786 – 787 in electric circuit, 696 in parallel, 702 – 705, 705 in series, 700 – 701, 703 – 704 rule for determining sign of potential difference across, 707 wire-wound, 690 Resolution, limiting angle of, 913 of single-slit and circular apertures, 912 – 914 of telescope, 914 www.EngineeringBooksPDF.com ❚ I.17 Resonance, 389, 391, 450 in structures, 390 – 391 Resonance frequency, 389 – 390, 817 Resonance particle(s), 1062 – 1063 Rest energy, 278, 284 of elementary particles, 1067 – 1068 of nucleons, 1023 transformed to kinetic energy, 1039 Restoring force, 163 Resultant force, 101 Resultant vector, 16 Reversible process(es), 575, 589 entropy change in, 583 in Carnot cycle, 577n Richter, Burton, 1066 Rigel, blue glow of, 940 Right-hand rule, 294, 766 for direction of angular momentum vector, 294 for direction of area vector, 742 for direction of magnetic field of long wire, 744 for direction of vector product, 304 Rigid object, angular position, speed, and acceleration of, 292 – 294 definition of, 291 in equilibrium, 306 – 309 modeling of, 23, 293 – 294 moment of inertia of, 298 – 300 rolling motion of, 320 – 423 rotational kinetic energy of, 298 – 302 under constant angular acceleration, 295 – 296 under net torque, 309 – 313 Ring galaxy, 936 RL circuit(s), 782 – 785 current versus time plot for, 782 dI/dt versus time plot for, 783 emf induced in, 782 energy storage in inductor in, 786 iron bar inserted into solenoid of, 783 – 784 switch positions in, 783 time constant of, 783, 784 – 785, 789 Roadways, switchbacks on, 159 – 160 Robotic device, laser in, 805 Rocket propulsion, 248 – 250 Rod, rotating, 302 Roentgen, Wilhelm, 918 Rogowski coil, 792 Rolling motion, 320 – 423, 324 Rolling object, translational and rotational variables of, 320 – 321 Rolling sound of thunder, 416 – 417 Root-mean-square speed, 522 of gas molecules, 517 of various gas molecules, 517t Rosette Nebula, 337 Rotating ball, 139 – 140 Rotating bar, motional emf induced in, 772 – 773 Rotational equilibrium, 306 Rotational motion, 291, 324, 551, 552 – 553 angular momentum and, 313 – 316 angular position, speed, and acceleration in, 292 – 294 conservation of angular momentum in, 316 – 319 dynamic equations of, 315t equilibrium and, 306 – 309 kinematic equations of, 295 – 296 I.18 ❚ INDEX Rotational motion (Continued) kinetic energy of, 298 – 302, 324 net torque in, 309 – 313 of gyroscopes, 319 – 320 of molecules, 551 – 553 energy levels for, 554 of spacecraft, 323 rolling as special case of, 320 – 322 torque and vector product in, 303 – 306 translational quantities and, 296 – 298 work and energy in, 311 – 313 Rotational motion equations, 295t, 315t Rotational position, 292 Rotational variables, 292 Rubbia, Carlo, 1055, 1070 Ruby laser(s), 804, 805 Rutherford, Ernest, 984 – 985 observation of nuclear reactions, 1035 radiation work of, 1016 – 1017 scattering experiments of, 1018 – 1019 Rutherford model, 988 – 989 Rydberg, Johannes, 352 Rydberg constant, 353 Rydberg equation, 352 – 353, 355 – 356 empirical, 356 generalized, 356 S S waves, 421 – 424 in earthquake, 461 Salam, Abdus, 1070 Samarium-cobalt, 753 Sand, specific heat of, 534 – 535 Sandage, Allan R., 1074 – 1075 Sanduleak star, 1081 Santa Ana wind, 521 Satellite, artificial, 346 energy considerations in motion of, 345–351 gravitational force applied to, 340 – 341 in elliptical orbit, 347 – 348 Savart, Félix, 743 Scalar product, 17, 180 integral of, 174 of two vectors, 160 – 162 Scalars, 14 – 15, 26 multiplication of vector by, 17 Scanning tunneling microscope, 973, 974 Scattering, inelastic, 1036 Scattering event, 1036 Schawlow, Arthur L., 804 Schrödinger, Erwin, 962, 967 Schrödinger