PWVYQxWKDPNKzRNKLWULQNKDL P}QJLSY ,3YOPưWJLDRWKằF,QWHUQHWPL~}FWKLWNQKP~SằQJFF\zXFX Y SKWWULQ FFGÊFKYãPLY PUưQJNK{QJ JLDQ ~ÊD FK WUzQ PQJ ,QWHUQHW~âQJWKđLNKFSKãFQKQJKQFKNKFFD,3YKLQQD\NK{QJ KôWUWÂQKPFDJLDRWKằFGÊFKYã4R6FFFKằFQxQJERPW7X\ QKLzQJLDRWKằF,3YY,3YNK{QJWKWVẳW}|QJWKÂFKYLQKDX0W NKFKWKơQJ,3Y~SKWWULQPQKPYKLQQD\~KQKWKQKPưW PQJ,QWHUQHWWRQFXFĐTXLP{KWVằFUưQJOQFYNLQWUảFPQJY GÊFKYãWUzQPQJ'RY\WURQJPưWW}|QJODLJQNK{QJWKFKX\Q~êL PQJWRQEưKWKơQJPQJ,3YKLQQD\VDQJPQJ,3YwWULQNKDL PQJ,3YKLXTXYWKLWWKẳFFFQKWKLWN,3Y~~}DUDFFJLL SKSVDX ;y\GẳQJFFF|FKFKX\Q~êLFKRSKSNWQơLFFKRVWURXWHU,3YWUzQ QQF|VKWQJFDPQJ,3YKLQQD\ 6RQJVRQJOWULQNKDLNWQơLFFPQJ,3YOLYLQKDXKQKWKQKPưW PQJ,3YWRQFXNWQơLYRPQJWKạQJKLP%RQH 9Y\WURQJSKQQ\VWUQKE\YKRW~ưQJFDFFF|FKFKX\Q~êL Q\YFF\zXFX~WKẳFKLQFFNWQơLWL%RQHwâQJWKđL~}DUDFF JLLSKSWULQNKDLPQJ,3YWURQJWKẳFWKLQQD\FD9LW1DP ,7ULàQNKDLPQJ,3YWUQQQ,3Y &FYQÊFKXQJ 0ăFvFK 7KFKWKằFP,3YSKL~ơLPWONKQxQJFKX\Q~êLWUăQYQFFJĐL WLQ,3YWá~ÊQKGQJWKHRJLDRWKằF,3YVDQJ,3Y~Wá~ĐFĐWKYQ FKX\QWUzQQQKWQJOPQJ,3YYKXKWFFWKLWEÊNWQơLPQJ ,QWHUQHWKLQQD\~X~}FWKLWNFKR,3Y wWKẳFKLQ\zXFXQ\TXWUQKWULQNKDL,3YSKL~PERWÂQKOLQK ~ưQJPưWFFKWơL~DQK}QJ~LXQ\OLPyXWKXQYLTXLP{UưQJOQ FDPQJ,QWHUQHW'RY\~y\FàQJFĐWKFRLOPưW~LPFKÂQKWURQJ TXWUQKWKLWNW,3Y~PERVẳWKQKF{QJFDPQJ,3Y.K{QJ~P ER~}F\zXFXWUzQVNK{QJFĐVẳWKQKF{QJFDPQJ,3Y9ÂGã WU}F~y\~FĐPưWYLJLDRWKằF~}FWKLWN~WKạWKD\WK7&3,3QK} ;73QK}QJ~NK{QJWKWKQKF{QJOGRNK{QJFĐNKQxQJFK\VRQJ VRQJGXDOVWDFNKD\NK{QJFĐWÂQKW}|QJWKÂFKOQQKDXJLDFFKăJLDR WKằFFàYPL1KQJWÂQKQxQJPLFDFFJLDRWKằFQ\QXPưWPQK QĐVNK{QJ~WKX\WSKãF~QJ}đLVạGãQJFKX\QVDQJVạGãQJ,3Y FàQJY\QXYLFF~FWÂQK}XYLWFDQĐVRYL,3YFàQJFK}D~~ WKX\WSKãFQJ}đLGQJEƠPQJ,3YKLQQD\~[y\GẳQJPQJ,3YGR Y\FQSKL~PERWÂQKW}|QJWKÂFKWUzQF|VFFFKằFQxQJFD,3Y WURQJTXWUQKFKX\Q~êLVDQJ,3Y wWULQNKDLPQJ,3YFĐFFSK}|QJWKằFGLQUD~âQJWKđLO[y\GẳQJ PQJ,3YWUzQQQKWQJOPQJ,3YKLQQD\VDX~ĐWKD\WKGQ PQJ,3YKLQQD\ 0ãF~ÂFKFDFFF|FKFKX\Q~êLO~PERPưWVơFKằFQxQJFKÂQK QK}VDX wPERWKẳFKLQFF~FWÂQK}XYLWFDPQJ,3YVRYLPQJ,3Y 7QGãQJKWQJVQFĐFDPQJ,3YWURQJJLDL~RQFKX\QWLSVDQJ PưWPQJWKXQ,3Y 7xQJF}đQJNKQxQJQyQJFSYWULQNKDL9LFFKX\Q~êL~ơLYLFF