Ngữ pháp căn bản

Ngữ pháp căn bản

Unit 1: SIMPLE PRESENT AND PRESENT CONTINUOUS I. Grammar: 1.Simple present tense: a. Form: I / We / You / They + V He / She / It + V – s/es b. Usage: The simple present tense is used for two main types of action  Habits: Actions which happen regularly Ex: It rains a lot in Vancouver. (Trời mưa nhiều ở Vancouver.) Jerry spends Christmas with his parents. (Jerry dành thời gian Giáng sinh với gia đình anh ấy.)  States: Things which do not often change Ex: Martin likes chocolate. (Martin thích sô-cô-la.) I live in Da Nang. (Tôi sống ở Đà Nẵng.) The sun rises in the East. (Mặt trời mọc ở hướng Đông.) c. Signal words: always, often, normally, usually, sometimes, seldom, never, every… d. Exceptions when adding 's' : • For can, may, might, must, do not add s. Ex: he can, she may, it must • After o, ch, sh or s, add es. Ex: do - he does, wash - she washes • After a consonant, the final consonant y becomes ie. (but: not after a vowel) Ex: worry - he worries but: play - he plays 2.Simple continuous tense: a.Form: S + am / is / are + V-ing b.Usage: The present continuous tense is used for two main types of action  A temporary action happening now: something which is going on right now Ex: It’s raining outside. (Ngoài trời đang mưa.) John is working in the library. (John đang làm việc trong thư viện.)  A definite plan for the future: something we intend to do, usually in the near future Ex: I’m playing football tomorrow. (Tôi có kế hoạch chơi đá bóng vào ngày mai.) The Olympics are taking place here next year. (Olympics sẽ diễn ra ở đây vào năm tới theo kế hoạch.) c.Signal words: now, right now, at the moment, at this moment, listen!, look! d.Exceptions when adding 'ing' : • Silent e is dropped. (but: does not apply for -ee) Example: come - coming but: agree - agreeing • After a short, stressed vowel, the final consonant is doubled. Example: sit - sitting • After a vowel, the final consonant l is doubled in British English (but not in American English). Example: travel - travelling (British English) but: traveling (American English) • Final ie becomes y. Example: lie - lying 3.Certain verbs: The following verbs are usually only used in Simple Present (not in the continuous form). • state: be, cost, fit, mean, suit Example: We are on holiday. • possession: belong, have Example: Sam has a cat. • senses: feel, hear, see, smell, taste, touch Example: He feels the cold. • feelings: hate, hope, like, love, prefer, regret, want, wish Example: Jane loves pizza. • brain work: believe, know, think, understand Example: I believe you. • Introductory clauses for direct speech: answer, ask, reply, say Example: “I am watching TV,“ he says. II. Drill: Exercise 1: Choose the correct form of the verb to be – am/is/are 1. It ……… cold today. 2. I ………. at home now. 3. They ………. Korean. 4. There ……… a pen on the desk. 5. My name ………. Nikita. 6. We ………. from Ukraine. 7. That ………. right. 8. I ……… OK, thanks. 9. Clara and Steve ………. married. 10. She ……… an English teacher. Exercise 2: Using the words in parentheses, complete the sentences below with the appropriate tenses Ex: Steve always ……… his bike in the afternoon. (to ride) → Steve always rides his bike in the afternoon. 1. Andy sometimes ………………. comics. (to read) 2. We never ……………………TV in the morning. (to watch) 3. Listen! Sandy ………………… in the bathroom. (to sing) 4. My sister usually ………………… in the kitchen. (to help) 5. My mother ……………………breakfast now. (make) 6. They often ……………………the bathroom. (to clean) 7. Look! The boys …………………home. (to come) 8. Every day, his grandfather ……………………… for a walk. (to go) 9. I ……………………….with my friend at the moment. (to chat) 10. Cats …………………… mice. (to eat) Exercise 3: Put the verb in the present continuous or simple present. Ex: Excuse me. (you / speak) English? → Excuse me. Do you speak English? 1. (Not / like) politics? 2. How many languages (you / speak)? 3. Where (you / live)? 4. What (you / do) at the moment? 5. He (not / wear) a tie today. 6. I (not / believe) that you are a millionaire. 7. He often (travel) abroad on business. 8. David is in Paris this week. He (stay) at the Hilton Hotel. He usually (stay) at the Hilton Hotel when he ‘s in Paris. 9. We (have) a party next Sunday. Would you like to come? 10. Ann, we (go) to town. (you / come) with us? Exercise 4: Match questions in the left column with answers in the right column Are they coming to the party? Do we have to pay for it? Is she coming back? Does she eat meat? Is it still raining? Does it always rain so much here? Do they have everything they need? Are you waiting to see the doctor? Do you see him very often? Are we going to Greece this year? Yes, it does, at this time of year No, they don’t No, they aren’t No, we aren’t. We can’t afford it No, she doesn’t No, I don’t I don’t think she is Yes, I am. He’s very late Yes, we do Yes, it is. Exercise 5: Put the verb in brackets in the correct form (present simple or present continuous) Next week, my friends and I ……………………(go) camping in the woods. I ……………………(organize) the food, because I ……………………(like) cooking. Dave …………………….