Handbook of manufacturing processes james g bralla

A comprehensive reference book for those with interest in, or need to know, how operations in the world’s factories work, and how common products, components, and materials are made Handbook of Manufacturing Processes How Products, Components and Materials Are Made James G Bralla With Contributions by a Distinguished Editorial Board Industrial Press, Inc New York www.elsolucionario.net Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Bralla, James G Handbook of manufacturing processes I James Brella p cm ISBN 0-831 1-3179-9 Manufacturing processes-Handbooks, manuals, etc I Title TS183.B73 2006 6704~22 2006041834 First Edition Handbook of Manufacturing Processes How Products, Components and Materials are Made Industrial Press 989 Avenue of the Americas New York, New York 10018 Editor: John Carleo Copy Editing: Robert E Green Art Director/Production Manager: Janet Romano The line drawings in this book, not attributed to other sources, were drawn by the author They were enhanced or redrawn for publication by Lorraine Pawlewicz Cover photo of engine block provided by GE Fanuc Automation Copyright 2007 by Industrial Press Inc., New York Printed in the United States of America All right reserved This book, or any parts thereof, may not be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form with-out the permission of the publisher 10 www.elsolucionario.net ABOUT THE AUTHOR James G Bralla has had a career spanning more than 50 years in manufacturing, as an engineer, consultant, and executive He was Vice-president, Operations, for Alpha Metals, Inc., Director of Manufacturing, Asia, for the Singer Company, and Industry Professor at Polytechnic University He holds a BS in Mechanical Engineering from Princeton University and an MS in Manufacturing Engineering from Polytechnic He is a registered Professional Engineer, the editor of the Design for Manufacturability Handbook and the author of Design f o r Excellence, both published by McGraw-Hill www.elsolucionario.net EDITORIAL BOARD-HANDBOOK OF MANUFACTURING PROCESSES The editorial board is made up of experienced individuals with expertise in certain fields of manufacturing who have prepared some material for the handbook or edited that prepared by others Their participation is for the purpose of insuring the accuracy and completeness of the material Adlard, Edward J.-Makino Inc., Mason, Ohio-machining Bralla, J R Casey-Manager of Manufacturing Engineering, Southco, Inc., Concordville, PAplastics molding, cutting tool manufacture, cold headed fasteners BOSS,Berdell G.-Partner, Pinecroft Farms, LLC, Binghamton, NY,-food processing and distribution Casteras, John, PhD.-Metallurgist, Vantage Motorcycles, 1nc.-solders and soldering, chiefly as relating to electronic products Caulfield, Joseph, Senior Manufacturing Engineer, Southco 1nc.-machine vision Cocco, John, PE, Vice-President, Loctite, Inc Rocky Hill CT-adhesive bonding Companik, Edward, Marketing Director, U.S Baird Corporation, Newington CT-Transfer presses and four-slide machines Doan, Daniel-Electrical Consultant, E.I Dupont de Nemours, Wilmington, Del.-chemical processes Gillespie, LaRoux K.-author of the Debumng and Edge Finishing Handbook, published by SME and President, Deburring Technology International-deburring Griffith, Bill-CNC Product Manager, GE Fanuc Automation, Charlottesville, VA-numerical and computer control McCormack, Tim-Manager, Custom Shop, Remington Arms Company, Inc., Ilion, New Yorkgun manufacture Meisner, Oliver-CEO, ONYX Optics, Inc., Dublin, CA 94568-lasers Mochnal, George-Director of Technology, Forging Industry Association, Cleveland, OH-metal forging processes Norton, Robert L.-Professor of Mechanical Engineering, Worcester Polytechnic Universitycam manufacture Olsen, John, PhD.-Vice President, Operations, Omax Corp., Kent WA.-water jet and abrasive water jet machining, Ord, William G., Vice President, Cornerstone Forest Products-lumber mill operations Rae, Alan, PhD.