KRVWURXWHUNK{QJEÊSKãWKXưFYRQKDX 7ơLWKLXKRVẳSKãWKXưFWURQJFFTXWUQKQyQJFS0ưWWURQJQKQJ ~LXNLQEWEXưF~QyQJFSKRVWWL,3YOKWKơQJ'16VHUYHUSKL ~}FQyQJFS~XWLzQEL'16OGÊFKYãKôWUYLFWPNLP~ÊDFK SKãFYãFKRFFằQJGãQJNKF&FKWKằFFL~WYFXKQK'16VHUYHU KôWU,3YV~}FWUQKE\WURQJSKQWKạQJKLP&F~LXNLQ~ơLYL FFURXWHUQK}KôWUFFJLDRWKằF~ÊQKWX\Q%*3KôWU,3YFK}D SKLOEWEXưF *QYFSSKWFFORL~ÊDFKWKXQWLQ.KLFFKWKơQJ,3Y~}FFL ~W~}FJQFF~ÊDFK,3YPWNKF~ÊDFK,3YOPưWWSFRQFD~ÊD FK,3YGRY\FĐWKWLSWãFVạGãQJYLFF~ÊDFK,3YVQFĐ&K JQFF ~ÊD FK ,3YWKW Vẳ FQ WKLWFKRFF NW QơLWL%RQH Y WXyQ WKHRFFNKRFKSKyQEê~ÊDFKFDWêFKằF~Đ *LWKQKNKL~LPWKS9NK{QJFQFKXQEÊFQWKLW~QyQJFSFF KWKơQJWá,3YVDQJ,3YNKLWULQNKDLPưWKWKơQJ,3YPL&|FK Q\~}FWKẳFKLQKRQWRQWUzQQQ,3Y~FĐ &|FKFKX\Q~êLFD,3YOFĐWKNWKSFFWUP,3YFQJOPYLF YLFFWUP,3YEWNẵQ|LQRWUzQ,QWHUQHWFKR~QNKL~ÊDFK,3Y NK{QJFÔQWâQWLYFKRSKSFFWUP,3YY,3YWURQJPưWNK{QJJLDQ JLLKQ~FQJOPYLFVDX~Đ&FF|FKQ\ER~PNKRQ~XW}WR OQFDQJ}đLGQJWURQJYLF[y\GẳQJKWKơQJPQJ,3Y~âQJWKđLWULQ NKDL~}FPQJ,3Y &zFFtFKFKX\QvL +LQQD\VơO}QJFFPQJ,3YOUWOQKXKWFFGÊFKYãYFFJLDR GÊFKWUzQPQJ~XGẳDWUzQKWQJPQJ,3YGRY\[XWKLQQKLXF| FKFKX\Q~êLFKRSKSNWQơLFFKRVW,3YTXDPQJ,3Y 9LF[y\GẳQJOLJLDRWKằFFDWQJ,QWHUQHWWURQJP{KQK7&3,3~GQ ~QQKLXWKD\~êL7URQJ~ĐYQ~WKD\~êLOQQKWFD,3YYL,3YO YLFWKD\~êLFXWUảF~ÊDFK6ẳWKD\~êLQ\QKK}QJ~QFFYQ~VDX QKK}QJWLKRW~ưQJFDFFJLDRWKằFWQJWUzQ7QJJLDRYQY WQJằQJGãQJ QKK}QJWLFFSK}|QJWKằF~ÊQKWX\Q 0WNKFPưW\zXFXTXDQWUăQJWURQJYLFWULQNKDL,3YOSKLWKẳF KLQ~}FPãFWLzXEDQ~X~UDNKLWKLWNJLDRWKằF,3Y~ĐO,3Y SKLOPYLF~}FWURQJP{LWU}đQJVạGãQJJLDRWKằF,3Y6FĐKLQ W}QJFKFĐQKQJKRVWGQJGX\QKW,3YY~âQJWKđLFàQJWâQWL QKQJKRVWFKGX\QKWFĐ,3YwâQJWKđLQKQJKRVWWKXQ,3Y~Đ SKLJLDRWLS~}FYLQKQJKRVW,3YWURQJNKL~ĐYQ~PER~ÊDFK ,3YOFĐWÂQKWKơQJQKWWRQFX'RY\~~PERWKẳFKLQFFVẳ W}|QJWKÂFKJLD,3YY,3YFFQKWKLWN,3Y~[y\GẳQJPưWVơF| FKFKX\Q~êLNKFQKDX &FF|FKFKX\Q~êLQ\FĐQKQJ~F~LPFKXQJQK}VDX wPERFFKRVWURXWHUFL~W,3YFĐWKOPYLF~}FYLQKDXWUzQ QQ,3Y +ôWUFFNKQxQJWULQNKDLFFKRVWYURXWHUKRW~ưQJWUzQQQ,3Y YLPãFWLzXWKD\WKGQFFKRVW~DQJKRW~ưQJ,3Y &ĐPưWSK}|QJWKằFFKX\Q~êLGGQJWKẳFKLQ~}FFFFS~ưNKF QKDXWáSKÂDQJ}đLGQJFXơLWLQJ}đLTXQWUÊKWKơQJFFQKTXQO PQJYFXQJFSGÊFKYã &FF|FKQ\OPưWWSFFJLDRWKằFWKẳFKLQ~ơLYLFFKRVWYFF URXWHUVNPWKHROFFSK}|QJWKằFQK}JQ~ÊDFKYWULQNKDLWKLWN ~OPTXWUQKFKX\Q~ơL,QWHUQHWVDQJ,3YOPYLFYLÂWULURQKWFĐ WK~}F +LQQD\FFQKWKLWN,3Y~~}DUDF|FKFKX\Q~êLFKÂQKFKR SKSNWQơL,3YWUzQQQ,3YQK}VDX 'XDO,3OD\HU&|FKQ\~PERPưWKRVWURXWHU~}FFL~WFVWDFN ,3YY,3YWQJ,QWHUQHW/D\HUWURQJNLQWUảF7&3,3FDQĐ ,3YWXQQHO TXD,3Y &|FK Q\WKẳFKLQ ~ĐQJ JĐL PưW JĐL WLQ ,3Y WKHR FKXQ JLDR WKằF ,3Y ~ FĐ WK PDQJ JĐL WLQ ~ĐWUzQ QQ NLQ WUảF ,3Y &Đ ORL WXQQHOLQJ O FL ~W VQ &RQILJXUHG Y Wẳ ~ưQJ $XWRPDWLF WR&|FKQ\KRW~ưQJGẳDWUzQFFKRVW,3Y~VQFĐFF~ÊDFK ,3Y Wá ~Đ [y\ GẳQJ PưW ~ÊD FK ,3Y FĐ FX WUảF ~F ELW FF KRVW Vạ GãQJF|FKQ\NK{QJFQSKLWK{QJTXDPưW,63FĐKôWU,3Y &KLWLWKRW~ưQJYSK}|QJWKằFWKẳFKLQFDF|FKQ\V~}FWUQK E\WURQJSKQVDX~y\ &}FKƯ'XDO/D\HU 0sWx 'XDO,3OD\HU&|FKQ\~PERPôLKRVWURXWHU~}FFL~WFJLDR WKằF,3YY,3Y9LF|FK~{LQ\KRW~ưQJFDFFKRVWURXWHUKRQ WRQW}|QJWKÂFKYL,3YY,3Y 7KHRF|FKQ\,3YVFQJWâQWLYL,3YYQĐVGQJF|VKWQJFD ,3Y6ẳOẳDFKăQ~VạGãQJ6WDFNOẳDFKăQJLDRWKằFQRWURQJWQJ,QWHUQHWV GẳDYRWK{QJWLQ~}FFXQJFSELGÊFKYãQDPHGTXD'16VHUYHU +QKVDXPLQKKăDF|FKQ\ Application TCP/UDP IPv4 Network layer IPv6 +QK &n FK 'XDO ,3 OD\HU &|FKQ\~}FFRLOWKQJK}QJQKW~~PERPưWQRGHV,3Y KRQWRQW}|QJWKÂFKYLQKQJQRGHV,3YNKF1KQJQRGHYáDKôWU ,3YYáDKôWU,3YQK}Y\JăLO,3Y,3Y1KQJQRGHVQ\FĐNK QxQJYáDQKQYáDJạLFQKQJJĐLWLQ,3YY,3Y&KảQJFĐWKOP YLFWUẳFWLSYLFFKRVWWKXQ,3YVạGãQJJLDRWKằF,3YY~âQJWKđL YáDFĐWKWUẳFWLSOPYLFYLFFKRVWWKXQ,3YTXDJLDRWKằF,3Y +QFKFDP{KQK'XDO6WDFNOSKLJQWKzPPưW~ÊDFK,3Y~ơLYL PôLQRGH,3YPL wơLYLPôLKRVWVạGãQJNWKXWGXDO,3OD\HUFĐWKNWKSYLF|FK FKX\Q~êL,3YRYHU,3YWXQQHOLQJF|FKQ\VWUQKE\G}L~y\ wơLYLQKQJQRGHQ\FĐWKVạGãQJNWKSYLFFF|FKWXQQHOLQJWẳ ~ưQJKRFWXQQHOLQJFLVQKRFFNWKXWWXQQHOLQJQ\'R~ĐFĐWK FĐF|FKFKX\Q~êL~ơLYLPôLQRGH,3Y,3YO 1RGHV,3Y,3YNK{QJNWKSVạGãQJNWKXWWXQQHOLQJ 1RGHV,3Y,3YVạGãQJNWKSWXQQHOLQJFLVQ 1RGHV ,3Y,3Y Vạ GãQJ NW KS F WXQQHOLQJ FL VQ Y WXQQHOLQJ Wẳ ~ưQJ wWULQNKDLWURQJPQJ/$1QJ}đLWDWK}đQJYQGãQJP{KQK'XDO VWDFNKQFK0{KQK'XDO6WDFNKQFK~}FP{WQK}VDX0ưW VLWHNKLWKLWNWKHRP{KQK'XDO6WDFNFKFĐQKQJQRGHOPVHUYHUO FFQRGHGXDOVWDFN1KQJQRGH~ĐQJYDLWUÔ&OLHQWFKOQKQJQRGH