ON TAP TIENG ANH LOP 8HOC KY 2

Thì hiện tại hoàn thành cũng được dùng với trạng từ chỉ sự thường xuyên adverbs of frequency để chỉ một hành động đã xảy ra nhiều lần trong quá khứ và hành động này có thể còn lặp lại nh[r]

UNIT SO THAT / IN ORDER THAT IN ORDER TO / SO AS TO / TO để mà Công thức sau: 1) Mệnh đề + SO THAT / IN ORDER THAT + S can/could/will/would + V … Lưu ý: Thông thường không có NOT thì dùng can /could còn cóNOT thì dùng won’t / wouldn’t ,trừ trường hợp có ý ngăn cấm thì dùng can’t/couldn’t I study hard so that I can pass the exam I study hard so that I won’t fail the exam I hide the toy so that my mother can’t see it ( tôi giấu món đồ chơi để mẹ tôi không thể thấy nó -> ngăn không cho thấy ) 2) Mệnh đề + IN ORDER TO/SO AS TO/TO + Inf Lưu ý: Nếu có NOT thì để NOT trước TO, nhiên mẫu TO không áp dụng trường hợp có NOT I study hard I want to pass the exam -> I study hard in order to / so as to /to pass the exam I study hard I don’t want to fail the exam -> -> I study hard in order not to pass the exam đúng -> I study hard so as not to /to pass the exam.đúng -> I study hard not to pass the exam sai Cách nối câu : 1) Dùng SO THAT/IN ORDER THAT : Trong câu thứ hai có các động từ : want, like, hope thì phải bỏ thêm can/could/will/would vào -Nếu sau các chữ want, like, hope có túc từ thì lấy túc từ đó làm chủ từ I give you the book I want you to read it -> I give you the book so that you can read it 2) Dùng IN ORDER TO/SO AS TO/TO : - Chỉ áp dụng chủ từ câu giống - Bỏ chủ từ câu sau, bỏ các chữ want, like, hope giữ lại từ động từ sau nó I study hard I want to pass the exam I study hard I want to pass the exam -> I study hard in order to pass the exam Đối với câu hỏi cho cấu trúc này, các em dùng : what…….for? ( để làm gì I'm studying very hard at the moment next month I bought a dictionary I went to bed early pass my exams help with my vocabulary I wouldn't be tired in the morning I have to get up early I set the alarm for five o'clock oversleep I waited for an hour I could meet her Some people not eat before exercises nauseated Do exercise regularly being feel have excellent health and well- My sister gave English lessons earn some pin money Jenny is a very nice person She is always prompt her friends 10 They took the taxi 11 I'm going to Australia help waste time forget my English 12 Make sure your bags are tagged you can identify them later I'm studying very hard at the moment to pass my exams next month I bought a dictionary in order not to to help with my vocabulary I went to bed early so that I wouldn't be tired in the morning I have to get up early I set the alarm for five o'clock in order to in order not to oversleep I waited for an hour for so that I could meet her Some people not eat before exercises in order to in order not to feel nauseated Do exercise regularly in order not to in order to have excellent health and well-being My sister gave English lessons in order to earn some pin money Jenny is a very nice person She is always prompt so as not to to help her friends 10 They took the taxi to so as not to waste time 11 I'm going to Australia to so as not to forget my English 12 Make sure your bags are tagged so as not to so that you can identify them later Future Tenses in English - Exercise Explanation: Future Tenses in English Use the verbs in brackets in the correct future tenses Use will-future, going to-future, Simple Present or Present Progressive Toggle example 1) The train 2) We 3) It at 11:45 (to leave) dinner at a nice restaurant on Saturday (to have) in the mountains tomorrow evening (to snow) 4) On Sunday at o'clock I 5) They to London on Friday evening (to fly) 6) Wait! I you to the station (to drive) 7) The English lesson 8) I my friend (to meet) at 8:45 (to start) my sister in April (to see) 9) Look at the clouds - it in a few minutes (to rain) 10) Listen! There's someone at the door I you (to open) the door for Future Tenses in English - Exercise 1) The train leaves at 11:45 2) We are going to have dinner at a nice restaurant on Saturday 3) It