INFINITIVE & GERUND I TO INFINITIVE: Trong cấu trúc: IT + BE + ADJ/ NOUN PHRASE + TO INFINITIVE Note: Sau ADJ : WORTH, BUSY, NO GOOD, NO USE khơng dùng To infinitive Chỉ mục đích Nằm sau nghi vấn từ cấu trúc: S + V + (O) + HOW/WHERE/ WHEN/ WHAT… + TO INFINITIVE Sau TOO…./ ….ENOUGH… (FOR S.O) + TO INFINITIVE Sau đại từ bất định: SOMETHING, ANYTHING, NOTHING, NOWHERE… Sau danh từ or cụm danh từ ( mệnh đề quan hệ rút gọn) Trong cấu trúc cầu khiến với GET: GET + O + TO INFINITIVE Trong cấu trúc : IT TAKES/ TOOK + O + TIME + TO INFINITIVE Làm chủ từ 10 TRong cấu trúc : S + V ( ask, tell, allow Advise, invite, want, force, tell, encourage….) + TO INFINITIVE 11 Sau số động từ như: want, refuse, plan, hope, …… II BARE INFINITIVE Sau Modal verbs (Can/ Will/ Would/ Must/ may…….) Sau Make/ Let/ Help Nhưng: be made + To V Sau trợ động từ DO/ DOES/ DID Trong cấu trúc HAVE + O(chỉ người) + BARE INFINITIVE Sau động từ giác quan như: SEE, HEAR, FEEL, NOTICE, WATCH, SMELL, TASTE… III GERUND: Làm chủ từ câu Làm tân ngữ ( đứng sau động từ khác sau giới từ) Đứng sau tính từ sở hữu sở hữu cách Đứng sau liên từ VERBS FOLLWED BY INFINITIVE OR GERUND Các động từ phải có V-ING theo sau Các động từ phải có TO-V1 theo sau Các động từ + O + To -infinitive 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 afford (đủ khả ) + TO – V agree (đồng ý ) appear ( xuất ) arrange ( xếp ) ask ( hỏi , yêu cầu ) beg ( nài nỉ , van xin ) care ( chăm sóc ) claim (đòi hỏi , yêu cầu ) consent ( lòng ) 10 decide ( định ) 11 demand ( yêu cầu ) 12 deserve ( xứng đấng ) 13 expect ( mong đợi ) 14 fail ( thất bại ) 15 hesitate (do dự ) 16 hope (hi vọng ) 17 learn ( học ) 18 manage (sắp xếp ) 19 mean (ý định ) 20 need ( cần ) 21 offer (đề nghị ) 22 plan ( lên kế hoạch ) 23 prepare ( chuẩn bị ) 24 pretend ( giả vờ ) 25 promise ( hứa ) 26 refuse ( từ chối ) 27 seem ( dường ) 28 struggle (đấu tranh ) 29 swear ( xin thề ) 30 threaten (đe doạ ) 31 volunteer ( tình nguyện ) 32 wait (đợi ) 33 want ( muốn ) 34 wish ( mong ) Ex : We agree to start early advise (khuyên ) + O + TO - V allow ( cho phép ) ask ( yêu cầu ) beg ( van xin ) cause ( gây ) challenge ( thách thức ) convince ( thuyết phục ) dare ( dám ) encourage ( khuyến khích ) 10 expect ( mong đợi ) 11 forbid ( cấm ) 12 force ( buộc ) 13 hire ( thuê ) 14 instruct ( hướng dẫn ) 15 invite ( mời ) 16 need ( cần ) 17 order ( lệnh ) 18 permit ( cho phép ) 19 persuade ( thuyết phục ) 20 remind ( nhắc nhở ) 21 require (đò hỏi ) 22 teach ( dạy ) 23 tell( bảo ) 24 urge ( thúc giục ) 25 want ( muốn ) 26 warn ( báo trước ) Ex: She allowed me to use her car 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 avoid (tránh ) + V-ING admit (thừ a nhận ) advise (khuyên nhủ ) appreciate (đánh giá ) complete ( hoàn thành ) consider ( xem xét ) delay ( trì hỗn ) deny ( từ chối ) discuss ( thảo luận ) dislike ( khơng thích ) enjoy ( thích ) finish ( hồn thành ) keep ( tiếp tục ) mention (đề cập ) mind ( phiền , ngại ) miss (nhớ , bỏ lỡ ) postpone ( trỉ hoãn ) practice (luyện tập ) quit (nghỉ , ) recall ( nhắc nhở , nhớ ) recollect ( nhớ ) recommend (nhắc nhở ) resent (bực tức ) resist (kháng cự ) risk ( rủi ro ) suggest (đề nghị ) tolerate (tha thứ ) understand ( hiểu ) can’t help (ko thể tránh / nhịn ) can’t stand ( ko thể chịu đựng đc ) can’t bear ( ko thể chịu đựng đc ) It is no use / It is no good ( vơ ích ) would you mind (có làm phiền ko) to be used to ( quen với ) to be / get accustomed to (dần quen với ) 36 to be busy ( bận rộn ) 37 to be worth ( xứng đáng ) 38 to look forward to (trông mong ) 39 to have difficulty / fun / trouble 40 to have a difficult time 41 TO GO + V-ING Ex: We should avoid playing with him THE INFINITVE or THE GERUND? I Make the right choice for the verbs in brackets Would you like (to do/ doing) scientific research? Are you able (testing/ to test) your strength and energy? Are you willing (checking/ to check) and double check your work? Do the ethical standards have to be high (to meet/ meeting) the requirements of the job? What you hope (to do/ doing) when you graduate? Why did he avoid (meeting/ to meet) you? Is there anything here worth (to buy/ buying)? Why does he deny (to write/ writing) the letter? II Supply an appropriate form, gerund or infinitive, of the verb in parentheses Keep (talk) I’m listening to you The children promised (play) more quietly They promised (make, not) so much noise Linda offered (look after) my cat while I was out of town You shouldn’t put off (pay) your bills Alex’s dog loves (chase) sticks Mark mentioned (go) to the market later today I wonder if he’s still planning (go) Fred suggested (go) (ski) in the mountain this weekend How does that sound to you? The doctor offered Mr Gray (smoke, not) Don’t tell me his secret I prefer (know, not) 10 Could you please stop (whistle)? I’m trying (concentrate) on my work 11 She finally decided (quit) her present job and (look for) another one 12 Did you remember (turn) off the stove? 13 Jack was allowed (renew) his student visa 14 Pat told us (wait, not) for her 15 Mr Buck warned his daughter (play, not) with matches 16 Would you please remind me (call) Alice tomorrow? 17 Liz encouraged me (throw) away my old running shoes and (buy) a new pair without holes in the toes 18 I’m considering (drop out of) school, (go ) to New York, and (try) (find) a job 19 Sally reminded me (ask) you (tell) Bob (remember) (bring) his soccer ball to the picnic 20 Don’t forget (tell) Jane (call) me about (go) (swim) tomorrow 21 He’s expecting (make) a trip to Ha Long bay 22 She couldn’t bear (shed) tears when she saw the film “Romeo and Juliet” 23 His wife can’t stand him (arrive) home so late every night 24 I very much enjoy (listen) to classical music 25 Would you mind (buy) me a newspaper? 26 Would you like (have) the next dance with me? 27 Do you hate (be) criticized or are you ready for any criticism? 28 I hate him (make) friend with those guys 29 Does the city government intend (do) anything about pollution? 30 They finished (learn) and then they want (go) out for a pleasure Verbs followed by either the Infinitive or the Gerund Có số động từ theo sau The Infinitive The Gerund có thay đổi ngữ nghĩa khơng có thay đổi nghĩa GROUP A: Verb + Infinitive or Gerund begin start continue (không thay đổi nghĩa) like love hate intend bother prefer Ex: a It began to rain / It began raining b I started to work / I started working c Jone intends to buy a house./ John intends buying a new house d Don’t bother to lock the door./ Don’t bother locking the door e It was beginning to rain (not raining) f I don’t go out much I prefer to stay at home I don’t go out much I prefer staying at home GROUP B: Verb + Infinitive or Gerund need stop (có thay đổi nghĩa) regret try remember forget go on NEED Need to = it is necessary to : cần phải làm (mang nghĩa chủ động.) Need doing = need to be done : cần phải làm (mang nghĩa bị động.) EG: Tom needs to work harder (It is necessary for Tom to work harder.) The grass in front of the house needs cutting (The grass in front of the house needs to be cut.) STOP Stop to = stop in order to : dừng lại để làm ( việc khác) Stop doing = not to something any longer : dừng lại khơng làm việc (đang làm) EGï: They stopped to look at the pictures They stopped smoking because it is bad for their health REGRET Regret to : lấy làm tiếc chuyện xảy Regret doing : lấy làm tiếc chuyện xảy EG : I regret to tell you that you have failed the test She regrets lending him some money He spends it all on gambling TRY Try to : cố gắng làm Try doing : thử làm EG: She tries to pass the entrance exam to the college of pharmacy I’ve got a terrible headache I try taking some aspirins but they didn’t help REMEMBER/ FORGET : Remember to :nhớ làm việc ( việc chưa xảy xảy ra) Remember doing nhớ làm việc ( việc xảy rồi) ( Cách dùng Forget tương tự ) EG: Please remember to post the letter I remember posting the letter, but now it’s still in my bag The old man always remembered to lock the door before he left his house He forgot to write to me ( = He didn’t remember to write to me.) He forgot writing to me until I showed him the letter F GO ON: Go on doing s.th : tiếp tục làm việc Go on to s.th : làm hay nói việc khác EG: The Minister went on talking for two hours We must change our ways We can’t go on living like this After discussing the economy, the Minister went on to talk about foreign policy GROUP C: Verb + V-ing or Verb + Obj + To-inf advise recommend encourage allow Sau động từ có hai cấu trúc dùng, so sánh: Verb + V-ing I wouldn’t recommend staying in that hotel permit forbit She doesn’t allow smoking in the house Verb + Obj + To-inf I wouldn’t recommend anybody to stay in that hotel She doesn’t allow us to smoke in the house Tuy nhiên cần lưu ý động từ dùng thể bị động: We aren’t allowed to smoke in the house I was recommended to stay in this hotel I Use the gerund or the infinitive for the bracketed verbs: I don’t like (watch) T.V I’d like (come) to her house this evening She is trying (not fall) in love again Students stop (make) noises when the teacher came in Did you remember (phone) Ann? – Oh no I completely forgot it They tried (put) out the fire then but it took them nearly a house Those shirts need (iron) but you don’t need (iron) them now I really regret (hurt) your feeling when I ask you such a silly question He’ll try (not make) the same mistake again Someone must have taken my bag I clearly remember (leave) it by the window and now it has gone 10 They stopped (take) 5’ break 11 Don’t forget (give) her the message when you see her 12 You should try (wear) any shirts you want to buy 13 Every hour he stops work (smoke) a cigarettes 14 I regret (tell) you that you have failed the exam 15 I can’t go on (work) here any more I want a different job 16 When I came into the room, Liz was reading a newspaper She looked up and said hello to me , and then went on (read) her newspaper 17 Jim went on (have) another two sandwiches after he had had a pizza I don’t think he’ll have a stomach ache soon III Complete the sentences so that they mean the same as the previous sentence(s): Why is it useful to have a car? What are the advantages of having a car? I don’t intend to lend you any money I have no Helen has a good memory for name Helen is good Mark won’t pass the exam He has no chance Mark has no Did you get into trouble because you were late? Did you get into trouble ? We didn’t eat at home We went to a restaurant instead Instead Tom thinks that working is better than doing nothing Tom prefers working They get married They didn’t tell any of their friends They got married without Our team played well but we lost the game Our team lost the game in spite ... research? Are you able (testing/ to test) your strength and energy? Are you willing (checking/ to check) and double check your work? Do the ethical standards have to be high (to meet/ meeting) the requirements... room, Liz was reading a newspaper She looked up and said hello to me , and then went on (read) her newspaper 17 Jim went on (have) another two sandwiches after he had had a pizza I don’t think... encouraged me (throw) away my old running shoes and (buy) a new pair without holes in the toes 18 I’m considering (drop out of) school, (go ) to New York, and (try) (find) a job 19 Sally reminded me