-Vice President, Market and Business Development, NanoDynamics, Inc., Buffalo, NY-electronics manufacture Rogers, H.David-Engineering Consultant, Westfield, NJ-monument fabrication xxvi i www.elsolucionario.net xxviii Editorial Board Theilgard, Laurence J.-Vice President, Production and Engineering-retired, AKZO-Nobel Salt, Clarks Summit, PA, 18471-salt Throne, Dr James L.-President, Sherwood Technologies, Inc., Dunedin FL.-thermoforming and foam processes for plastics Tincher, Dr Wayne C.-School of Textile and Fiber Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Ga.-carpet and rug manufacture Tsai, William-The Boeing Company-aircraft manufacture Udeshi, Raj-Manufacturing Engineer, Southco, Inc., Concordville, PA-cold heading Ziolkowski, Mitchell E.-Product Manager, Swaging, Fenn Manufacturing, Newington CTrotary swaging www.elsolucionario.net D E D I CAT I 0N This book is dedicated to the thousands of people, worldwide, who keep all the manufacturing processes described in this book operating productively These people come from all walks of life with varied amounts of education, ranging from the grammar school level to PhD’s and even postPhD’s All, however, share certain attributes One is dedication to the task of keeping their process in operation, with willingness to stay with a problem-beyond normal working hours, if necessaryuntil it is solved, A second attribute is extensive self-education in the workings of the equipment for which they are responsible A third is an innate knack for analyzing a process problem, finding the root-cause of the problem, and the ingenuity, when necessary, to devise a quick fix They may realize, for example, that a certain linkage is sticlung, that there is too much play in some moving parts, that a detector is not signaling the condition for which it is designed, that the workpiece material is out of spec, or whatever one of the thousands of things that can go wrong is causing the malfunction of the equipment Then they have the energy to try different approaches, to disassemble a device to find out what is wrong, to research a problem with others, or from source documents, to find out what could be amiss After all this, they have sufficient skill to what has to be done to put the equipment back into productive working order This may involve such skills as machining, to make or modify a critical part, to replace electronic devices or printed circuit boards, to add a simple sheet metal shim, to design or build a tool or fixture, or to have the ability to work with others who provide the specialist skills necessary The net result of their efforts and skills is the continuing operation of the equipment that they care for, so that we all can benefit from the products and goods that they make This book is also dedicated to Steve Bralla, my son, who happens to be one of the gifted people noted above, except that his particular field is the operation of sophisticated earthquake detection apparatus, rather than production machinery Steve was faced last year with a diagnosis of acute myeloid leukemia, a devastating and frequently fatal disease But through his courage, strength and willingness to undergo the lengthy and debilitating ordeal that a cure involves, the support of his family, and with the guidance of talented and dedicated medical specialists, he now tests to be cancerfree I salute him and all those who keep the world’s production machinery in operation, and dedicate this book to them James G Bralla North Jackson, PA www.elsolucionario.net ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I am indebted to the following people who provided valuable assistance in the preparation of this book: Frank A n d m , Mike DiF’ietro, Richard Redolphy and Sandra Marsh of the Integrated Electronics Engineering Center (IEEC) of Binghamton University-electronics manufacturing David J Aquilino, Bodine Assembly and Test Systems-automatic assembly John Bartman, VP, Human Resources, Public and Media Affairs, Snyders of Hanover Carolyn Boss-text editing J R Casey Bralla, Manager of Manufacturing Engineering, Southco, 1nc.