will snow in the mountains tomorrow evening 4) On Sunday at o'clock I am meeting my friend 5) They are flying to London on Friday evening 6) Wait! I will drive you to the station 7) The English lesson starts at 8:45 8) I am going to see my sister in April 9) Look at the clouds - it is going to rain in a few minutes 10) Listen! There's someone at the door I will open the door for you UNIT 10 ADJECTIVES FOLLOWED BY AN INFINITIVE OR A NOUN CLAUSE (Tính từ theo sau động từ nguyên mẫu mệnh đề danh từ) Adjective + to-infinitive (Tính từ+ động từ nguyên mẫu) + Động từ nguyên mẫu (to-infinitive) thường dùng: - Sau các tính từ diễn tả phản ứng và cảm xúc như: glad, sorry, sad, delighted, pleased, happy, a/raid, anxious, surprised, shocked Ví dụ: Tom was surprised to see you (Tom ngạc nhiên thấy hạn.) He's afraid to stay home alone at night (Anh sợ nhà mình vào ban đêm.) I'm very pleased to see you here (Tôi vui mùng gặp anh đây.) I was sorry to hear that your father is ill (Tôi lấy làm tiếc nghe cha anh bị ốm.) - Sau số tính từ thông dụng khác như: right, wrong, easy, difficult, certain, welcome, careful, important, interesting, lovely, ready, lucky, likely, good, hard, dangerous, safe , và sau các tính từ cấu trúc enough và too Ví dụ: He is difficult to understand (Anh thật khó hiếu.) The apples are ripe enough to pick (Những quá táo đã đủ chín để hái.) English is not difficult to learn (Tiếng Anh thì không khó học.) - Sau tính từ cấu trúc câu nhấn mạnh với chủ ngữ giả It It + be + adjective + to-infinitive Ví dụ: It's interesting to talk to you (Nói chuyện với bạn thật là thú vị.) It's difficult to learn Japanese (Học tiếng Nhật thì khó.) Adjective + noun clause (Tính từ + mệnh đề danh tử) + Mệnh đề danh từ (noun clausc) thường dùng với các tính từ diễn tả xúc cảm, lo lắng, tin tưởng, Ví dụ: delighted, glad, pleased, relieved, sorry, afraid, anxious, worried, confident, certain, surprising Subject + be + adjective + noun clause (that-clause) Ví dụ: I am delighted that you passed your exam (Tôi vui vì anh đã vượt qua kỳ thi.) It was quite surprising that he passed the examination (Thật đáng ngạc nhiên là anh đã thi đậu.) I am afraid that I can't accept this assignment (Tôi e tôi không thể nhận nhiệm vụ này.) Adjectives after the verb to be, followed by infinitives There are a number of adjectives that can be followed by an infinitive when they come after the verb to be Here are some exercises to practise the following patterns: Subject + be + adjective + to-infinitive Subject + be + adjective + to-infinitive to talk about the future It is + adjective + to-infinitive It is + adjective + for / of + object + to-infinitive Subject + be + adjective + to-infinitive Many of the adjectives that follow this pattern describe a person’s emotions or mental state And many are followed by such verbs as hear, see, learn, discover, find out Others are related to ability, probability and the future Most of these adjectives can also be followed by a preposition, a that clause or an adverbial clause     She was very happy to hear she had passed her exam She was very happy about passing her exam She was very happy that she had passed her exam She was very happy when she heard that she had passed her exam Click and Drop - Exercises 1-4 all follow the same format Click on a word in the box and then click on a suitable gap I suggest you look at all the sentences in each exercise before you answer the questions, as some of them are very similar and could have more than one possible answer Pay attention to the adverbs that go with the adjectives, sometimes they will give you a clue as to whether the adjectives are gradable or ungradable And look out for collocations glad · delighted · anxious · shocked · bound · sad · pleased · about · stunned · hesitant · sorry · content ? She was very to go back there after what had happened ? I'm to have to say this, but we're going to have to let you go ? He's rather to find out what's happening tomorrow I was really to see her again after all those years ? ? She was to hear