equation(s), 963, 967 algebraic solution of, 997 mathematical solution of, 985 – 986, 991n particle in a box via, 968 – 970 solution of, 1008 – 1009 time-independent, 967 – 968, 974 Schwarzschild radius, 349 Scientific notation, 12 Scott, David, 56 Second, 26 definition of, Sedimentary basins, standing waves in, 450 – 451 Segré, Emilio, 1052 Seiche, 451 Seismic isolation, 460 Seismic wave(s), 371 – 372, 421 – 424 speed of, 422 spread of, 459 – 460 Seismograph trace, 422 Selection rule(s), 1009 for atomic transitions, 1004 Selectron, 1085 Self-induced emf, 789 Self-inductance, 780 – 781 of coaxial cable, 787 Self-propelled vehicles, 34 – 36 Semiconductor(s), 606 nonreflecting coatings of, 907 – 908 Sensing coil, 769 Series combination of capacitors, 662 – 664 Series combination of resistors, 700 – 701 Seurat, Georges, scintillating canvas of, 925 – 926 Shear modulus, 421 Shearing force, 465 Shell, 987, 1009 Shock wave, 419 SI system, 5, units of, 8t Sigma, 1060 properties of, 1056t Sign convention(s) for mirrors, 874 for refracting surfaces, 879 for thin lenses, 883 in applying loop rule, 707 Significant figures, 11 – 12 Silicon, 606 Simple harmonic motion, 374 – 384 Simple pendulum, 384 – 386 Simplification model(s), 23, 37, 573n for trajectory, 73 – 74 Simultaneity, 264 Single-mode stepped index optical fiber, 856, 857 Single-slit aperture(s), resolution of, 912 – 914 Sinusoidal wave(s), 351, 403, 812 – 813 at boundary, 413 electromagnetic, 814 intensity of, 818, 830 energy transfer rate of on string, 413 – 415 one-dimensional, 405 physical characteristics of, 404 traveling, 405 – 408, 424 Sliding bar, 773 – 774 Slipher, Vesto Melvin, 1073 Small angle approximation, 384 – 385 Smith, E J., 481 Snell’s law, 847 – 848, 849, 853, 858 Snowshoes, design of, 466 Soap film, interference in, 907 Sodium, photoelectric effect for, 947 trapped atoms of, 828 Sodium chloride, crystalline structure of, 920 Soft magnetic material, 753 Soil, liquefaction of, 459 – 460 Solar cell(s), nonreflecting coatings of, 907 – 908 Solar constant, 559, 560 Solar day, – Solar energy, converted to kinetic energy, 588 to Earth’s surface, 821 Solar system, Copernican theory of, 134 – 135 Kepler’s laws of planetary motion in, 342 – 345 structural model of, 337, 341 – 342 Solar system, quantized, 990 – 991 www.EngineeringBooksPDF.com Solenoid(s), changing magnetic field in, 779 – 780 ideal, 750 – 751 inductance of, 781 magnetic field of, 750 – 752 Solid(s), 464 atomic configuration of, structural model of, 506 melting of, 536 thermal expansion of, 505 – 508 Sommerfeld, Arnold, 994 Sonic boom, 419 Sound, spectrum of, 450 timbre of, 450 Sound wave(s), 415 – 417 abstract nature of, 951 digital recording of, 931 – 932 Doppler effect for, 417 – 420 frequency of, 817 – 818 interference of, 436 – 437 longitudinal, 401 nonsinusoidal patterns of, 448 – 450 reconstruction of, 932 resonance of in tube, 446 speed of in various media, 415t standing, in air column, 437 – 440 Source particle(s), 611 South pole, 728 Space, atoms in, 1007 – 1008 dimensions of, 1085 Space quantization, 992, 993, 994, 1009 Space sailing, 822 Space travel, length contraction in, 269 – 272 physics of, 223 – 225 relativity in, 283 – 284 Spacecraft, circular to elliptical orbit of, 357 – 358 gravitational forces on, 223 relative velocity of, 274 rotational motion of, 323 successful mission of, 367 – 369 Space-time, 272 curvature of, 282 ripples in, 351 Spark, anatomy of, 713 Spatial interference, 446 Special relativity, consequences of, 264 – 272 postulates of, 263, 284 second postulate of, 265 – 266 Specific energy transfer See Heat, specific Specific heat See Heat, specific