-for much help in many areas, in addition to his Editorial Board participation Matthew S Bralla-fishing rods Stephen J Bralla, Scripps Institute, San Diego, CA.-lasers, sailplanes Andrew Broom, Eclipse Aviation-aircraft assembly, including friction stir welding John Commanderxookson Electronics Enthone-lectronics Sue Dean, CEO, Donald Dean and Sons, Montrose, PA-cabinet making Victor DePhillips, President, Signature Building Systems, Inc., Moosic, PA 18507-prefabricated housing Kate Dougherty, Cirms Design Corp. aircraft manufacture Dave Duemler, CEO and Technical Director, and Stephen Maund, Director of Engineering/ Manufacturing, Demco Automation Renee’ J Fink, Executive Secretary, The Black and Decker Corporation Paul Foster, retired plant manager, General Cable Corporation Peter Frennborn, Alfa Laval, 1nc.-plate type heat exchangers Kristine Gable, Research Consultant, Corning Inc Ken Gilleo, ET-Trends, LLC-flexible circuit boards Roger Glass, Emeritus Research Scientist, University of Michigan Aerospace Engineering Ken Glover, Inland Paperboard and Packaging, Inc.-cormgated cartons Angelo Gulino-cookson Electronic Materials-solder and flux making Charles A Harper, Technology Seminars, Inc., Lutherville, MD Steve Johnson and Fran Borrego, Universal Instruments-populating PC boards Dawn Klehr, The Toro Company-lawn mowers Jim Kessler, Service Forester, Montrose, PA-Applications of wood species Don Lillig, Marley Cooling Technologies-cooling equipment Roy Magnuson, WD, Endicot Interconnect Technologies-electronics Mark Martin PhD, president Design4X-aircraft Jim McKee of McKee Button Co Muscatine IA-button manufacture Bob Papp-commercial designer and artist Kelly Parke, Senior Designer, WMH Group-woodworking equipment www.elsolucionario.net mi Acknowledgments Amelia Paterno, Sharon Hoopes, and Pam Bagnall at the Susquehanna Borough Branch of Susquehanna County (Pennsylvania) library Mason and Michael Perryman, Rapport Composites-golf clubs Anna Petrova-Bodine Assembly and Test Systems Jerry Pinch, Pinch Heating and Cooling-air conditioners Scott Plickerd, The McGraw-Hill Companies Greg Pompea, Vice-president, Engineering and Rob Horowitz, Sales Manager, Contact Systems, Inc Sue Rehmus, General Motors-automobile manufacture Bill Rollo, retired from The Singer Company Jim Rooney-retired from IBM.-electronics manufacture Peter Schlotter, hunter-gun and bullet-making Raymond P Sharpe, Chief Executive Officer, Isola Group SARL Wayne Smith and Bob Hawley, Smith-Lawton Mill Work, Montrose, PA-cabinet making John Stein-Retired from the Singer Company-metal stamping Gary Stitely, General Manager, and Brian Shook, Engineering, Landis Threading Systems Brian Terski and Jason Walden of Pole-Kat-golf clubs Carol S Tower, librarian of Society of Manufacturing Engineers Jason Tuttle, Dodds Company-woodworking Jim Wilcox, PhD, of IBM, Endicott 607-429-3172 MaryAnn Wright-Engineering Supervisor, Metal Injection Molding and Powder Metallurgy, Remington Arms-gun manufacture And, special thanks to my wife Martha-Jane Bralla, who has supported this project so well despite my physical and mental absences when doing the research, writing, sketching, editing and proof reading that this book required Readers are invited to call to my attention any errors that may have crept into the information presented in this book Please address e-mail to info@industrialpress.com James G Bralla www.elsolucionario.net H O W T O USE THIS HANDBOOK The book is in two sections: (I), the Process Section, in which common manufacturing processes in 17 key industries are described, and (11), the Products, Components and Materials Section, which explains how many of these are made Section I explains how each manufacturing process works, detailing what happens to the materials or workpieces that are being processed Usually, these explanations are in general terms as they are not limited to a particular component or material However, the description also identifies the normal components or materials to which the process applies Section I1 deals with specific products, components, and materials, outlining the manufacturing sequence and processes