the news of his death He was so young! ? I was only to have been some help ? I was to hear about old Uncle Jack, but it wasn't really a surprise ? We were quite to just lie on the beach and sunbathe ? He was 10 to hear she had turned him down And him being such a catch! ? He was 11 You're 12 They're to learn that he had been promoted ? to well, you always ? to have a baby It's due any day now You have scored percent ( / 12 ) Exercise ashamed · motivated · happy · astonished · likely · willing · lucky · keen · proud · ready · prepared · determined I'm to be able to give you the good news that you've all passed I was so to get this job, it's really great She's really to be the mother of such a successful young man Is everybody to go? The bus is waiting outside You messed this one up, but I'm to give you one more chance She may have messed this one up, but she's to better next time He was to discover that women didn't always fall for his smarmy charm He's to go back there after what he did and said She's not too sure about Sushi, but she's to give it another go 10 He doesn't seem to be to anything with his life 11 He's very to go in for this competition He thinks he has a good chance 12 She's very to win this race Her practice times were excellent Some of the expressions we've just seen relate to the likelihood of something happening in the future -be likely to, be certain to, be due to, to which we could add be sure to, be unlikely to as well as the ones in the next exercise fortunate · reluctant · sure · amazed · relieved · surprised · afraid · embarrassed · eager · careful · disappointed · upset She was very not to say anything about the divorce to her mother She was rather to hear I had broken her favourite mug I was very to hear that we had lost, thinking we had a good chance She's very to move to another city when she has so many friends here He was very to find out that he didn't have to go to court We were very to see him at the races with his secretary She was to start work as soon as possible I was very to have had parents who gave me a lot of encouragement I'm to go in there, you know what he's like 10 She was totally to hear she had passed with an 'A' 11 He's to tell her he'd forgotten their anniversary Again! 12 Bagehot's Boy is to win the 3.30 It's a dead cert Exercise unhappy · set · ashamed · furious · certain · liable · devastated · able · due · angry · eligible · unable He was very to discover that his wife was having an affair His wife was absolutely to discover that he knew! She is quite to fly off the handle now and then They were very to learn that their son was in trouble The report is to be published next week It's great! We were to find a real holiday bargain Is she, a Nigerian, really to compete for the UK? I am to say that I can't remember your name She was to learn she hadn't got in to Oxford 10 According to forecasts, sales of e-books are to double this year 11 Her concert is to be a sell-out They always are 12 We regret we are to extend your overdraft Expressions with be + (adjective) to-infinitive to talk about the future The following expressions are often used in newspapers Some of them look very similar and can be a bit confusing Note that one of them has no adjective at all Exercise - Note how these expressions are used in context and then match them with their definitions below Click and Drop - Click on an expression on the left and drop it into one of the boxes below a be about to I was just about to make some coffee Would you like one? b She's due to start her be job at the beginning of the month be due to c be bound to You're bound to well, you've been studying so hard d After last night's performance, United look set to win the cup be set to e be to Government (is) to announce new policy on education used in newspaper headlines to say something is going to happen likely to happen, especially according to trends going to happen very soon expected to happen, especially according to some kind of schedule certain to happen It is + adjective + to-infinitive We often use the infitive after certain adjectives in sentences or clauses starting with it This is usually to give our opinion about something We can also add for or of and a noun or pronoun:  It's difficult to give an exact figure  It was difficult for us to be any more precise at the time  It's incredibly silly to behave like that at the boss's party  It was very silly of him to say what he did See if you can work out which to use, for or of, in the following exercise, and then read my comments Exercise - Enter for or of as appropriate It was really stupid him to go into the mountains dressed like that It's unusual him to behave in this way It's easy you to say that when you've never worked with him It is wrong him to get so angry over such a little thing Isn't it possible you to arrive on time occasionally? It's hard her to make a living from her business It was so clever you to think of doing it like that It was important him to realise how serious this was It was right her to complain I'd have done the same 10 It is so kind you to look after the children for the afternoon 11 It's quite common 12 It was necessary people to see foxes in the city nowadays us to solve this question as soon as possible UNIT 11 - Hiện phân từ (present participle) - Quá khứ phân từ (past participle) I- Hiện phân từ A- Dùng để nối câu có cùng chủ ngữ Ex: He run out of the room and slammed the door behind → He run out of the room, slamming the door behind They open the door and brought the chairs in → Opening the door, they brought the chairs in Nối câu trở lên có cùng S, hai là hành động phụ là nguyên nhân hành động Ex: He hadn't any money and friends in the city, he decided to overnight beside the hotel → Not having any money and friends, he decided to overnight beside the hotel Thay mệnh đề với since, as, because, as + V-ing Ex: Since he didn't know her address, he couldn't write to her → As not knowing her address, he couldn't write to her Chú ý: Hiện phân từ có thể dùng dạng hoàn thành nhấn mạnh hành động này hoàn thành đến hành động Ex: He had eaten breakfast then he rushed out to school → Having eaten breakfast, he rushed out to school B- V-ing nối câu có cùng đại từ quan hệ (Rút gọn mệnh đề) Thay mệnh đề quan hệ → V-ing + who, which, that là chủ ngữ + động từ mệnh đề dạng chủ động Ex: The boy who is sitting next to me is very handsome → The boy sitting next to me is very handsome I was woken up by the sunlight which come through the window of my room → I was woken up by the sunlight coming thought the window of my room C- Hiện phân từ dùng Adj V-ing + N sleeping child sleeping bag running water sice exporting country dsinking water dancing girl II- Past participle (PII) Dùng adj bị động stolen money wounded people broken heart punished child Dùng để nối hai câu trở lên cùng S (1 câu dạng bị động) Ex: Tom was punished by the teacher so he felt very sad → Punished by the teacher, Tom felt very sad He was exhausted by the work, he threw himself on the bed → Exhausted by the work, he threw himself on the bed Rút gọn mệnh đề quan hệ - Đại từ quan hệ: who, which, that, that, là chủ ngữ mệnh đề quan hệ - Động từ dạng bị động → Thay đại từ quan hệ + động từ bị động → PII Ex: The girl who was accompanied by her mother greeted the gueste → The girl accomepanied by her mother greeted the gueste The boy who was given a schoolar ship was my son → The boy given a schoolar ship was my son Having + been PII Ex: He had been bitten by a dog twice, he didn't dare to come to her house → Having been bitten by a dog twice, he didn't dare to come to her house Ngữ pháp Tiếng Anh Câu yêu cầu với “Would/Do you mind ?” 1/- Would/ Do you mind + V_ing ? (Bạn làm ơn (làm) giúp tôi (điều gì) không?) Cấu trúc này dùng để đề nghị làm điều gì cách lịch Ex: Would/ Do you mind opening the door, please? Would/ Do you mind turning on the radio? 2/- Would you mind if I + V(simple past) ? ; Do you mind if I + V(simple present) ? Cấu trúc này dùng để xin phép chúng ta muốn làm việc gì cách lịch Ex: Would you mind if I closed the windows? Would you mind if I used your phone? Do you mind if I use your motorbike? 