WKXQ,3Y1RGHVHUYHU~ĐQJYDLWUÔO~LPFXQJFSFFGÊFKYãQK} '16:HEILOHVKDULQJ9LSK}|QJWKằFQ\FKFĐPưW~ÊDFK,3Y ~}FJQFKRVHUYHUJLPWKLXFF~ÊDFK,3YJQFKRFFQRGHWURQJ VLWH wơLYLPưWKRVWURXWHUNKLKôWUFGXDOlVWDFN,3VRQJVRQJFQSKL ~LXNKLQKDLEư~ÊDFKNKFQKDX1K}QJFFJLDRWKằF$XWRPDWLF 1HLJKERXU'LVFRYHU\FD,3YQzQOPFKR6WDFNQ\OWURQJVXơW~ơLYL QKTXQOwFELWQXQK}FKảQJWDPXơQVRVQKQĐYLFFJLFD YLFFXKQKFFWUP,3YQJ\QD\ 9LFQyQJFSURXWHU~KôWU,3YSKằFWSK|Q&FURXWHUSKL~}F WUDQJEÊP~IRUZDUGFFJĐL,3YWUDQJEÊFFJLDRWKằF~ÊQKWX\Q,3Y YJLDRWKằFTXQO,3Y 1K}WUzQ~WUQKE\F|FK'XDO6WDFNGẳDYRGÊFKYãQDPHVHUYLFH &FP\FK'XDO6WDFNVFĐFFEQJKL~ÊDFKNKDLERWURQJ'16 VHUYHUGRY\'16VHUYHUQ\SKLKôWU,3Y0ưWEQJKL$W}|QJ ~}|QJ~ÊDFK,3YYPưWEQJKL$$$W}|QJ~}|QJ~ÊDFK,3Y0ưW JLDRGLQOSWUQK*+1KLQWLFKRSKSFFằQJGãQJQKQ~}F~ÊD FK,3YW}|QJằQJYLPưWGRPDLQDPHV~}FWKD\WKELPưWJLDRGLQ PL+1$*+1~}FJăLYLFKPưWOQKPWzQFD~ÂFK +1$~}FJăLYLOQKO~ÊDFK~ÂFKYTXDQK~ÊDFKKRFO$) ,1(7FKR~ÊDFK,3Y+RFO$),17FKR~ÊDFK,3Y 1X$),1(7WKWKWãFVFKX\Q~ÊDFKFDEQJKL$FĐWURQJ~ÂFK FD'161XO$),17(7WKWãFWU}FKWVTXHU\'16FKREQJKL $$$1XTXHU\~}FWKWKWãFOLTXD\OLWá~X1XNK{QJWPWK\ WKWãFVTXHU\'16PưWOQQDOQQ\OKƠLFKR~ÊDFK~ÂFK,3Y1Đ VGQJ&,$Q\QK}PưW~ÊDFK,3Y~}FPDSEL,3Y &FP\FK'XDO6WDFNVVạGãQJFFJLDRWKằFORRNXSQJ}FPL &KảQJVQKWUDFF~ÊDFKWơWQKWQJRLGDQKVFK~}FWUYYVạ GãQJFF~ÊDFKQ\WURQJ\zXFXNWQơL7&3KRFFRLQK}OFF~ÊDFK ~ÂFKFKRFFGDWDJUDP8'3&FJLDRWKằFYQFKX\QGXDOVWDFNVTX\W ~ÊQKKRFOVạGãQJ,3YQXQK}FF~ÊDFKOWKXQ,3YKRF~|QJLQ FKGQJ~ÊDFK,3YQXQK}FF~ÊDFKO~ÊDFK~}FPDSEL,3Y 7KHRTXWUQKWKẳFKLQVẳWxQJOzQFDFFP\FKLQWHUQHWV~SằQJ FKRFF~ÊDFK,3YYFK\Q~êLYR'166ẳFKX\QWLS,3YVDQJ ,3YV[\UDPưWFFKWẳQKLzQQJ\FQJQKLXFRQQHFWLRQVạGãQJ ,3Y6NK{QJFĐEWNẵPưWQJ\QRPYLFWKD\WKQ\WUQzQUƯQW WX\QKLzQFXơLFQJYLFWKD\WKQ\VEDRSKWRQEư &FWKWãF'16OWURQJVXơW~ơLYLQưLGXQJFDFFEQJKL&KQKQJ VHUYHUYJLDRGLQQRPFQFXQJFSKRFWUX\QKSWL~ÊDFK,3Y PLSKL~}FQyQJFS 9LFWUDQJEÊFKRFFVHUYHUQ\VOPưWSKQFDYLFWUDQJEÊ,3YFKR FFWêFKằFPQJQ\ 1K}QJFKảQJWDSKL~PERUQJFFYHUVLRQPLSKLKRW~ưQJ~}F ~FĐWKNWQơL~}F,3Y&FằQJGãQJ~}FQyQJFSVWPFF~ÊDFK WURQJ'16VFơJQJ~WKLWOSNWQơL7&3WLFF~ÊDFKQ\&FNW QơLQ\VEW~X~}FFXQJFSFXWUảFRYHUOD\WUzQLQWHUQHWY~}F[y\ GẳQJWUzQFF~}đQJQJPNWQơLJLDFFơF~R 