Spectral line(s), 351 – 356 Balmer series of, 352, 355 Doppler shifts in, 1073 Spectrometer, diffraction grating, 916 – 917 Spectroscope, 351 Spectroscopy, atomic, 917 spectral line descriptions in, 987n Specular reflection, 842, 843 Speed, See also Angular speed; Velocity average, 61 definition of, 38 versus average velocity, 38 constant, in loop-the-loop maneuver, 137 – 138 instantaneous, 42 – 43, 61 instantaneous angular, 293, 324 of light, 846, 848 – 849 constancy, 263 – 264 INDEX Speed (Continued) of sound in various media, 415t of transverse wave on strings, 408 – 411 Sphere, rolling down incline, 322 Spherical coordinate(s), for particle in a box, 967 Spherical shell, 988 Spherical symmetry, 988 Spherical wave(s), 810 – 811 emission of, 841 Sphygmomanometer, 468 Spin, 985 nuclear, 1021 of baryons, 1057 of electron, 752 of mesons, 1056 Spin angular momentum, 752, 995, 996 – 997, 1009 Spin magnetic moment, 752, 996 Spin magnetic quantum number(s), 994 – 997, 1009 Spin state(s), 1022 Spinning top, 319 – 320 Spirit rover, 224 Spring, compression of in collision, 238 – 239 dropping block onto, 168 elastic force in, 604 elastic potential energy in, 195 motion of particle attached to, 374 – 375 work done by, 163 – 166, 195 work required to stretch, 165 – 166 Spring-drive car, 34 Square barrier, 970 Square well, 968 Squark, 1085 Stability, line of, 1021, 1029 Stable equilibrium, 206 – 207, 210 Standing wave(s), 437 – 440, 452 amplitude of, 438 formation of, 439 – 440 in air columns, 443 – 446 in earthquakes, 450 – 451 in strings, 440 – 442 multiflash photograph of, 438 Stanford Linear Accelerator (SLAC), 1066 Star(s), cores of, cool, 1038 high temperatures and densities in, 1037 electromagnetic radiation from, 1039 formation of, 1025 nuclear reactions in, 1036 – 1039 State, equation of, 510 – 511 State variable(s), 539 – 540, 561 States of matter, 464 Static equilibrium, 306 Static friction, coefficient of, 127, 147 force of, 126, 136 maximum force of, 147 Statistical mechanics, 552, 581 Steady flow, 476 Steady-state, condition for oscillator, 389 flow in, 476 – 477 nonisolated system in, 202 – 203, 210 Steam, energy to raise temperature of, 538 – 539 Steam engine, 35 efficiency of, 577 Steam point, 501 Steam-driven vehicles, 34 Stefan-Boltzmann constant, 558 Stefan’s law, 557 – 558, 560, 561, 938 – 939, 940 Stepped index, 855 – 856 Stepped leader, 601 – 602 Stereo speakers, out of phase, 436 – 437 Stern, Otto, 994 – 995 Stern-Gerlach experiment, 995, 996 – 997 Stiffness, in cable, 411 Stimulated emission, 827 Stirling, Robert, 594 Stirling engine, 594 Stopping potential, 942 Strange particle(s), 1060 – 1061 formed in bubble chamber, 1062 low decay rate of, 1061 Strange quark(s), 1065 Strangeness, 1052, 1060 – 1061, 1077 conservation of, 1061 Strassman, Fritz, 1036 Stratosphere, 521, 598 ozone in, 823 – 824 Streamline flow, 478 – 479 around airplane wing, 480 – 481 Streamlines, 476 – 478 String theory, 1084 – 1085 Stringed instrument, tuning, 447 Strings, frequencies of standing waves on, 442 pulses overlapping on, 433 – 434 speed of transverse waves on, 408 – 411 standing waves in, 440 – 442 Stroboscopic photograph, definition of, 50 Strong force, 144 – 145, 147, 1049, 1053, 1055, 1073, 1077 gluons as mediators of, 1069 Structural models, 23 – 24, 337, 341 – 342 features of, 341 Structures, resonance in, 390 – 391 Strutt, John William (Lord Rayleigh), 923 Subatomic particle(s), properties and classifications of, 1049 Submarines, Doppler effect in, 420 Submerged object, buoyant forces on, 471 – 472 Subshell(s), 1009 notations of, 987t Sun, bound and unbound systems in relation to, 346 electromagnetic radiation