3/- Trả lời câu yêu cầu với “Would/Do you mind ? a/- Nếu không thấy phiền ta có thể nói Please (bạn làm đi) - No Not at all (không cả) - Never mind/ you’re welcome (không sao) - No Of course not (ồ dĩ nhiên là không phiền gì cả) - No That would be fine (Ồ không bạn làm đi) - No I’d be happy to (không Tôi vui làm điều đó) - No I’d be glad to (không Tôi vui làm điều đó) b/- Nếu cảm thấy phiền, ta có thể nói I’d rather/ prefer you didn’t (bạn không làm thì tốt hơn) UNIT 12 Th́ quá khứ tiếp diễn Cách dùng Chúng ta dùng thì quá khứ tiếp diễn muốn nhấn mạnh diễn biến hay quá trình vật hay việc hoăc thời gian vật hay việc đó diễn (Nếu chúng ta muốn nói việc nào đó quá khứ thì chúng ta có thể sử dụng thì quá khứ đơn) While I was driving home, Peter was trying desperately to contact me Peter đã cố gắng liên lạc với tôi lúc tôi lái xe nhà Were you expecting any visitors? Anh có mong đợi người khách nào không? Sorry, were you sleeping? Xin lỗi, anh ngủ à? I was just making some coffee Tôi pha cà phê I was thinking about him last night Tối qua, tôi đã nghĩ anh In the 1990s few people were using mobile phones Vào năm 1990, ít người sử dụng điện thoại di động Chúng ta dùng thì quá khứ tiếp diễn để diễn tả hành động diễn quá khứ thì có hành động khác xen vào I was walking in the street when I suddenly fell over Khi tôi trên đường thì nhiên tôi bị vấp ngã She was talking to me on the phone and it suddenly went dead Khi cô nói chuyện điện thoại với tôi thì nhiên nó bị liên lạc They were still waiting for the plane when I spoke to them Khi tôi nói chuyện với họ thì họ chờ máy bay The company was declining rapidly before he took charge Trước anh nhận công việc thì công ty đó xuống We were just talking about it before you arrived Chúng tôi vừa nhắc điều đó trước anh đến I was making a presentation in front of 500 people when the microphone stopped working Khi tôi trình bày trước 500 người thì cái micro đột nhiên bị hỏng Cấu trúc Câu khẳng định - S + was/were + V-ing (+ O) * Ghi chú: S: chủ ngữ V: động từ O: tân ngữ Ví dụ: I was thinking about him last night We were just talking about it before you arrived Câu phủ định - S + was/were + not + V-ing (+ O) Ví dụ: I wasn't thinking about him last night We were not talking about it before you arrived Câu nghi vấn - (Từ để hỏi) + was/were + S + V-ing (+ O)? Ví dụ: Were you thinking about him last night? What were you just talking about before I arrived? Put the verbs into the correct form (past progressive) When I phoned my friends, they (play) Yesterday at six I (prepare) The kids (play) I (practice) We (not / cycle) While Alan (work) the pool monopoly dinner in the garden when it suddenly began to rain the guitar when he came home all day in his room, his friends (swim) I tried to tell them the truth but they (not / listen ) in What (you / do) yesterday? Most of the time we (sit) 10.I (listen) in the park to the radio while my sister (watch) 11.When I arrived, They (play) 12.We (study) TV cards English yesterday at 4:00 pm Write correct sentences: Yesterday at pm your family were doing different things Write positive sentences in past progressive My mother / read / a novel My father / watch / a movie My elder sister / writing / in her diary My two brothers / listen / to the radio My little sister and I / not / watch / a movie We / talk / about school UNIT 14 I Trường hợp câu nghi vấn dạng Yes-No Ví dụ 1: He asked me: “Do you clean the floor?” Các bước chuyển đổi thành câu gián tiếp Bước 1: Bỏ dấu : và dấu “” Bước 2: Ta phải thêm If Whether Vì ta có He asked me if Bước 3: Xác định thì câu Vì ví dụ trên thì đơn nên ta chuyển thành thì quá khứ đơn Ở hình thức câu nói gián tiếp, câu hỏi không mang hình thức nghi vấn vì ta không có đảo ngược chủ ngữ, không còn dấu chấm hỏi cuối câu → He asked me if I cleaned the floor Ví dụ 2: he asked her: “Did you take care of your children?” → He asked her whether she had taken care of her children Lưu ý: Để tìm hiểu thêm cách chuyển