Tài liệu A complete English language course part 23 ppt

Language point 74 – more about the to-form The TO - FORM of the verb is very important because it’s used in so many situations and with so many other types of word. Let’s see what combinations there are in Dialogue 5: • ADJECTIVE + to-form: Is it easy to use? It was dead easy to set up ADJECTIVE + to-form phrases are usually easy to understand: The computer is easy to use means ‘Using the computer is easy’ It was hard to find so much money means ‘Finding so much money was hard’ Some adjectives describing a state of mind are always followed by the to-form: pleased: I’m pleased to see you happy: We’re so happy to be here keen: I’m keen to visit the new art gallery eager: Dave is eager to get started at his new job • NOUN + to-form: There’s just one problem to sort out This means ‘There’s just one problem that has to be sorted out’. But the NOUN + to-form structure can have other meanings as well. Here are some examples: Can I have a book to read ? = ‘Can I have a book that I can read ?’ That is a difficult question to answer ‘= Answering that question is difficult’ • VERB + to-form: I arranged to pay for it you decided to buy it In Language point 50 we saw the ING - FORM is used after some verbs, and the TO - FORM after others. You have to learn what form to use 204 with each verb – good learners’ dictionaries will tell you. Here are some more that are followed by the to-form: agree: Brian agreed to change the schedule ask: Shall we ask them to come back later? (can’t) afford: I can’t afford to miss this lecture expect: We’re expecting to see the family at Christmas fail: Suzie failed to get the results she needed help: Will you help me to tidy the room offer: Shall we offer to do the washing-up? refuse: I refuse to listen to this nonsense! want: What do you want to do ? • WH - WORD + to-form: I can’t find out how to switch it on We can use most question words with a to-form after verbs describing: knowing understanding thinking finding out deciding saying telling Here are some more examples: I don’t know where to park = I don’t know where I should park Pete told me what to write down I can’t decide who to invite They didn’t say when to come I need to know how many to order But we can’t use why with a to-form: ‘He doesn’t know why to do it ’ He doesn’t know why he should do it 1111 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 1211 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 4211 205 Exercise 6 Rewrite the ing-sentences as to-sentences, and vice versa. The first one has been done for you. 1 Speaking Vietnamese is hard. → It’s hard to speak Vietnamese 2 Eating chocolate is nice. → 3 It’s unpleasant to have injections. → 4 It’s annoying to get phone bills. → 5 Swimming underwater is fun. → 6 It’s nice to get birthday presents. → 7 It’s easy to speak colloquial English. → 8 Writing thank you letters is polite. → 9 Painting pictures is relaxing. → 10 Drinking the water here isn’t safe. → Exercise 7 Complete these sentences using the correct WH - WORD . The first one is done for you. 1 I don’t know how to get to the cinema. 2 Can you tell me ____ to do? 3 I don’t know ____ to buy her. 4 We need to decide ____ to invite. 5 Do you know ____ to drive? 6 I’m not sure ____ to park the car. 7 Can you tell me ____ to do it? 8 Terry doesn’t know ____ to put the luggage. 9 We’d better find out ____ to ask. 10 I don’t know ____ to say to them. Exercise 8 Complete these sentences by adding a WH - WORD and one of the verbs from the box. Use each verb only once. The first one has been done for you. 1 I’ve written a letter telling people what to bring on the trip. 2 I’ve no idea __________ to the airport on time. 3 Do the children know ________ the video? 4 Let’s discuss ________ on holiday this year. 206 5 Can someone tell me ________ this form? 6 I’ve told everyone _________ at the station. 7 Tom isn’t sure _______ the roses this year. 8 I’ll show you ______ your bags. to be to put to get to work to fill in to plant to bring to go Phrasal verbs find out – ‘discover’; we often use this phrasal verb with wh-words. pack up – ‘stop working (machines)’; this phrasal verb is similar to break down that we saw in Unit 10 – but it’s often used about smaller machines, such as computers: we say The car’s broken down, but The computer’s packed up. We also use pack up to talk about people stopping work: When are you packing up today? means ‘What time are you stopping work today?’. set up – when we talk about setting up a home cinema system (for example), we mean doing all the things necessary to make it work and placing all the component parts (e.g. the screen, the DVD-player, the speakers) in the right places. Life and living – computers You’re never very far away from a computer in the UK – everyone seems to have one these days, either at home or at work (or both!). They’re very versatile, of course, and quite user-friendly. We call the machine itself and its associated equipment the hardware. Hardware includes things like the monitor, the keyboard, the printer, the hard disk and the floppy disks – all things that you can touch. The programs that make the computer work by giving it instructions and so allow you to use it in different ways are called the software. The most popular and widely used programs are for word-processing, spreadsheets and games. And of course you can always use your computer to access the Internet. On the World Wide Web you can visit a huge number of websites representing and dealing with every subject and field of interest under the sun, and you can use special websites called search engines to help you navigate your way to particular sites – just type in a few keywords 1111 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 1211 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 4211 207 and let the search engine do the rest. Alternatively, you can just surf the Web, following your own path from link to link to see where you end up. But perhaps the most frequent and ubiquitous use for Internet access is email (electronic mail) – you can send