used for making each It often refers the reader, using the designation of any applicable text entry, to where more detailed descriptions of the operations mentioned can be found in the book This is done by showing, in parenthesis, the chapter and text entry designation from Section I, where the basic operation is described For example, in the description of the manufacture of a metal part that requires case-hardening heat treatment, the description may include “(8G3b)” to tell the reader that the case-hardening heat treatment used on the part is described at greater length in entry G3b of Chapter The handbook text in Section I is organized in a typical outline structure to aid the reader in finding relevant information easily Related processes are grouped together and sequential operations are covered in sequence when possible Major topics are given an upper-case letter designation such as A, B, C, etc Important sub-topics are designated with the capital letter and a number (for example, A l , B1, C1, etc.) Sub headings under these topics are indicated by adding a lower-case letter to the designation (e.g., A l a , A l b , Alc, etc.) The descriptions of further process variations may be given designations such A l a l , Ala2, Ala3, etc For example, Chapter is devoted to metal casting processes; section B in Chapter covers sand-mold casting methods; entry B5 describes methods of making sand molds, B5e describes those methods that utilize a machine for the operation, and B5el describes one specific machine method, the jolt-squeeze method For ease of reference, the same designations used to identify text entries are also used to identify accompanying illustrations For example, Figure 9B2 illustrates the process described in text entry B2 in Chapter Figure 1B5el illustrates the jolt-squeeze machine described in entry B5el of Chapter Section I1 is simply arranged in alphabetical order by the name of the product, component, or material whose manufacturing method is described Section I1 includes descriptions of manufacturing processes used in making each product, component, or material listed, though sometimes, if the process for that item has already been described in Section I, the Section I1 entry simply refers to the applicable entry in Section I Thus, for the manufacture of gasoline, whose manufacturing process is described under “Petroleum Processing” in Chapter 11, the listing in Section I1 simply refers to ( 1H t P e t r o l e u m Refining and Processing-where gasoline manufacture is described in considerable detail m ii www.elsolucionario.net Index Terms Links thermoforming (vacuum forming) (Cont.) reverse-draw plug assist 169 slip-ring forming (slip forming) 165 solid phase pressure forming 171 straight vacuum 163 trapped sheet, contact heat, pressure 170 twin sheet forming 171 vacuum snap-back forming 165 thermometers 765 thermoplastics 147 Thermos bottles 772 thermosetting plastics 147 thread 766 thread cutting and forming 109 cold-form tapping of internal threads 111 external thread cutting 110 hand-die external threading 109 internal thread tapping 109 single-point screw thread cutting 110 thread cutting die heads 110 thread grinding 111 thread milling 110 thread rolling 74 threaded fasteners, assembly with 323 threaded hole installation of inserts 203 three dimensional printing (3DP) 594 3D Keltool 597 three-roll forming 62 through-feed centerless grinding 99 through hardening of steels 351 through-hole connections 527 throwing ceramic parts 249 tiles, ceramic 766 tiles, floor 773 tiles, vinyl 773 tin 766 111 This page has been reformatted by Knovel to provide easier navigation www.elsolucionario.net Index Terms Links throwing ceramic parts (Cont.) tinning 550 tires, rubber 766 titanium and titanium alloys 355 toilets and other sanitary ware 746 toilet paper 368 tongue and groove joints 274 tool post grinding 103 tooling, rapid processes 594 direct metal laser sintering 597 direct shell production casting 596 laminated metal tooling 597 prometal 3D printing process 596 rapid tool 596 SL composite tooling 597 3D Keltool 