đổi từ “You và Your” hai ví dụ trên, các bạn vào xem lại bài Câu trực tiếp gián tiếp thì tiếp diễn và bài tập II Trường hợp câu nghi vấn bắt đầu từ nghi vấn Chúng ta có từ nghi vấn sau: what, why, when, where, how, which Ví dụ 1: He asked me: “why you clean the floor?” → He asked me why I cleaned the floor Ví dụ 2: He asked her: “When did you take care of your children?” → He asked her when she had taken care of her children Để hiểu rõ bài học ngày hôm nay, chúng ta cùng làm bài tập nhé I Chuyển đổi thành câu gián tiếp He asked his friend: “Did you finish the report?” He asked Nina: “Have you done the homework?” She asked me: “What is the time?” She asked Tom: “How you know my name?” Nina asked me: “How you go to school?” My mother asked me: “Where you live?” She asked him: “What you do?” He asked the boy: “Did you buy the book?” He asked me: “What is your name?” 10 Sam asked me: “Do you watch TV?” UNIT 15 Present perfect and Past - So sánh thì hoàn thành và thì quá khứ đơn Present perfect and past A Xem xét ví dụ sau: Tom is looking for his key He can’t find it Tom tìm kiếm chìa khóa mình Anh không tìm thấy He has lost his key (thì present perfect) Anh đã làm chìa khóa anh Điều này có nghĩa là anh không có chìa khóa Mười phút sau đó: Now Tom has found his key He has it now Bây Tom đã tìm chìa khóa Hiện anh có chìa khóa Has he lost his present perfect) Anh bị chìa khóa à? No, he hasn’t He has found it Không, anh không làm Anh đã tìm nó Did he lose his key? (past simple) key? ( Anh đã chìa khóa phải không? Yes, he did Vâng anh đã làm chìa khóa He lost his key (past simple) but now he has found it ( present perfect) Anh đã làm chìa khóa bây anh đã tìm Thì present perfect là thì hoàn thành và luôn cho chúng ta biết điều gì đó “Tom has lost his key” = anh không có chìa khóa anh (xem UNIT 7) Còn thì past simple cho chúng ta biết quá khứ Nếu có đó nói rằng: “Tom lost his key” chúng ta không biết bây anh đã tìm nó hay chưa Chúng ta biết là anh đã chìa khóa vào thời điểm nào đó quá khứ Xem thêm hai ví dụ sau: Jack grew a beard but now he has shaved it off (= he doesn’t have a beard now) Jack đã để râu bây anh đã cạo hết (= bây anh không có râu) They went out after lunch and they’ve just come back (= they are come back now) Sau bữa trưa họ đã bên ngoài và bây họ vừa quay B Thì present perfect không dùng không có liên hệ với (chẳng hạn việc đã xảy thời gian dài trước đây) The Chinese invented printing (không nói “have invented”) Người Trung Quốc đã phát minh việc in ấn How many plays did Shakespeare write? (không nói “has Shakespeare written”) Shakespeare đã soạn bao nhiêu kịch? Beethoven was a great composer (not ‘has been’) Beethoven đã là nhà soạn nhạc vĩ đại Hãy so sánh: Shakespeare wrote many plays Shakespeare đã viết nhiều kịch My sister is a write She has written many books (she still writes books) Chị tôi là nhà văn Chị đã viết nhiều sách (hiện chị còn viết sách) C Chúng ta dùng thì present perfect để đưa thông tin (xem UNIT 7) Nhưng chúng ta tiếp tục nói điều đó, chúng ta dùng thì past simple: A: Ow! I’ve burnt myself Ối! Tôi đã bị B: How did you that? (không nói “have you done”) Bạn đã bị nào? A: I picked up a hot dish (không nói “have picked”) Tôi đã nhấc phải cái đĩa nóng A: Look! Somebody has split milk on the carpet Nhìn kìa! Có đó đã làm đổ sữa trên thảm B: Well, it wasn’t me I didn’t it (không nói “hasn’t been…haven’t done”) Ồ, không phải tôi Tôi không làm chuyện đó A: I wonder who it was then (không nói “Who it has been”) Vậy thì làm THI HIEN TAI HOAN THANH Hình thức (Form): Thì hoàn thành tạo thành thì động từ have + quá khứ phân từ động từ chính Quá khứ phân từ là hình thức động từ: + tận cùng -ed worked, lived, stayed…nếu là động từ hợp quy tắc + ghi cột thứ ba bảng chia động từ bất quy tắc là động từ bất quy tắc (gone, come, left…) Have/ Has + quá khứ phân từ Bảng chi động từ WORK: Khẳng định: I have worked You have worked He has worked She has worked We have worked They have worked Phủ định: I have not worked You have not worked He has not worked She has not worked We