from, 559 energy input to atmosphere from, 587 escape speed from surface of, 349t formation of, 204 granulation of surface of, 557 position of, in elliptical orbit of planets, 343 radiation force from, 822 radius vector from planet to, 343 – 344 ultraviolet light from, 823 – 824 Sunglasses, UV blocking, 823 Super Kamiokande neutrino facility, 1058 – 1059 Superconducting magnet(s), 727 in magnetic levitation system, 787 Superconductivity, 503 Superconductor(s), 691 – 692 critical temperatures for, 693t lack of resistance in, 693 type I, 797 Supernova, remnant of, 317 Supernova explosion, 935, 1025, 1076 Supernova Shelton 1987A, 1081 www.EngineeringBooksPDF.com ❚ I.19 Superposition, of electric fields, 612 of electric forces, 609 of harmonics, 448 of light, 901 principle of, 433 – 434, 437, 452 Superposition principle, 609, 813 applied to fields, 612 Supersymmetry, 1085 Surface charge density, 614 Surgery, laser, 804 Switchbacks, 159 – 160 Symmetric object, moment of inertia of, 299 Symmetry breaking, 1071 Synchrotron(s), 738 System boundary, 157, 180 System(s), 157, 180 center of mass of, 242 – 245 change of state of, 543 identifying, 157 in thermal equilibrium, 539 – 540 internal energy and temperature of, 506 isolated, 172, 190 – 194, 197 – 200, 209 motion of, 245 – 247 nonisolated, 169 – 173, 180 – 181, 210 nonisolated in steady state, 202 – 203 potential energy of, 188 – 190, 200 – 201 states of, 539 total mechanical energy of, 209 T Tabular representation, 25, 38 Tacoma Narrows Bridge, destruction of, 390 – 391 Tailpipe emissions, carcinogens in, 208 from propane-fueled vehicles, 209 Tangent function, 18 Tangential acceleration, 82 – 83, 138 – 139, 324 Tangential position, 324 Tangential speed, 296, 297 – 298, 324 Tangential velocity, 296 Tarantula Nebula, 935 Tau, 1056t, 1067 Tau-neutrino, 1056t Taylor, J B., 995 Telescope(s), atmospheric turbulence effects on, 914, 915 resolution of, 914 Temperature coefficient(s), of resistivity, 691, 714 for various materials, 689t Temperature gradient, 561 in thermal conduction, 555 Temperature scale(s), based on water freezing and boiling points, 504 – 505 Celsius, 501 Fahrenheit, 504 – 505 Kelvin, 502 – 504 relationships among, 521 – 522 Temperature(s), altitude and variation in, 599 associated with internal energy, 700 average, of atmospheric gases, 520 – 521 blackbody radiation intensity and, 938 – 939 converting, 505 cosmic, 973 – 974 energy to raise, 533 – 536 factors affecting, 497 I.20 ❚ INDEX Temperature(s) (Continued) formal definition of, 500 gas molecule speed distribution and, 518, 522 molecular kinetic energy and, 532 of Earth’s surface, predicting, 597 – 599 of ideal gas, 516 – 518 proportional to average kinetic energy of gas, 516 resistivity and, 691 – 692 thermodynamics and, 499 versus heat and internal energy, 532 volume expansion and, 507 zeroth law of thermodynamics and, 500 – 501 Temporal interference, 446 – 448 Tension, 107 in cable, 410 – 411 Terminal speed, 141, 147 calculation of, 143 Terminal voltage, 699n, 714 Test charge, 612 positive, 634 Test particle(s), positive charge of, 611 Tevatron, 1071 Theoretical atmospheric lapse rate, 567 Thermal conduction, 171, 561 as energy transfer mechanism, 554 – 556 Thermal conductivity, 555, 561 of metal, 555, 696 of various substances, 556t Thermal contact, 500 Thermal efficiency, 589 of Carnot engine, 577 of heat engine, 574 Thermal equilibrium, 500 – 501, 539 – 540 Thermal expansion, 502 causing railroad tracks to buckle, 506 of solids and liquids, 505 – 510 of water, 509 – 510 Thermal expansion joint(s), 505 Thermal pollution, 573 Thermal process(es), 554 – 558 Thermal radiation, 561 