3KutQJSKzSWKưFKLQ 4XDSKQSKyQWÂFKWUzQWDWK\FFWK{QJVơFKÂQK~zWKẳFKLQF|FK 'XDOVWDFN~}FP{WWURQJEQJVDX 7K{QJVơ *LWUÊ 3KPYLSGãQJ 6LWH wÊDFK,3YFQJQ ~ÊDFK~ơLYLKRVWQKLX~ÊDFK~ơLYL5RXWHU wÊDFK,3Y\zXFX ~ÊDFK,3Y~ơLYLKRVWQKLX~ÊDFK~ơLYL 5RXWHU <zXFX~ơLYL+RVW &L~WF,3Y,3Y <zXFX~¬LY±LURXWHU &L~WF,3Y,3Y&FJLDRWK»F~£QKWX\QSKLK« WU²,3Y %rQJ &tF WKDP V FD Fn FK GXDO VWDFN <rXFXYJzQvDFK 9FFKRVWQ\V¹G·QJFJLDRWK»F¯WQJ,3O,3YY,3YGRY\FQ JQFORL~£DFK,3YY,3Y¯P«LKRVWQ\.K{QJQKWWKLWSKLF§ V¼TXDQKJLºDKDL~£DFKQ\GRY\QKºQJKRVW,3Y,3YF§WKJQ QKºQJ~£DFK,3YY,3YNK{QJF§TXDQKY±LQKDX w¬LY±LQKºQJQRGHVF§F|FKFKX\Q~ªLQ\NWK²SY±LN¿WKXW WXQQHOLQJW¼~QJFQSKLJQPW~£DFK,3Y~}²FWRE¯L~£DFK,3Y JQ~¬LY±LKRVW~§w£DFK,3YQ\J¨LO,3YFRPSDWLEOH,3Y~Å WUQKE\WURQJSKQ&XWU¶FF´D~£DFKQ\QK}VDX 96 bits 0 32 bits IPv4 128 bits +QK &~X WU¡F pD FK ,3YFRPSDWLEOH ,3Y w¬LY±LQKºQJQRGHV,3Y,3YF§WKF§~}²F~£DFK,3YWKHREWN½PW JLDRWK»FFXKQK~£DFK,3YQRK²SO9¢G·V¹G·QJTXDFFJLDRWK»F FS~£DFK~QJQK}'+&3%22735$53KRFJQWU¼FWLSFF~£DFK ,3YW¡QK w¬LY±L~£DFKORRSEDFN7KHRFXKQK~£DFK,3Y~£DFKORRSEDFNF§ GQJ~£DFKQ\FKX\QVDQJGQJ~£DFK,3YW}|QJWK¢FKY±L ,3YVF§GQJ~y\~}²FFRLOGQJ~£DFKORRSEDFN~¬LY±L ,3Y1KºQJSDFNHWF§~£DFKORRSEDFNVFKW©QWLWURQJQRGH~§P NK{QJFKX\QUDPQJ .KDLEzR'16 7URQJPWKWK¬QJF§FL~WFFQRGHK«WU²F|FKGXDOVWDFNWK~LX NLQW¬LWKLXFQWKLWOG£FKY·'16F´DKWK¬QJ~§SKLK«WU²,3Y +LQQD\~ÅF§PWV¬SKQPPQK}%,1'K«WU²,3Y w¬LY±LFFQRGHV,3Y,3YFQSKLNKDLERFORLEQJKLWURQJ'16 VHUYHU+D\Q§LFFKNKFOFQSKLFXKQK'16~¬LY±LFORL~£DFK PKRVW~§~}²FJQw¬LY±LP«L~£DFK,3YFXWU¶FEQJKL'16F§ GQJ$$$$wFWYFXWU¶FFFORLEQJKLK«WU²,3Y~¬LY±LG£FKY· '16~}²FP{WWURQJ5)&w¬LY±LP«L~£DFK,3YFXWU¶FEQ JKL'16F§GQJ$ .KLG³QJ~£DFK,3YFRPSDWLEOH,3Y~}²FJQY±LFFKRVW,3Y,3Y QKºQJKRVWQ\V¹G·QJN¿WKXWDXWRPDWLFWXQQHOLQJFORLEQJKL$ Y$$$$SKL~}²FFXKQKWURQJ'16%QJKL$$$$SKLNKDLER GQJ~\~´~£DFK,3YFRPSDELOH,3YWURQJNKL~§EQJKL$VV¹ G·QJELWVWKSWURQJ~£DFKQ\ .KLWKẳFKLQORRNXS~ơLYLFFKRVW,3Y,3YFĐWKWPWK\ORLEQ JKL$Y$$$$0ôLEQJKLQ\FĐWKWUƠ~QPôL~ÊDFK,3YKRF ,3Y7URQJWU}đQJKSNWTXWPWK\OPưWEQJKL$$$$WUƠ~QPưW ~ÊDFK,3YFRPSDWLEOH,3YYPưWEQJKL$WUƠ~zQ~ÊDFK,3YW}|QJ ằQJWKNWTXWUYFĐWKFĐFFJLWUÊVDX 7UOLGX\QKW~ÊDFK,3Y 