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CLARIFIER DESIGN Prepared by Clarifier Design Task Force of the Water Environment Federation Thomas E Wilson, P.E., DEE, Ph.D., Chair Charles Applegate Richard G Atoulikian William H Boyle William C Boyle David Chapman Patrick F Coleman Glen T Daigger Bryan N Davis Douglass D Drury John K Esler Charles G Farley Brent R Gill Rodney Gross Lesley Jane Halladey Samuel S Jeyanayagam, P.E., DEE, Ph.D Hans F Larrson Yiliang Ma Krishnanand Y Maillacheruvu J Alex McCorquodale Mark V Pettit, P.E Albert B Pincince Roderick D Reardon, Jr John Edward Richardson Michael W Selna, P.E., DEE James F Stahl, P.E., DEE Robert B Stallings Rudy J TeKippe, P.E., DEE, Ph.D David A Vaccari Nikolay S Voutchkov, P.E., DEE Eric J Wahlberg, P.E., Ph.D Jim Weidler Russell Wright Siping Zhou Under the Direction of the MOP-8 Subcommittee of the Technical Practice Committee 2005 Water Environment Federation 601 Wythe Street Alexandria, VA 22314–1994 USA http://www.wef.org CLARIFIER DESIGN WEF Manual of Practice No FD-8 Second Edition Prepared by Clarifier Design Task Force of the Water Environment Federation McGraw-Hill New York Chicago San Francisco Lisbon London Madrid Mexico City Milan New Delhi San Juan Seoul Singapore Sydney Toronto Copyright © 2005 by the Water Environment Federation All rights reserved Manufactured in the United States of America Except as permitted under the United States Copyright Act of 1976, no part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the publisher 0-07-158922-8 The material in this eBook also appears in the print version of this title: 0-07-146416-6 All trademarks are trademarks of their respective owners Rather than put a trademark symbol after every occurrence of a trademarked name, we use names in an editorial fashion only, and to the benefit of the trademark owner, with no intention of infringement of the trademark Where such designations appear in this book, they have been printed with initial caps McGraw-Hill eBooks are available at special quantity discounts to use as premiums and sales promotions, or for use in corporate training programs For more information, please contact George Hoare, Special Sales, at george_hoare@mcgraw-hill.com or (212) 904-4069 TERMS OF USE This is a copyrighted work and The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc (“McGraw-Hill”) and its licensors reserve all rights in and to the work Use of this work is subject to these terms Except as permitted under the Copyright Act of 1976 and the right to store and retrieve one copy of the work, you may not decompile, disassemble, reverse engineer, reproduce, modify, create derivative works based upon, transmit, distribute, disseminate, sell, publish or sublicense the work or any part of it without McGraw-Hill’s prior consent You may use the work for your own noncommercial and personal use; any other use of the work is strictly prohibited Your right to use the work may be terminated if you fail to comply with these terms THE WORK IS PROVIDED “AS IS.” McGRAW-HILL AND ITS LICENSORS MAKE NO GUARANTEES OR WARRANTIES AS TO THE ACCURACY, ADEQUACY OR COMPLETENESS OF OR RESULTS TO BE OBTAINED FROM USING THE WORK, INCLUDING ANY INFORMATION THAT CAN BE ACCESSED THROUGH THE WORK VIA HYPERLINK OR OTHERWISE, AND EXPRESSLY DISCLAIM ANY WARRANTY, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE McGraw-Hill and its licensors not warrant or guarantee that the functions contained in the work will meet your requirements or that its operation will be uninterrupted or error free Neither McGraw-Hill nor its licensors shall be liable to you or anyone else for any inaccuracy, error or omission, regardless of cause, in the work or for any damages resulting therefrom McGraw-Hill has no responsibility for the content of any information accessed through the work Under no circumstances shall McGraw-Hill and/or its licensors be liable for any indirect, incidental, special, punitive, consequential or similar damages that result from the use of or inability to use the work, even if any of them has been advised of the possibility of such damages This limitation of liability shall apply to any claim or cause whatsoever whether such claim or cause arises in contract, tort or otherwise DOI: 10.1036/0071464166 Professional Want to learn more? 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If you’d like more information about this book, its author, or related books and websites, please click here Water Environment Federation Improving Water Quality for 75 Years Founded in 1928, the Water Environment Federation (WEF) is a not-for-profit technical and educational organization with members from varied disciplines who work toward the WEF vision of preservation and enhancement of the global water environment The WEF network includes water quality professionals from 76 Member Associations in 30 countries For information on membership, publications, and conferences, contact Water Environment Federation 601 Wythe Street Alexandria, VA 22314-1994 USA (703) 684-2400 http://www.wef.org Manuals of Practice of the Water Environment Federation The WEF Technical Practice Committee (formerly the Committee on Sewage and Industrial Wastes Practice of the Federation of Sewage and Industrial Wastes Associations) was created by the Federation Board of Control on October 11, 1941 The primary function of the Committee is to originate and produce, through appropriate subcommittees, special publications dealing with technical aspects of the broad interests of the Federation These publications are intended to provide background information through a review of technical practices and detailed procedures that research and experience have shown to be functional and practical Water Environment Federation Technical Practice Committee Control Group B G Jones, Chair A B Pincince, Vice-Chair S Biesterfeld R Fernandez L Ford G T Daigger Z Li M D Moore M D Nelson S Rangarajan J D Reece E P Rothstein A T Sandy J Witherspoon vi For more information about this title, click here Contents Preface xxxix Chapter Introduction Approach Traditional and Vendor Approaches A Word about Thickening Chapter Descriptions References Chapter Primary Clarifier Design Concepts and Considerations Introduction Performance 11 Process Objective 12 Factors Affecting Performance 12 Case Studies 18 Chemically Enhanced Primary Treatment 24 Design Concepts and Considerations 30 Wastewater Characterization 31 Configuration and Depth 32 Flow Splitting 35 Inlet Design 36 Sludge Collection and Withdrawal 37 vii viii Contents Scum Collection and Withdrawal 38 Effluent Discharge 39 Research Needs 40 References 40 Chapter High-Rate and Wet Weather Clarifier Design Concepts and Considerations Introduction 44 Background 44 Current Practice 45 Regulatory Considerations 45 Role of Clarification 46 Role of Storage 49 Methodology 50 Basics—The Science of Design 53 Wastewater Characteristics 53 First Flush 54 Settling Velocities 56 Measurement of Settling Velocity 58 Estimation of Settling Theory 60 Coagulation/Flocculation 60 Plates and Tubes (Lamella䉸) 63 Example 3.1 66 Changes in Suspended Solids Concentration 68 Changes in Temperature 69 Types 70 Conventional Primary Treatment 70 Rerated Conventional Primary Clarification 71 Chemically Enhanced Primary Treatment 71 Retention Treatment Basins 73 Lamella (Plate or Tube) Clarifiers 74 High-Rate Clarification Process 79 Dense Sludge Process 84