Linearcircuitdesignhandbook 2nd edition
[...]... what is known as the inverting configuration With this circuit, the output is out of phase with the input The gain of this circuit is determined by the ratio of the resistors used and is given by: A ϭϪ R FB R IN (1-2a) Figure 1-4 shows what is know as the non-inverting configuration With this circuit, the output is in phase with the input The gain of the circuit is also determined by the ratio of the resistors... typically replaced by a common emitter circuit (Figure 1-22) This allows the output to swing close to the rails The exact level is set by the VCEsat of the output transistors, which is, in turn, dependent on the output current levels The only real disadvantage to this arrangement is that the output impedance of the common emitter circuit is higher than the common collector circuit Most of the time this is... to the negative rail and positive rail, respectively Complementary-MOS processing (CMOS) is also used for op amps While historically CMOS has not been that attractive a process for linear amplifiers, process and circuit design make progressed to the point that quite reasonable performance can be obtained from CMOS op amps One particularly attractive aspect of using CMOS is that it lends itself easily... more common in digital CMOS than in linear processes used for op amps If a device is known to be sensitive 22 Section 1-1: Op Amp Operation to latch-up, avoid the possibility of signals appearing before supplies are established (When signals come from other circuitry using the same supply there is rarely, if ever, a problem.) Fortunately, most modern integrated circuit (IC) op amps are relatively insensitive... stability • Circuit C has unchanged signal gain, but higher noise gain, thus better stability, worse noise, and higher output offset voltage Figure 1-9: Noise gain In addition, the open-loop gain can change due to output voltage levels and loading There is also some dependency on temperature In general, these effects are of a very minor degree and can, in most cases, be ignored In fact this nonlinearity... if the open-loop gain is very high, which it typically is, the closed-loop gain of the circuit is simply the noise gain Signal Gain This is the gain applied to the input signal, with the feedback loop connected In the basic operation section above, when we talked about the gain of the inverting and non-inverting circuits, we were actually more correctly talking about the closed-loop signal gain It... talking about the closed-loop signal gain It can be inverting or non-inverting It can even be less than unity for the inverting case Signal gain is the gain that we are primarily interested in when designing circuits The signal gain for an inverting amplifier stage is: A ϭϪ R FB R IN (1-10) and for a non-inverting amplifier it is: A ϭ 1ϩ 12 R FB R IN (1-11) Section 1-1: Op Amp Operation Noise Gain Noise... using a CFB op amp is to short the inverting input directly to the output in an attempt to build a unity gain voltage follower (buffer) This circuit will oscillate Obviously, in this case, the feedback resistor value will be less than the recommended value The circuit is perfectly stable if the recommended feedback resistor of the correct value is used in place of the short Another difference between... high speed circuits typically have a lower full-scale range The principal reason for this is the amplifier’s ability to swing large voltages All amplifiers have a slew-rate limit, which is expressed as so many volts per microsecond So if you want to go faster, your voltage range must be reduced, all other things being equal Another reason is that to limit the effects of stray capacitance on the circuits,... ground then becoming the negative supply Single Supply Considerations There is nothing in the circuitry of the op amp that requires ground In fact, instead of a bipolar (ϩ and Ϫ) supply of Ϯ15 V you could just as easily use a single supply of ϩ30 V (ground being the negative supply), as long as the rest of the circuit was biased correctly so that the signal was within the common-mode range of op amp Or, . Technology Rights Department in Oxford, UK: phone: ( ϩ 44) 1865 8 438 30, fax: ( ϩ 44) 1865 8 533 33, E-mail: permissions@elsevier.com. You may also complete your. ers 185 Chapter 3: Sensors 1 93 Section 3- 1: Positional Sensors 195 Section 3- 2: Temperature Sensors 215 Section 3- 3: Charge Coupled Devices