597 767 tools, hand hammers 690 pliers 735 screw drivers 747 wrenches 780 toothbrushes 642 toothpaste 767 top dyeing of fabrics 404 torch brazing 299 towels, paper 368 tracer turning 87 tracing, automatic 145 trailers 768 trampolines 769 transfer coating (hot transfers) 199 transfer coating of plastics parts 199 transfer die operations 59 transfer press 59 transferred plasma-arc spraying 344 transfer (machining) lines 146 transfer molding of plastics 155 This page has been reformatted by Knovel to provide easier navigation www.elsolucionario.net Index Terms Links transformers, electrical 578 transistors and diodes 653 trapped sheet, contact heat, pressure forming 170 trays, plastic 769 treatment of fabric for soil and stain release 402 treatments for plastics parts 197 trepanning 97 trimming and die cutting of plastics 205 trimming boards to length 258 trimming die castings 28 stamping operation 46 true centrifugal casting 24 trumpets and other brass musical instruments T-shirts 720 764 tube and section bending 68 bulging tubing hydraulic 72 mechanical 72 other 72 compression bending 70 draw bending 68 ram and press 70 roll bending 71 roll extrusion bending 72 stretch bending 71 wrinkle bending 71 tubing and pipe roll forming 66 tubing and section operations 68 tubing, glass 222 tubing, metal 732 tubing, plastic 769 tube spinning 68 backward 68 forward 68 tubing, plastic 769 tufting rugs 413 This page has been reformatted by Knovel to provide easier navigation www.elsolucionario.net Index Terms Links tumble cleaning of castings 19 tumbling 127 tumble milling of food material 487 tungsten 769 tungsten inert gas welding (TIG) 304 turbine blades—See jet engines 698 Turk’s-head rolling of wire 68 turning (machining) 87 centers 150 329 139 chucking machines 92 cutting off 89 electrochemical 122 engine lathes 89 facing 88 form turning 87 grooving 88 hurling 88 multiple spindle screw machines 91 screw machines 90 single spindle screw machines 91 Swiss-type screw machines 91 tracer turning 87 turning 87 turret lathes 90 turpentine 769 turret lathes 90 turret punching 44 turning wood 266 twin screw extruder mixing 152 twin sheet forming (plastics) 171 twisting (yarn making) 390 two-color injection molding 162 typesetting for letterpress printing 369 types of filters 430 This page has been reformatted by Knovel to provide easier navigation www.elsolucionario.net 332 702 Index Terms Links U ultra filtration 432 496 ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene 737 ultra-high pressure processing (food material) ultra-high-strength steels 511 770 ultrasonic cleaning 330 deburring 128 film and fabric welding 195 insertion of inserts 203 machining 105 powder making 546 spot welding of plastics 194 welding and sealing (plastics) 194 welding of metals 312 welding of plastics 194 film and fabric 195 spot welding 194 umbrellas 770 undergarments (underwear) 770 underwater pelletizing 153 unwoven fabric 398 Unicast process 21 upholstered furniture 291 upholstery, installing 291 covering 293 cushions, channeling and tufting 293 padding and cushioning 293 springs 292 webbing 292 upset forging 38 upsetting 73 uranium fuel 770 This page has been reformatted by Knovel to provide easier navigation www.elsolucionario.net Index Terms Links urea and melamine plastics 771 urethane rubber 771 use of robots in manufacturing operations 605 using lead-free solders 541 using solder paste 530 using solder preforms 533 utensils, cooking 656 V vacuum bag molding (plastics) 177 bottles (Thermos bottles, Dewar flasks) 772 casting 24 deposition 557 distillation 421 distillation of petroleum fractions 465 drying 503 forming See thermoforming handling and loading (plastics) 206 metalizing 339 snap-back forming (plastics) vanilla 772 vapor degreasing 330 vapor-phase soldering 539 vases 213 varnish 773 varnishing wood 290 V-die bending of sheet metal 773 48 veneer 284 vermouth 773 Verson-Wheelon process 53 vertical boring mills 95 vertical spindle surface grinding 102 vials, glass 223 vibration welding of plastics 192 vibratory deburring 128 vinegar 773 This page