classical explanation of, 938 as energy transfer mechanism, 557 – 558 from Big Bang, 973 – 974 from human body, 941 Thermodynamic process(es), work in, 539 – 542 Thermodynamics, concepts of, 499 electricity and, 698 – 699 first law of, 531 – 561, 542 – 544, 561, 572 applications of, 544 – 547 second law of, 573 – 574 alternative statement of, 579 – 580 Clausius statement of, 589 entropy statement of, 583 – 584, 589 Kelvin-Planck statement of, 574, 575, 589 third law of, 577n zeroth law of, 500 – 501, 521, 580 – 581 Thermometer(s), 500 alcohol, 502 calibration of, 501 – 502 constant-volume gas, 502 Kelvin scale and, 502 – 504 discrepancies between types of, 502 ear, 940 Thermometer(s) (Continued) early, 504 gas, 502 – 504 mercury, 502 platinum resistance, 691 sensitivity of, 940 Thermonuclear detonation, 1073 Thermostat, bimetallic strip in, 507, 508 Thin film(s), interference in, 905 – 908, 922 Thin lens equation, 882 – 883, 890 Thomson, G P., 951 Thomson, J J., 737 structural model of atoms of, 984 – 985 Thomson, William See Kelvin, Lord (William Thomson) Thomson’s apparatus, 737 Threshold energy, 1036, 1039 Thrust, 248 – 249 Thunder, rolling sound of, 416 – 417 shock wave in, 602 Thundercloud, charge distribution in, 632 Thunderstorm, freed electrons in, 713 Timbre, 450 Time, – dilation in special relativity, 265 – 269 simultaneity and relativity of, 264 Time constant, 141 for radioactive decay, 1026 of RC circuit, 710, 714 of RL circuit, 783, 784 – 785, 789 Time dilation, 265 – 269, 284 twin paradox and, 268 – 269 Time intervals approximate values of, 7t in calculating average velocity, 39 – 40 proper length and, 270 – 271 Time-average light intensity, 904, 922 Ting, Samuel, 1066 Titanic, design of, 493 maiden voyage of, 481 – 482 mass of, 462 salvaging, 494 – 496 search for, 462 – 463 sinking of, 493 – 494 Topness, 1067 Toroid, magnetic field created by, 749 – 750 Torque, 324 See also Net torque angular momentum and, 314 – 315 definition of, 303 in rotational motion, 303 – 306 on coil, 742 – 743 on current loop, 741 – 743, 755 vector expression for, 304 versus force, 304 Torricelli, Evangelista, 470 Torricelli’s law, 480 Torsion balance, 608 Townes, Charles H., 804 Toyota Prius, 220, 221 acceleration of, 60 forces on, 115 Trajectory, of projectile, 73 – 74 Transfer variable(s), 539 – 540 Transformations, energy, 156 – 157 Translational acceleration, 324 of rolling object, 322 tangential component of, 296 total, 297 Translational equilibrium, 306 www.EngineeringBooksPDF.com Translational kinematic variables, 292 Translational motion, 551 – 552 angular momentum and, 314 dynamic equations of, 315t kinematic equations of, 295t Translational motion equations, 295t, 315t Translational quantities, 296 – 298 Translational speed, 294, 321 Transmission, of mechanical waves, 411 – 413 Transmission axis, 825, 826 Transmission coefficient, 971 for electron, 972 Transmission electron microscope, 953 Transport equation, 690 Transrapid line, 725, 726 Transrapid system, 753 – 755, 754, 787 Transverse acceleration, 407 Transverse velocity, 407 Transverse wave(s), 401, 424, 812 – 813 speed of on strings, 408 – 411 Trigonometric function, 375n Triple point of water, 504 Tripole, charge distribution, 632 Tropopause, 521, 597, 598n Troposphere, 521, 597 – 598 Trough, 403 – 404 Tuning fork, frequencies of, 448 measuring frequency of, 446 Tunneling, 971 – 972, 974 applications of, 972 – 973 through potential energy barrier, 970 – 973 Turbulent flow, 475 – 476 Turning points, 206 – 207 21 – cm radiation, 1008 Twin paradox, 268 – 269 Two-dimensional motion, 69 – 87 with constant acceleration, 71 – 73 U Uhlenbeck, George, 994, 995 