7UOLGX\QKW~ÊDFK,3Y 7UOLF~ÊDFK,3YY,3Y /ẳDFKăQORL~ÊDFKQR~}FWUYSKãWKXưFYRW\WáQJWU}đQJKS WURQJWU}đQJKSFORL~ÊDFK~}FWUYWKWUWWẳVS[SFFORL~ÊD FKOLzQTXDQ~QOXâQJ,3~ơLYLKRVW~Đ1XPưW~ÊDFK,3Y~}FWU YQRGH~ĐJLDRWLSYLQRGH~ÂFKWURQJ~ĐFFJĐLWLQ~}F~ĐQJJĐLWKHR FKXQ,3Y1X~ÊDFK,3Y~}FWUYWKQRGH~ĐJLDRWLSYLPưWKRVW ,3Y &}FKƯ7XQQHOLQJ oFvLPFKXQJ &|VKWQJPQJ,QWHUQHWKRW~ưQJWUzQQQ,3YKRW~ưQJNKêQ~ÊQK YFĐTXLP{UưQJOQ7QGãQJNKQxQJQ\FFQKWKLWN,3Y~~}D UDJLLSKSOWKẳFKLQF|FKWXQQHOLQJ~}đQJKPWUzQQQ,3Y &ĐORLWXQQHOLQJQK}VDXO$XWRPDWLF7XQQHOLQJY&RQILJXUHG 7XQQHOLQJ 7U}FNKLWUQKE\Y~F~LPFDFFF|FKWXQQHOLQJVDX~y\VP{WPưWVơ NKLQLPOLzQTXDQ~QTXWUQKWXQQHOLQJ ,3YRQO\ QRGH O PưW KRVW KD\ URXWHU KRW ~ưQJ WUzQ QQ ,3Y QKQJ KRVW KRF URXWHU Q\NK{QJ KLX ,3YFF KRVW Q\ FKLP SKQ OQ FF WKLWEÊWUzQPQJ,QWHUQHWKLQQD\7DJăLOFFQRGHWKXQY,3Y ,3Y,3Y QRGH O FFQRGHV FĐ NK QxQJ WKẳF KLQ WUzQ QQ ,3Y KRF ,3Y7DJăLOFFQRGHVQ\OQRGHV~{L ,3YRQO\ QRGH O FF QRGHV FK FĐ NK QxQJ KRW ~ưQJ WUzQ QQ ,3Y NK{QJFĐNKQxQJWKẳFKLQWUzQQQ,3Y7DJăLFFQRGHVQ\OQRGHV WKXQ,3Y ,3YQRGHOQKQJQRGHVVDXQRGHVWKXQ,3YQRGHV~{L,3Y,3Y ,3YQRGHOQKQJQRGHVVDXQRGHVWKXQ,3YQRGHV~{L,3Y,3Y ,3YFRPSDWLEOH,3YDGGUHVVOPưW~ÊDFK,3Y~}FJQFKRFFQRGH ~{L,3Y,3Y~ÊDFKQ\FĐ~ÊQKGQJQK}~P{WWURQJSKQFD PãF ,, SKQ 7DJăL ~ÊD FK ,3Y ORL Q\ O ~ÊD FK ,3Y W}|QJ WKÂFK ,3YwÊDFKORLQ\~}FVạGãQJWURQJF|FKWXQQHO,3YWUzQQQ,3Y V~}FP{WVDX~y\ ,3YRQO\DGGUHVVOQKQJ~ÊDFK,3YFÔQOL~~}FP{WWURQJSKQ ,3YRYHU,3Y WXQQHOLQJ N WKXW Q\ WKẳF KLQ YLF ~ĐQJ JĐL FF GDWDJUDPWKHRFXWUảF,3YYRSKQGOLXFDGDWDJUDP,3Y~FĐWK PDQJFFJĐLWLQ,3Y TXDPQJ,3YWDJăLF|FKQ\O7XQQHO ,3Y WUzQ QQ ,3Y &Đ KDL SK}|QJ WKằF WXQQHO O &RQILJXUHG 7XQQHOLQJ Y $XWRPDWLF7XQQHOLQJw}F~ÊQKQJKĂDQK}VDX &RQILJXUHGWXQQHOLQJ7KHRSK}|QJWKằFQ\~ÊDFKFXơLFQJFĐWXQQHO ~}F[F~ÊQKQKđWK{QJWLQFXKQKWLQRGHV~ĐQJJĐL $XWRPDWLFWXQQHOLQJ7KHRSK}|QJWKằFQ\~ÊDFKFXơLFQJFĐWXQQHOO ~ÊDFK,3YW}|QJWKÂFKYL~ÊDFK,3Y &|FK7XQQHOLQJ~}FP{WQK}VDX&FQRGHV,3Y,3YVWKẳFKLQ ~ĐQJJĐLFFGDWDJUDP,3YYRWKQKSKQGOLXWURQJGDWDJUDP,3Y SKQWLWUăQJFDJĐLWLQ,3YWUX\QWUzQPQJOJĐLWLQ,3YYGR~Đ JĐLWLQQ\VFĐWKWUX\QTXDWUzQQQ,3Y+QKVDXPLQKKăDF|FK 7XQQHOLQJ ,3Y QRGH (QFDSV ,3Y QRGH (QFDSV ,3Y URXWHU ,3Y URXWHU ,3Y URXWHU ,3Y URXWHU ,3Y QRGH 'HFDSV ,3Y QRGH 'HFDSV Tunnel +QK &n FK WXQQHOLQJ &FNWQơLFĐWKSGãQJF|FKWXQQHOLQJO 5RXWHUWR5RXWHU&FURXWHUV,3Y,3YNWQơLYLQKDXELF|VKWQJ ,3YGR~ĐFĐWKWKẳFKLQFKX\QFFGDWDJUDP,3YTXDF|FKWXQQHO 7URQJWU}đQJKSQ\F|FKWXQQHOWULUưQJWá~LPEW~XWL~LPNW WKảFFDPưWJĐLWLQ,3Y +RVWWR5RXWHU0ưWKRVW~{L,3Y,3YFĐWKWKẳFKLQ7XQQHO,3YWUzQ QQ ,3Y ~ FKX\Q FF JĐL WLQ WL FF URXWHU WUXQJ JLDQ FàQJ ~ẳF FX KQKO FF QRGHV ~{L,3Y,3Y7URQJ WU}đQJ KS Q\WXQQHO WUL UưQJ WURQJSKPYLWáKRVWWLURXWHU~Đ +RVWWR+RVW +DL KRVW ~{L ,3Y,3Y FĐ WK WUX\Q FF GDWDJUDP WKHR ~ÊQK GQJ ,3Y WUzQ QQ ,3Y 7URQJ WU}đQJ KS Q\ F| FK WXQQHO WUL UưQJWá~LP~X~Q~LPFXơL .WKXWWXQQHO~}FSKyQORLGẳDWUzQQJX\QWFVạGãQJSK}|QJWKằFQR~ TX\W ~ÊQK ~ÊD FK FD QRGHV FXơL FQJ ~}F FX KQK WXQQHO 7URQJ SK}|QJ WKằFWXQQHO~P{WWUzQOURXWHUWRURXWHUYKRVWWRURXWHUJĐLWLQ,3Y~}F WXQQHO~Q~ÊDFKFXơL FQJOWL URXWHU'R~Đ ~LPFXơLFQJFD TX WUQK WXQQHOQ\OFFURXWHUWUXQJJLDQWLFFURXWHUQ\SKLFĐQKLPYãPJĐL WLQ~}FWXQQHOYFKX\QQĐWL~ÂFKFXơLFQJwÊDFKWURQJJĐLWLQ,3Y~}F WXQQHONK{QJKôWU~ÊDFK,3YFD~LPFXơLFQJWXQQHOWKD\YR~Đ~ÊDFK ~LPFXơLFQJWXQQHOSKL~}FTX\W~ÊQKWáFFWK{QJWLQFXKQKWUzQQRGHV WKẳFKLQ~ĐQJJĐL7KHRF|FK[F~ÊQK~ÊDFKFXơLQK}Y\WDJĐLOWXQQHO &RQILJXUHGFĐQJKĂDO~ÊDFK~LPFXơLFDTXWUQKWXQQHO~~}FNKDLER WU}F 7KHRSK}|QJWKằFVDXKRVWWRKRVWYURXWHUWRKRVWJĐLWLQ,3Y ~}FWXQQHOWUzQWWFKQKWUQKFDFKảQJFKRWLNKL~Q~}F~ÂFK 7KHRF|FKQ\QRGHVFXơLFQJ~}F[F~ÊQKWXQQHOO~ÊDFK~ÂFKFD JĐLWLQ,3Y9Y\~LPFXơLFQJFDWXQQHOFĐWK~}FTX\W~ÊQKWá ~ÊDFK~ÊFKFDJĐLWLQ,3YQX~ÊDFKQ\OPưW~ÊDFKW}|QJ~}|QJYL ~ÊDFK,3YWKWKHRFXWUảFFD~ÊDFKQ\ELWVWKSV~}FO\OP ~ÊDFKFDQRGHV~ÂFKY~}FVạGãQJOP~ÊDFK~ÂFKFDQRGHVFXơL FQJ~}FWXQQHO.WKXWQ\WUQK~}FYLFSKLNKDLERWU}F~ÊDFK ~ÂFKFDQRGHVFXơLFQJWXQQHOJăLODXWRPDWLFWXQQHOLQJ &KDLNWKXWDXWRPDWLFYFRQILJXUHGFĐNKFQKDXF|EQQKWO YLFTX\W~ÊQK~ÊDFKFXơLFDTXWUQKWXQQHOFÔQOLYF|EQKRW ~ưQJFDF|FKQ\OJLơQJQKDX&ãWKQK}VDX wLPNKLWRWXQQHO~LP~ĐQJJĐLWLQWRPưWKHDGHU,3Y~ĐQJJĐLY WUX\QJĐLWLQ~~}F~ĐQJJĐL 1RGHVNWWKảFFDTXWUQKWXQQHO~LPPJĐLWLQQKQ~}FJĐLWLQ ~ĐQJJĐL[REƠSKQKHDGHU,3YVạD~êLPưWVơWU}đQJFDKHDGHU,3Y Y[ạOSKQGOLXQ\QK}PưWJĐLWLQ,3Y 1RGHV~ĐQJJĐLFQGX\WUFFWK{QJWLQYWUQJWKLFDPôLTXWUQK