has been reformatted by Knovel to provide easier navigation www.elsolucionario.net Index Terms Links vinyl dispersion processes 189 cavity molding 191 coatings 337 cold dipping 190 dip coating 189 extrusion of plastisol 192 in-place molding 191 knife coating 189 knife over roll coating 189 low pressure molding 191 roll coating 189 slush molding 191 spread coating 189 strand coating with plastisols and organisols 191 spray coating 191 vinyl flooring 773 vinyl plastic 774 vinyl plastisol coatings 337 vinyl (polyvinyl chloride) plastic 737 vinyl siding for building 774 viscose rayon fibers 386 visual inspection of solder joints 550 vitreous enamel 666 vodka 774 V-process (vacuum casting) vulcanized fiber 369 W waferboard 286 wafer fab 554 wafer testing and sorting 568 wallboard 734 wallpaper 775 warm heading 39 warp knitting 396 warp printing 406 warp (weaving) 392 This page has been reformatted by Knovel to provide easier navigation www.elsolucionario.net Index Terms Links wash and wear fabrics 402 washers (for bolts, etc.) 775 washing and cleaning plastics parts 197 waste paper processing (recycling) 367 with de-inking 367 without de-inking 367 watches 775 water dispersion coating of paper 366 water jet machining 131 abrasive 131 deburring 129 hydrodynamic machining 131 water repelling and proofing treatments of fabrics 403 water, potable 776 water washing 542 wave fluxing 534 wave soldering 296 wax 776 wax transfer printing 380 weaving 392 automatic bobbin changing 393 battening 392 beams 392 beating in 392 carpets 412 creels 392 ends 392 filling 392 harnesses 392 heddles 392 Jacquard loom 393 loom 392 pile weaving 394 reed 392 rugs 412 shed 392 shuttle 392 shuttle-less looms 393 534 537 This page has been reformatted by Knovel to provide easier navigation www.elsolucionario.net Index Terms Links warp 392 weft 392 weft knitting 396 weighting fabric 401 welding 301 arc 301 cold 310 diffusion (diffusion bonding) 312 electromagnetic 305 electron beam (EBW) 306 electroslag (ESW) 304 explosive (EXW) 311 friction (FRW) 308 friction stir (FSW) 312 flash (FW) 309 flash butt 309 flux-cored arc (FCAW) 302 forge 310 forge-seam 310 gas-metal arc (GMAW) 302 gas-tungsten arc (GTAW) 304 induction 305 laser beam (LBW) 306 metal cladding 310 metal inert gas (MIG)(GMAW) 302 oxyfuel gas ( OFW ) 306 percussive (percussion) 309 plasma arc (PAW) 304 projection (RPW) 307 resistance 306 roll (roll bonding) (ROW) 310 seam (RSEW) 306 shielded metal arc (SMAW) 301 solid-state (SSW) 310 spot (RSW) 306 stick 301 This page has been reformatted by Knovel to provide easier navigation www.elsolucionario.net Index Terms Links welding (Cont.) stitch 308 stud 308 submerged arc (SAW) 302 hermit (TW) 310 tungsten inert gas (TIG)(GTAW) 304 ultrasonic 312 welding and adhesive bonding of plastics adhesive bonding electromagnetic 192 195 195 friction 192 heat sealing of sheet 196 hot gas welding 197 hot plate 193 induction 196 plastic 192 radio frequency sealing 196 solvent cementing 195 spin 192 thermal sealing of sheet 196 ultrasonic 194 film and fabric 195 spot welding 194 vibration 192 wet bending of wood 279 wet blast cleaning 329 wet collectors 441 wet etching (wet chemical etching) 563 wet reclamation of sand 17 wheat flakes 650 whiskey 777 white glue 617 window panes 777 antique 224 windows 777 windshields 630 wine 777 This page has been reformatted by Knovel to provide easier navigation www.elsolucionario.net Index Terms Links wire bonding 570 wire brush cleaning 20 wire coating by extrusion 186 wire EDM 120 wire, electrical 778 wire forming 67 in four-slide machines 67 in power presses 67 in special machines 67 manual forming of wire parts 67 springs 758 Turk’s head rolling to square section 68 wire forms 778 wire glass 229 wire, mechanical 779 wire metalizing 341 electric arc 341 wiring and populating circuit boards 527 assembling surface mounted components 528 cleaning prior to soldering 533 dip coating of solder paste 531 dispensing adhesives 530 pin transfer of solder paste 531 populating PCB with through-hole connections 527 prebaking before soldering 533 