someone a message instantaneously anywhere in the world, and it’s both cheap and convenient. You’d better watch out for viruses, though! Glossary versatile – able to be used for many different purposes user-friendly – easy for anyone to use associated equipment – machine used in conjunction with the computer monitor – the screen you look at keyboard – the thing you type with printer – the machine that prints out your documents onto paper hard disk – the computer’s built-in memory floppy disk – a portable memory device for transferring information program – a set of instructions to allow a computer to perform a task instruction – command word-processing – writing and editing documents spreadsheet – program for handling varied types of data access – get access to every . . . under the sun – every kind you can think of field – area navigate – find your way keywords – important words link – pointers on a website that take you automatically to other websites ubiquitous – existing everywhere instantaneously – immediately, at once virus – a program designed to find its way into a computer’s hard disk and damage it 208 13 The people we met were fantastic! In this unit you will learn how to: • how to use who and that in longer sentences • use prepositions in longer sentences • use more adverbs Dialogue 1 Su is showing James some of her holiday photos. J AMES : Who’s this bloke? 1 S U : That’s the man who helped us when the car broke down. And next to him is the woman who was staying in the room below us. J AMES : And what’s this place? S U : That’s the building that used to be the National Library. Now it’s a drama school for people who want to be actors. And then . . . [she shows another photo . . .] . . . this is one of the students who showed us round the place. [. . . and another one . . .] J AMES : And this must be the driver who drove you around. S U : Yes. We had two drivers – a man who didn’t speak any English, and a young woman who really did speak excellent English. 1111 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 1211 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 4211 [. . . and another . . .] . . . And this is the plane that brought us back home. [. . . and another . . .] . . . And this is the taxi driver that met us at the airport to bring us back to Brighton. J AMES : Looks like you had a great holiday! S U : Oh yes! The places we saw were amazing, the food we ate was delicious and the people we met were fantastic. J AMES : What about the money you spent? S U : None left! 1 bloke is a colloquial word for ‘man’ Dialogue 2 Helen and Justine are discussing clothes. H ELEN : That’s a nice top, Justine. J USTINE : Do you like it? I got it in a great little shop I found when I was doing the shopping in Brighton the other week. H ELEN : It really suits you. So . . . where’s this shop then? I can picture myself in something like that. J USTINE : Right – you know the Indian restaurant on London Road that does vegan dishes? H ELEN : The one we went to on Stuart’s birthday? J USTINE : The one we got thrown out of after Stuart made himself sick, yes. Well, behind it there’s a public garden that most people don’t know about. And at the other end there’s a little bakery that makes banana doughnuts. You go past there . . . H ELEN : Oh God, Justine – can’t you just take me there? J USTINE : OK – we’ll go and see if we can find something you like. 210 Language point 75 – relative clauses: ‘who’ and ‘that’ Look at these two sentences: a That’s the man b He helped us with the car We can join these together to make one sentence by using who /hu/ weak form /hυ/ instead of he in sentence (b): That’s the man who helped us with the car Now look at these two sentences: a That’s the building b It houses the nation’s modern art collection Because building is a thing and not a person, we use that (/ðt/, weak form /ðət/), not who, to join the sentences together: That’s the building that houses the nation’s modern art collection But did you notice that, later in Dialogue 1, Su says: And this is the taxi driver that met us at the airport 1111 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 1211 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 4211 211 Idioms • the other week means ‘ two or three or a few weeks ago’ (not ‘last week’); we can also say the other day (= ‘two or three or a few days ago’), and the other morning/afternoon/evening/night • this (shop) means ‘the (shop) you’ve just been talking about’ • oh God: we use this expression in informal situations if we are annoyed, or worried, about something. It’s not rude, and it won’t offend people you are on informal terms with – it’s really a very gentle little phrase! With things we have to use that, but with people we can use either who or that: The woman who lives next door The woman that lives next door ‘The building who stands opposite the bank ’ The building that stands opposite the bank In more formal English which can be used instead of that for things: The building which stands opposite the bank This word is not normally used to join sentences in colloquial English, although it is okay in colloquial English as a question word – see Language point 60. At the end of the dialogue Su says: The food we ate was delicious The people we met were fantastic She could have said: The food that we ate was delicious The people who we met were fantastic but she leaves the joining words out. We can do this in English when the word before the joining word is the OBJECT in the sentence, and the word following it is the SUBJECT . But we can’t leave out the joining word when the word before it is the SUBJECT . Compare these two sentences: Object Subject The people who we saw = ‘The people we saw’ Subject Object The people who saw us not ‘The people saw us’ 212 . colloquial English, although it is okay in colloquial English as a question word – see Language point 60. At the end of the dialogue Su says: The food we ate. woman who was staying in the room below us. J AMES : And what’s this place? S U : That’s the building that used to be the National Library. Now it’s a drama