have not worked They have not worked Nghi vấn: Have I worked? Have you worked? Has she worked? Has he worked? Have we worked? Have they worked? Cách dùng: Thì hoàn thành dùng để diễn tả: a Hành động đã xảy và đã hoàn tất quá khứ, thời gian hành động không biết rõ không đề cập đến They have visited London (Họ đã thăm Luân Đôn.) Nếu biết rõ thời gian hành động ta phải dùng thì quá khứ đơn: They visited London last year [dùng quá khứ đơn vì có last year] Cách dùng này thường liên quan đến kết (hay hậu quả) hành động I have lost my key (Tôi đã đánh chìa khóa.) [nên bây tôi không có chìa khóa vào phòng] Đối với thì hoàn thành, chúng ta không thể dùng các trạng từ thời gian quá khứ đã hoàn tất (last month, in 1985, yesterday, a week ago…), có thể dùng các trạng từ thời gian chưa hoàn tất lúc nói - các trạng từ có phần quá khứ, có phần tương lai nhu: I have visited London today I have visited London this afternoon I have visited London this week I have visited London this month b Thì hoàn thành dùng với trạng từ thường xuyên (adverbs of frequency) để hành động đã xảy nhiều lần quá khứ và hành động này có thể còn lặp lại nhiều lần tương lai: I have seen the play Romeo and Juliet at least three time (Tôi đã xem kịch Romeo và Juliet ít lần rồi.) They have never met John (Họ chưa gặp John cả.) Nếu hành động này đã xảy nhiều lần quá khứ không còn có thể lặp lại tương lai, ta phải dùng thì quá khứ đơn: He saw the play Romeo and Juliet at least three time [Ông đã chết kịch này không còn trình diễn.] Chúng ta so sánh thêm khác thì hoàn thành và thì quá khứ đơn hai câu sau đây: John Smith has written a number of short stories (John Smith đã viết nhiều truyện ngắn.) [John còn sống và còn tiếp tục sáng tác] John Smith wrote a number of short stories (John Smith đã viết nhiều truyện ngắn) [Có lẽ John không còn sống đã bỏ nghề] c Hành động đã bắt đầuu quá khứ và còn tiếp tục tại: Up to the present, we have done every exercise in this book (Cho đến bây giờ, chúng tôi đã làm bài tập sách này.) We have lived in this city for ten years (Chúng tôi đã sống thành phố này mười năm rồi.) She has loved you since she was a little girl (Cô đã yêu anh từ cô còn là cô bé.) Nếu hành động xảy kéo dài đã chấm dứt quá khứ, chúng ta phải dùng thì quá khứ đơn Chúng ta hãy so sánh khác thì hoàn thành và quá khứ đơn hai câu sau đây: (1) She has been here for one year (Cô ta đã đây năm) [bây còn ở] (2) She was here for one year (Cô ta đã đây năm) [nhưng bây không còn đây nữa] d Hành động các câu hỏi với yet và before (đã…chưa?): Have you found a job yet? (Anh đã tìm việc làm chưa?) Trong các câu hỏi này yet có thể bỏ đi: Have you met John? (Anh đã gặp John chưa?) Have they ever been to Moscow before? (Họ đã đến Moscow chưa?) Yes, they have been there several times (Vâng, họ đã đến đây nhiều lần rồi.) e Hành động các câu trả lời khẳng định với already (đã…rồi) và phủ định với not…yet (đã…chưa): We have seen that film already (Chúng tôi đã xem phim rồi.) I haven’t seen her yet (Tôi chưa gặp cô ấy.) f Hành động đã bắt đầu quá khứ và vừa chấm dứt vào lúc nói Cách dùng này thường áp dụng với các động từ thể phủ định: I haven’t seen you for ages (Lâu tôi không gặp anh.) [nhưng bây gặp] This room hasn’t been cleaned for months (Người ta đã không lau quét phòng này nhiều tháng rồi.) [nhưng bây nó lau quét] It has been very cold lately but it is beginning to get a bit warmer (Trời vừa lạnh, bây ấm.) Các từ sau đây thường kết hợp với thì hoàn thành: Already (rồi) Just (vừa mới) Ever (từng, bao giờ) Recently (vừa đây) Lately (vừa đây) Never (không bao giờ) Now (= rốt cuộc) Before (trước đây) It’s the first/ second time… Chúng ta hãy xem số ví dụ với các từ trên: John has just finished his assignment (John vừa làm xong bài tập.) We have been very busy lately (Vừa chúng tôi bận rộn.) We have visited London now (Rốt chúng tôi đã thăm Luân Đôn.) This is the second time you have been late this week (Đây là lần thứ hai tuần anh đã trễ.) CÁCH DÙNG CÁC THÌ với LIÊN TỪ SINCE Khi có since động từ mệnh đề chính thường thì hoàn thành (mệnh đề chính