(have) a big car with a trailer, so he ………………… (plan) the transportation. Sam ………………(bring) the tent – he……………… (go) camping every year, so he …………………(have) a great tent and a lot of other equipment. My wife …………………(think) we’re crazy. She ……………… (like) holidays in comfortable hotels, so she ………………… .(take) a trip to Paris instead. Exercise 6: Choose the correct form of the verb depending on whether in this meaning it is an action or a state verb. If both the Present Continuous and the Present Simple tenses are possible, use the Present Continuous tense. 1. a) Why are you smelling the soup? b) Why do you smell the soup? 2. a) She was feeling his arm on her shoulder. b) She felt his arm on her shoulder. 3. a) Are you having an English dictionary? b) Do you have an English dictionary? 4. a) What are you thinking about? b) What do you think about? 5. a) I am feeling much better today. b) I feel much better today. 6. a) What are you looking at? b) What do you look at? 7. a) I am not hearing you. b) I can't hear you. 8. a) What are you thinking of me? b) What do you think of me? 9. a) I am feeling we should go home now. b) I feel we should go home now. 10. a) This bread is tasting funny. b) This bread tastes funny. III. Writing: Exercise 1: Translate the following sentences into English 1. Tôi học tiếng Anh mỗi ngày. ……………………………………………………………………………………………… 2. Tôi đang học tiếng Anh tại một trung tâm Anh ngữ. ……………………………………………………………………………………………… 3. Anh ấy đi bơi mỗi sáng với bạn. ……………………………………………………………………………………………… 4. Chúng tôi đang bơi trong bể bơi ở khách sạn. ……………………………………………………………………………………………… 5. Cô ấy thường uống một cốc sữa mỗi ngày. ……………………………………………………………………………………………… 6. Cô ấy đang uống sữa lúc này. ……………………………………………………………………………………………… 7. Họ đang đi xem phim cùng nhau. ……………………………………………………………………………………………… 8. Gia đình tôi thường đi xem phim vào cuối tuần. ……………………………………………………………………………………………… 9. Peter và John đang đọc sách trong thư viện. ……………………………………………………………………………………………… 10. Mary và Anna không đọc sách vào buổi tối. Họ thường đi chơi mỗi tối. ……………………………………………………………………………………………… Exercise 2: Answer questions and write a paragraph about yourself: - What do you do in your free time? - Do you often use the Internet? - How many hours do you use the Internet every day? - What do you do on the Internet? - Are you using the Internet right now? Unit 2: SIMPLE PAST AND PAST CONTINUOUS I. Grammar: 1.Simple past tense: a. From: V-ed (regular) S + V2. in the second column (irregular) b. Usage: use the Simple Past to express the idea that an action started and finished at a specific time in the past. Ex: I saw a movie yesterday. (Ngày hôm qua tôi đã xem phim.) Last year, he traveled to Japan. (Năm ngoái, anh đã đi Nhật.) c. Signal words: yesterday, last night, last week, last year, 2 days ago… d. Exceptions when adding “ed”: - when the final letter is e, only add d. Example: love - loved - after a short, stressed vowel, the final consonant is doubled Example: admit - admitted - after a consonant, final y becomes i. (but: not after a vowel) Example: worry - he worried but: play - he played 2.Past continuous tense: a.Form: I / He / She / It + was + V-ing We / You / They + were b.Usage: use Past Continuous to express Actions in the past happened in the same time Ex: Simon was playing on the computer while his brother was watching TV. (Simon đang chơi máy tính trong khi anh nó đang xem TV.) An action already in progress Ex: My mobile suddenly rang when I was sitting in a meeting. (Điện thoại của tôi đã bất ngờ rung lên khi tôi đang ngồi trong phòng họp.) c.Signal words: when, while, as long as,… d.Exceptions when adding “ing”: - silent e is dropped (but: does not apply for -ee) Example: come - coming but: agree - agreeing - after a short, stressed vowel, the final consonant is doubled Example: sit - sitting - final ie becomes y. Example: lie - lying Infinitive Simple Past Past Participle be was, were been become became become begin began begun break broke broken bring brought brought buy bought bought catch caught caught choose chose chosen come came come cost cost cost cut cut cut do did done draw drew drawn drink drank drunk drive drove driven eat ate eaten fall fell fallen feel felt felt find found found fly flew flown forget forgot forgotten / forgot [?] forgive forgave forgiven get got gotten / got [?] give gave given go went gone grow grew grown hang hung hung have had had hear heard heard hit hit hit hold held held hurt hurt hurt keep kept kept know knew known lay laid laid learn learned / learnt [?] learned / learnt [?] leave left left lend lent lent let let let lie lay lain lie (not tell truth) REGULAR lied lied lose lost lost make made made mean meant meant meet met met mow mowed mowed / mown overcome overcame overcome pay paid paid put put put read read (sounds like "red") read (sounds like "red") ride rode ridden ring rang rung rise rose risen run ran run say said said see saw seen sell sold sold send sent sent set set set sew sewed sewn / sewed sing sang sung sit sat sat sleep slept slept