Ultrasound image, 416 Ultraviolet catastrophe, 939 Ultraviolet light, 823 – 824 on diffraction grating, 917 Unbalanced force, 101 Unbound system, 346 Uncertainty principle, 959 – 960, 974, 1054 Underwater vision, 848 Uniform circular motion, 79 – 81 Newton’s second law applied to, 132 – 138 Uniform gravitational field, 281 Uniformly charged ring, 653 – 654 Uniformly charged sphere, 654 Unit vectors, 19 – 20 Units of measure, – conversion of, – 10 Universal gas constant, 511 Universal gravitation, Newton’s law of, 280, 337, 338 – 341, 359 Universal gravitational constant, 144, 338 – 339, 359 Universe, atoms in, 1008 brief history of, 1073 cooling of, 1073 critical density of, 1075 – 1076 dark energy in, 1076 dark matter in, 1076 energy forms in, 156 – 157 entropy of, 589 INDEX Universe (Continued) expansion of, evidence for, 1073 – 1074 measuring, 1074 – 1076 heat death of, 585 microscopic particles connected to, 935 – 936 missing mass in, 1076 mysterious energy in, 1076 origin of, 936 oscillating, 1075 structure of, 1084 temperature of, 973 – 974 Upwelling, 509 Uranium, depleted, 1046 radioactivity of, 1016 Uranyl potassium sulfate crystals, 1016 Urey, Harold, 1011 U.S customary system, units of, 8t UV light See Ultraviolet light V Vacuum, rocket in, 249 – 250 Valence electron, 825 Van de Graaff generator, 1043 van der Meer, Simon, 1055, 1070 Vaporization, latent heat of, 537 – 538 Variable capacitor, 642 Varying force, work done by, 162 – 166 Vascular flutter, 481 Vector model, 992 – 993 Vector product, 17, 324 definition of, 304 properties of, 305 torque vector and, 304 – 306 Vector(s), 14 – 15, 26 addition of, 16, 20, 71 components of, 17 – 20 direction of, 18 equality of, 15 – 16 magnitude of, 18 multiplication of, 17 multiplication of by scalar, 17 negative of, 16 position, velocity, and acceleration, 69 – 71 scalar product of, 160 – 162 subtraction of, 17 Velocity, 292 as function of position, 52 as function of time, 51 – 53 average, 38 – 41, 44 – 45, 61 calculation of, 39 – 41, 44 – 45 definition of, 38 – 39, 70 for particle under constant acceleration, 52 changing in rocket propulsion, 248 constant, analysis of particle under, 45 – 47 dimensions of, in simple harmonic motion, 378 – 379, 382 instantaneous, 41 – 45, 44 – 45, 61 calculating, 44 – 45 definition of, 70 magnitude and direction of, 79 of center of mass, 245, 250 relative, 83 – 85, 87 units of, 8t Velocity selector, 735 – 736 Velocity transformation, 273 – 274, 284 Galilean, 261 – 262 Lorentz, 273 Velocity vector(s), 69 – 71 as function of time, 71 – 72 change in direction of, 82 – 83 Velocity-dependent resistive forces, 140 – 143, 145 Velocity-time graphs, 39 – 40, 48 – 49 for simple harmonic oscillator, 377 – 378 Ventriculostomy, laser-assisted, 889 – 890 Vertical motion, of projectile, 86 Very Large Array (VLA), 928 Vibrating strings, power supplied to, 415 resonance of, 389 – 390 Vibrational motion, of molecules, 551, 552 energy level for, 553 – 554 Videodisc(s), information storage on, 931 Viking Project, 223 Virtual image, 868, 890 formed by concave mirror, 874 formed by converging lens, 884 formed by convex mirror, 873 formed by flat refracting surface, 879 formed by diverging lens, 884 Virtual object, 873 in thin lenses, 886 – 887 Virtual photon, 1054 Viscosity, in fluid flow, 476 Visible atomic spectra, 1003 – 1005 Volcanic eruption, 69 Volcano, lightning above, 602 Volta, Alessandro, 34 Voltage, 644 Volt(s) (V), 644, 673 Volume, constant, molar specific heat at, 547, 548, 561 constant, in isovolumetric processes, 544 – 545 in adiabatic process for ideal gas, 550 – 551 units of, 8t Volume charge density, 614 Volume expansion, average