WXQQHOYÂGãFFWKDPVơ078~[ạOFFJĐLWLQ,3YEW~XWKẳFKLQ WXQQHO9VơO}QJFFWLQWUQKWXQQHOFĐWKWxQJOzQPưWVơO}QJNK OQWURQJNKL~ĐFFWK{QJWLQQ\WK}đQJOSOLYGR~ĐFĐWKVạGãQJ NWKXWFDFKHY~}FORLEƠNKLFQWKLW &tFKvQJJLWKưFKLQWXQQHOLQJ +QKVDXPLQKKRF|FK~ĐQJJĐLWKẳFKLQWXQQHO IPv4 Header IPv6 Header Transport Layer header Data IPv6 Header Transport Layer header Data +QK &n FK pQJ JL WKĐF KLQ WXQQHOLQJ &XWUảFFDSKQKHDGHUSDFNHW,3YNKLWKẳFKLQWXQQHOLQJ~ĐQJJĐL ,3YSDFNHWWURQJP{WGDWDJUDP,3YQK}VDX 7KDPV *LtWUELWV «QJKD 9HUVLRQ *LDRWK»FV¹G·QJO,3Y ,3KHDGHUOHQJWK FKLXGLW¬L~DF´DWU}®QJQ\OELWVw¬LY±L FFJ§LWLQ,3Y~§QJJ§LNK{QJVHWJLWU£FKRSKQ RSWLRQWURQJKHDGHU 7\SHRI6HUYLFH 7RWDO/HQJWK E\WHV ;F~£QK~O±QJ©PFKLXGLSKQKHDGHU,3Y FKLXGLF´D,3YFKLXGL,3YKHDGHU ,GHQWLILFDWLRQ *LWU£~}²F[F~£QKWK¬QJQKWFKREWN½J§LWLQ ,3Y~}²FWUDQVPLWE¯LKWK¬QJ )ODJV ')KRF0) 7LPHWROLYH 3URWRFRO *QW}|QJ»QJY±LORLSD\ORDGWURQJJ§LWLQ,SY ~§QJJ§L +HDGHU &KHFNVXP *LWU£WªQJFFE\WHVF´DSKQKHDGHU,3Y~NLP WUDW¢QKWRQYQGºOLXNKLQKQ¯~£DFK~¢FK 6RXUFH$GGUHVV ,3YDGGUHVV w£DFK,3YF´DWUPQJX©Q 'HVWLQDWLRQ $GGUHVV ,3YDGGUHVV w£DFK,3YF´DWUP~¢FK %rQJ &~X WU¡F SK{Q KHDGHU FD ,3Y NKL WK§F KLQ WXQQHOLQJ &tFKP JLNKLWKFKLQWXQQHO,3YRYHU,3Y .KLPWKRVWKD\PWURXWHUQKQ~}²FPWGDWDJUDP,3YF§NLXJLDR WK»FOQ§VE¥SKQKHDGHU,3YWURQJJ§LWLQYYJLºOLSKQGDWD ~§FK¢QKOJ§LWLQ,3Y+QKVDXPLQKKRF|FKP¯J§L [...]... OQWURQJNKL~ĐFFWK{QJWLQQ\WK}đQJOSOLYGR~ĐFĐWKVạGãQJ NWKXWFDFKHY~}FORLEƠNKLFQWKLW &tFKvQJJLWKưFKLQWXQQHOLQJ +QKVDXPLQKKRF|FK~ĐQJJĐLWKẳFKLQWXQQHO IPv4 Header IPv6 Header IPv6 Header Transport Layer header Transport Layer header Data Data +QK &n FK pQJ JL WKĐF KLQ WXQQHOLQJ &XWUảFFDSKQKHDGHUSDFNHW,3YNKLWKẳFKLQWXQQHOLQJ~ĐQJJĐL ,3YSDFNHWWURQJP{WGDWDJUDP,3YQK}VDX . ORFDOVLWHEQJFFJLDRWKằF,3Y+QKVDXP{WKRW~ưQJFDTXWUQK Q IPv6 Site A 2002:CBA2:000A::/48 IPv4 Internet Router 6to4 IPv4 Site A 203.162.0.10 Host IPv6 Host IPv6 Router 6to4 Host IPv6 Host IPv6 IPv4 Site. ~§FK¢QKOJ§LWLQ,3Y+QKVDXPLQKKRF|FKP¯J§L IPv4 Header IPv6 Header Transport Layer header Data IPv6 Header Transport Layer header Data +QK &n FK P