là mệnh đề in đứng đây), còn mệnh đề phụ có since trước có thể các thì sau: SINCE + quá khứ đơn: I’ve loved you since I was a child SINCE + hoàn thành: Khi hai hành động hai mệnh đề diễn song song từ quá khứ đến tại: I’ve loved you since I’ve known you (Anh đã yêu em từ anh biết em.) SINCE + hoàn thành tiếp diễn: Khi hai mệnh đề diễn song song từ quá khứ và kéo dài đến tại, tính chất kéo dài hành động với since nhấn mạnh: I’ve loved you a lot since I’ve been living with you (Từ lúc sống với em, anh đã vô cùng yêu em.) VAI TRÒ CÁC TRẠNG TỪ CHỈ THỜI GIAN thì HIỆN TẠI HOÀN THÀNH và thì QUÁ KHỨ ĐƠN Các trạng từ thời gian (adverbs of time) đóng vai trò quan trọng việc định phải dùng thì nào cho đúng Chúng ta hãy xem câu “He (write) a good book” với các trạng từ khác sau đây: He wrote a good book last year [Phải dùng thì quá khứ đơn vì có trạng từ thời gian quá khứ xác định] He has written a good book [Dùng hoàn thành vì không biết rõ thời gian hành động] He has written a good book now [Dùng hoàn thành vì có trạng từ now = at least] He has written a good book this year [Dùng hoàn thành vì this year là trạng từ nửa quá khứ, nửa tương lai Xem lại cách dùng 2a] He wrote a good book this year [Dùng quá khứ đơn vì lí trên] A) Rewrite the phrase into Present Perfect Example: he cries - he has cried 1) she doesn't know 2) it rains 3) you finish 4) he finds 5) they clean - 6) you bought 7) we sing 8) she plays 9) I run 10) we don't forget A) Rewrite the phrase into Present Perfect 1) she doesn't know - she has not known 2) it rains - it has rained 3) you finish - you have finished 4) he finds - he has found 5) they clean - they have cleaned 6) you bought - you have bought 7) we sing - we have sung 8) she plays - she has played 9) I run - I have run 10) we don't forget - we have not forgotten Write sentences in present perfect simple They / play / football He / speak / English I / write / a poem We / not / wash / the car Nancy / not / meet / her friendsWrite questions in present perfect simple They / finish / their homework She / visit / her friend3 The maid / clean / the house He / drive / the van You / ever / write / a poem Put the verbs into the correct form (present perfect simple or simple past) I (not / work) We (buy) today a new car last week We (not / plan) our holiday yet She (not / see) her mother for a long time He (write) a beautiful poem yesterday Put the verbs into the correct form (present perfect simple or continuous) I think the waiter (forget) half an hour and nobody (take) I think you're right He (walk) probably thinks we (order, already) Write sentences in present perfect simple us We (wait) here for over our order yet by us at least twenty times He They / play / football - They have played football He / speak / English - He has spoken English I / write / a poem - I have written a poem We / not / wash / the car - We have not washed the car / We haven't washed the car Nancy / not / meet / her friends- Nancy has not met her friends / Nancy hasn't met her friends Write questions in present perfect simple They / finish / their homework - Have they finished their homework? She / visit / her friend- Has she visited her friend? The maid / clean / the house - Has the maid cleaned the house? He / drive / the van - Has he driven the van? You / ever / write / a poem - Have you ever written a poem? Put the verbs into the correct form (present perfect simple or simple past) I (not / work) have not worked / haven't worked We (buy) bought a new car last week We (not / plan) have not planned / haven't planned She (not / see) has not seen / hasn't seen He (write) wrote today our holiday yet her mother for a long time a beautiful poem yesterday Put the verbs into the correct form (present perfect simple or continuous) I think the waiter (forget) has forgotten us We (wait) have been waiting here for over half an hour and nobody (take) has taken order yet I think you're right He (walk) has been walking our by us at least twenty times He probably thinks we (order, already) have already ordered