coefficient of, 507, 509, 522 von Laue, Max, 918 Vostok spacecraft, 223 Voyager spacecraft, rotation of, 323 W Warm reservoir, Earth surface as, 589 Water, apparent depth of objects in, 880 – 881 boiling, 532 density of, 509, 509 disturbance of, 400 freezing and boiling points of, 504 – 505 freezing of surface of, 509 high specific heat of, 534 – 535 index of refraction of, 855 phases of, 531 unusual thermal expansion behavior of, 509 – 510 upwelling and mixing process in, 509 vaporization of, 537 – 539 waves in, 423 Water wave(s), in ripple tank, 852 Water-air boundary, 855 Water-cornea interface(s), 848 Watt (W), 177, 697 Wave equation, 407 – 408, 812, 963 Wave front(s), 810 – 811 moving between media, 847 www.EngineeringBooksPDF.com ❚ I.21 Wave function(s), 402, 424, 974 continuous in space, 963 for free particle, 962 for hydrogen, 987 – 991 for particle in a box, 963 – 964, 970 for sinusoidal wave, 405, 406 in Schrödinger equation, 969 infinite derivative of, 963n normalized, 989 of particle, 962 probability density and, 965 space- and time-dependent, 961 – 962 Wave interference pattern, 957 – 958 Wave model, 403 – 405 Wave number, 406, 424 Wave optics, 898 Wave packet, 955, 974 group speed for, 956 – 957 Wave speed, 351, 404 frequency and, 420 normal mode frequencies as functions of, 441 of transverse wave on strings, 408 – 411 of traveling sinusoidal wave, 405, 406 Wave under boundary conditions, 452 Waveform, 402 Wavelength(s), 351, 404, 424 Balmer series of, 1007 blackbody radiation intensity and, 938 – 939 determining, 817 of electron, 952, 953 of laser light, 903 of normal modes, 441 of sinusoidal electromagnetic waves, 814 Wavelet(s), 852 Wave(s), coherent, 899 combination of, 432 – 433 crest of, 403 – 404 electromagnetic, 810 envelope of, 955 – 956 idealized, 954 incoherent, 899 interference model of, 898 – 899 interference of, 434 – 437 nonsinusoidal patterns of, 448 – 450 phase speed for, 956 speed of, inverse to index of refraction, 847 standing, 437 – 440 in air columns, 443 – 446 in strings, 440 – 442 superposition of, 433 – 434 transfer of disturbance in, 400 – 401 traveling, 405 – 408 trough of, 403 – 404 types of, 400 – 401 under reflection, 842 – 845 under refraction, 845 – 849 Weak charge, 1070 Weak force(s), 145, 147, 1049, 1077 mediation of, 1049 – 1050 Wedge-shaped film, interference in, 908 Weight, gravitational force and, 103 – 104, 113 – 114 losing through exercise, 533 versus mass, 5, 101, 115 Weinberg, Steven, 1070 I.22 ❚ INDEX Wheel, block unwinding from, 312 – 313 White light, diffraction grating for, 918 incident on glass-air interface, 854 Wieman, Carl, 829 Wien’s displacement law, 938 – 939 Wilson, Robert, 836, 973 Wind instruments, standing waves produced by, 444 Wind tunnel test, 475 Work, 181 as method of energy transfer, 170 definition of, 158 done by constant force, 157 – 160 done by spring, 163 – 166 done by varying force, 162 – 166 energy and, 532 in thermodynamic processes, 539 – 542 on gas, 561 in quasi-static process, 540 – 541 Work function, metal, 944, 974 Working substance, 573 – 574 Work-kinetic energy theorem, 166 – 168, 172, 176 – 177, 180, 191, 731 for rotational motion, 311 – 313 relativistic, 276 – 279 X X-ray photon(s), scattered intensity of and wavelength, 947 – 948 scattering angles of, 948 X-ray scattering, 974 absorbed by hospital and lab technicians, 949 intensity versus wavelength of, 949 quantum model for, 947 – 948 X-ray(s), 823, 824 characteristic, 1005 – 1006, 1009 diffraction of by crystals, 918 – 920 estimating energy of, 1007 scattering of from electron, 947 spectrum of, 1005 – 1007, 1009 www.EngineeringBooksPDF.com Y Young, Thomas, 