roller coating of solder paste 533 screen printing of solder paste 531 stencil dispensing of solder paste 532 submerged disc dispensing 532 syringe dispensing solder paste 530 using solder preforms 533 using solder paste 530 wooden component manufacture 260 adhesive bonding 282 assembly and fastening 280 assembly of veneer and inlaid surfaces 282 biscuit joints 276 This page has been reformatted by Knovel to provide easier navigation www.elsolucionario.net Index Terms Links wooden component manufacture (Cont.) butt joints 272 chipboard 286 clamps and fixtures 281 components from plastics 289 composite lumber 289 computer-controlled routering 270 contour sawing 266 cross cutting 260 cutting boards to length 260 cutting boards to size 260 dado and grooved joints 273 dedicated special woodworking machines 271 dovetail joints 275 doweled joints 276 drilling and boring 267 engineered lumber 288 fiberboard 287 filing and sanding wooden boards 271 glued, laminated components 288 halved and bridle joints 278 I-joists 288 joining plate joints 276 jointing 264 kerf bending 279 lap joints 278 laser machining of wooden parts 271 making curved laminations 279 making bent wood components 279 mechanical fastening 281 mortise and tenon joints 274 multi-operation woodworking machines 271 oriented strand board 286 other form and special cutting and joint-making operations 270 particle board 286 planing (surfacing) wood 260 This page has been reformatted by Knovel to provide easier navigation www.elsolucionario.net Index Terms Links wooden component manufacture (Cont.) plastic components (woodlike) 289 plywood and other panel materials 284 plywood 284 prefabricated wooden beams and joists 288 prefabricated engineered lumber 288 rabbet joints 273 rigid plastic laminates 289 ripping boards 260 routing 267 scarf and beveled joints 278 shaping 267 structural composite lumber (SCL) 288 surfacing with planers and jointers 260 synthetic lumber 289 tongue and groove joints 274 turning 266 veneer 284 wafer board 286 wet bending 279 wood joints 272 wooden II-joists 288 wood finishing 290 lacquering 290 painting 290 preparing surfaces 290 polishing 291 staining 290 varnishing 290 wood joints 272 butt 272 rabbet 273 dado and groove 273 dovetail 275 doweled and biscuit 276 joining plate 276 This page has been reformatted by Knovel to provide easier navigation www.elsolucionario.net Index Terms Links wood joints (Cont.) jointing 264 lap (halved and bridle) 278 mortise and tenon 274 scarf and beveled 278 tongue and groove 274 wood pulping 363 wood pulp refining 364 wood veneer 284 woodworking processes lumber making including sawmill operations 255 making wooden components 260 making wood joints 272 making bent wood components assembly and fastening wood products 280 manufacture of plywood and other panel materials 284 wood finishing 290 upholstery 291 wool 779 woolen fabric 780 woven fabric 392 wrapping garments 411 wrenches 780 wrench sockets 781 wrinkle bending 71 writing paper 781 X xylene 782 Y yarn 783 yarn dyeing 404 yarn making (spinning) 387 blending 387 carding 389 combing 389 This page has been reformatted by Knovel to provide easier navigation www.elsolucionario.net Index Terms Links yarn making (spinning) (Cont.) drafting 390 drawing 390 opening 387 picking 387 re-blending 390 spinning 390 spinning synthetic fibers 391 twisting 390 yogurt 783 Z zinc 784 zippers 784 This page has been reformatted by Knovel to provide easier navigation www.elsolucionario.net ... forging forging A4e A4e isothermal roll forging forging A4f A4f isothermal forging A 4g swaging A 4g swaging A4h ring rolling (mandrel forging) A4h ring rolling (mandrel forging) AS piercing AS... printing G2 a block printing G2 b engraved printing (intaglio printing) G2 bl duplex printing G2 c discharge printing G2 d heat-transfer printing G2 e stencil and screen printing G2 f resist printing G2 g... surface grinding C3c creep-feed grinding jig grinding C4a tool post grinding low-stress grinding plunge grinding disc grinding abrasive belt grinding abrasive jet machining abrasive flow machining