840, 899 – 900 double-slit experiments of, 899 – 901 Yukawa, Hideki, 1053 – 1054 pion model of, 1069 – 1070 Z Zero acceleration, 50 Zero amplitude, 438 – 439, 452 Zero flux, 625 Zero force, 610 Zero net force, 100 Zero point, in different temperature scales, 503 – 504 Zero power output, 577n Zero-point energy, 504, 965 Zero-resistance emf source, 699 Zweig, George, original quark model of, 1065 – 1066 y g p p Standard Abbreviations and Symbols for Units Symbol A u atm Btu C °C cal d eV °F F ft G g H h hp Hz in J Unit Symbol Unit ampere atomic mass unit atmosphere British thermal unit coulomb degree Celsius calorie day electron volt degree Fahrenheit farad foot gauss gram henry hour horsepower hertz inch joule K kg kmol L lb ly m mol N Pa rad rev s T V W Wb yr ⍀ kelvin kilogram kilomole liter pound lightyear meter minute mole newton pascal radian revolution second tesla volt watt weber year ohm Mathematical Symbols Used in the Text and Their Meaning Symbol Meaning ϭ ϵ ϶ ϰ ϳ Ͼ Ͻ ϾϾ(ϽϽ) Ϸ ∆x is equal to is defined as is not equal to is proportional to is on the order of is greater than is less than is much greater (less) than is approximately equal to the change in x N ͚ xi i ϭ1 ͉x͉ ⌬x : dx dt Ѩx Ѩt ͵ the sum of all quantities xi from i ϭ to i ϭ N the magnitude of x (always a nonnegative quantity) ∆x approaches zero the derivative of x with respect to t the partial derivative of x with respect to t integral www.EngineeringBooksPDF.com pp y g p p pp Conversions Length in ϭ 2.54 cm (exact) m ϭ 39.37 in ϭ 3.281 ft ft ϭ 0.304 m 12 in ϭ ft ft ϭ yd yd ϭ 0.914 m km ϭ 0.621 mi mi ϭ 1.609 km mi ϭ 280 ft ␮m ϭ 10Ϫ6 m ϭ 103 nm lightyear ϭ 9.461 ϫ 1015 m Force N ϭ 0.224 lb lb ϭ 4.448 N Velocity mi/h ϭ 1.47 ft/s ϭ 0.447 m/s ϭ 1.61 km/h m/s ϭ 100 cm/s ϭ 3.281 ft/s mi/min ϭ 60 mi/h ϭ 88 ft/s Acceleration m/s2 ϭ 3.28 ft/s2 ϭ 100 cm/s2 ft/s2 ϭ 0.304 m/s2 ϭ 30.48 cm/s2 Pressure bar ϭ 105 N/m2 ϭ 14.50 lb/in.2 atm ϭ 760 mm Hg ϭ 76.0 cm Hg atm ϭ 14.7 lb/in.2 ϭ 1.013 ϫ 105 N/m2 Pa ϭ N/m2 ϭ 1.45 ϫ 10Ϫ4 lb/in.2 Area m2 ϭ 104 cm2 ϭ 10.76 ft2 ft2 ϭ 0.092 m2 ϭ 144 in.2 in.2 ϭ 6.452 cm2 Volume m3 ϭ 106 cm3 ϭ 6.102 ϫ 104 in.3 ft3 ϭ 728 in.3 ϭ 2.83 ϫ 10Ϫ2 m3 L ϭ 000 cm3 ϭ 1.057 qt ϭ 0.035 ft3 ft3 ϭ 7.481 gal ϭ 28.32 L ϭ 2.832 ϫ 10Ϫ2 m3 gal ϭ 3.786 L ϭ 231 in.3 Time yr ϭ 365 days ϭ 3.16 ϫ 107 s day ϭ 24 h ϭ 1.44 ϫ 103 ϭ 8.64 ϫ 104 s Energy J ϭ 0.738 ft·lb cal ϭ 4.186 J Btu ϭ 252 cal ϭ 1.054 ϫ 103 J eV ϭ 1.602 ϫ 10Ϫ19 J kWh ϭ 3.60 ϫ 106 J Mass 000 kg ϭ t (metric ton) slug ϭ 14.59 kg u ϭ 1.66 ϫ 10Ϫ27 kg ϭ 931.5 MeV/c Power hp ϭ 550 ft·lb/s ϭ 0.746 kW W ϭ J/s ϭ 0.738 ft·lb/s Btu/h ϭ 0.293 W Some Approximations Useful for Estimation Problems m Ϸ yd kg Ϸ lb N Ϸ 41 lb L Ϸ 14 gal m/s Ϸ mi/h yr Ϸ ␲ ϫ 107 s 60 mi/h Ϸ 100 ft/s km Ϸ 12 mi Note: See Table A.1 of Appendix A for a more complete list The Greek Alphabet Alpha Beta Gamma Delta Epsilon Zeta Eta Theta 〈 〉 ⌫ ⌬ ⌭ ⌮ ⌯ ⍜ ␣ ␤ ␥ ␦ ⑀ ␨ ␩ ␪ Iota Kappa Lambda Mu Nu Xi Omicron Pi ⌱ ⌲ ⌳ ⌴ ⌵ ⌶ O ⌸ ␫ ␬ ␭ ␮ ␯ ␰ ␱ ␲ Rho Sigma Tau Upsilon Phi Chi Psi Omega www.EngineeringBooksPDF.com ⌹ ⌺ ⌻ ⌼ ⌽ ⌾ ⌿ ⍀ ␳ ␴ ␶ ␷ ␾ ␹ ␺ ␻ ... distance Average Earth – Sun distance Average radius of the Earth Density of air (20°C and atm) Density of water (20°C and atm) Free-fall acceleration Mass of the Earth Mass of the Moon Mass of the... symbols, the Greek alphabet, and standard abbreviations of units of measure, appears on the endpapers ANCILLARIES The ancillary package has been updated substantially and streamlined in response... calculating the mass of a housefly and arrive at a value of 100 kg, this value is unreasonable; there is an error somewhere If you are calculating the length of a spacecraft on a launch pad and