A CRC title, part of the Taylor & Francis imprint, a member of the Taylor & Francis Group, the academic division of T&F Informa plc. Wireless Sensors and Instruments Networks, Design, and Applications Halit Eren Boca Raton London New York © 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC Published in 2006 by CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300 Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742 © 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group No claim to original U.S. Government works Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper 10987654321 International Standard Book Number-10: 0-8493-3674-0 (Hardcover) International Standard Book Number-13: 978-0-8493-3674-4 (Hardcover) Library of Congress Card Number 2005050502 This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reprinted material is quoted with permission, and sources are indicated. A wide variety of references are listed. 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Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Eren, Halit, Ph. D. Wireless sensors and instruments : networks, design, and applications / Halit Eren. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-8493-3674-0 (alk. paper) 1. Wireless communication systems--Design and construction. 2. Electronic instruments--Design and construction. 3. Sensor networks--Design and construction. I. Title. TK5103.2.E74 2005 621.384--dc22 2005050502 Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at http://www.taylorandfrancis.com and the CRC Press Web site at http://www.crcpress.com Taylor & Francis Group is the Academic Division of Informa plc. 3674_Discl.fm Page 1 Monday, October 10, 2005 1:23 PM © 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC Dedication Dedicated to Semra, Ahmet, Suheyla, and Duygu 3674_C000.fm Page v Tuesday, October 4, 2005 8:54 AM © 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC Preface The evolutionary tree representing the growth of instruments and instru- mentation technology is marked by a major fork. One branch is representing stand-alone instruments fulfilling the tasks of the requirements of dedicated measurements. Another branch is represented by instruments that can be networked to cooperatively work with many others to measure the variables of complex systems. Neither of these branches is new. What is new is that the networking of instruments can be done without the need for physical hard-wired connections. Wireless connectivity and networkability opens up many possibilities of research, development, and applications that we could not even dream of in the near past. Instruments can now be networked by new and novel techniques while they are on the move in their individual environments performing their tasks. Many of us are very familiar with a number of wireless devices ranging from mobile and cordless telephones, pagers, garage door openers, remote controllers, home entertainment equipment controllers, and so on. The pro- liferation of wireless systems in consumer products and industrial applica- tions is so fast that a progressive involvement in technology development is vital for many governments and industrial establishments to maintain competitiveness. This book will be helpful to highlight the expansion of wireless systems in instrumentation and measurements. Instrumentation requires a broad knowledge involving a diverse range of disciplines, such as measurement science, design and construction of elec- tronic circuits, understanding of IC technology, appreciation of theory and practice of wireless communication systems, networks, protocols, and stan- dards. This book is specifically written to provide sufficient knowledge to enable the readers to understand the underlying principles in wireless instru- mentation and networks. Particular emphasis is given to the wireless com- munication systems since it is an important area of science and technology that is expanding very rapidly thus impacting all aspects of our daily lives. It is also one of the most promising areas of research and development. Wireless communication technologies have become very popular and there are hundreds of wireless equipment manufacturers and perhaps as many standards. Understanding the benefits and shortfalls of each equipment and associated standards can make the selection and implementation easier. In this respect this book provides guidance to state-of-art of wireless technology as it offers many benefits in measurement applications. Some of the benefits can be lowering the wiring costs, simplifying data transfer, extending the distance of communication, enabling remote monitoring, and providing flex- ibility in the networking of the devices. 3674_C000.fm Page vii Tuesday, October 4, 2005 8:54 AM © 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC The purpose of Wireless Sensors and Instruments: Networks, Design, and Applications is to provide knowledge and guidance for engineers, scientists, designers, researchers, and students who are involved in measurement and instrumentation. This book covers concepts in instruments and instrumen- tation, electromagnetic wave propagation, radio engineering, digital net- works, wireless sensors and instruments design and applications. Each chapter includes descriptive information for professionals, students, and technical staff involved in measurement and control. Numerous equations are given to assist engineers and scientists who wish to solve problems that arise in a fields other than their specialties. 3674_C000.fm Page viii Tuesday, October 4, 2005 8:54 AM © 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC Acknowledgments Many people have directly and indirectly contributed to this book. I thank the people, colleagues and those whose paths I have crossed during my working life. My particular thanks are to Professor Kit Po Wong at Hong Kong Polytechnic University for providing encouragement to go ahead with this book while I was appointed visiting professor at his institution. Writing books is a lonely affair requiring major commitments and a great deal of patience and determination. The encouragement of Kit Po has been extremely valuable when I needed it most. I would like to thank my col- leagues at Gazi University, Department of Electrical and Computer Engi- neering, Ankara, for providing an office and computer facilities in the initial and final stages of writing. I would like to thank all the companies that provided information on their products and granted permission to reprint some of the images of their equipment. In particular my appreciations are extended to Steven Arms of Microstrain Inc.; Wayne Magnes of Oak Ridge National Laboratory; Graham Moss of Elprotech; Randy Culpepper of Texas Instruments; Colleen Cronin of Analog Devices, Inc.; Colin Pickard of Oregon Scientific; and Shana Jacob of CrossBow Inc. Special thanks are extended to the CRC Press staff who made this book possible, especially to Nora Konopka for guiding the book through comple- tion; also thanks to Helena Redshaw, Manager of Editorial Project develop- ment; and Jay Margolis, Project Editor, for their patient and professional involvements in putting it all together. 3674_C000.fm Page ix Tuesday, October 4, 2005 8:54 AM © 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC Author Halit Eren, Ph.D., received the B.Eng. degree in 1973, the M.Eng. degree in electrical engineering in 1975 and the PhD degree in control engineering from the University of Sheffield UK. He earned an MBA from Curtin Uni- versity of Technology, Western Australia in 1998 majoring in international management and leadership. Dr. Eren has been lecturing at the Curtin University of Technology since 1983, first at the Kalgoorlie School of Mines and then School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Perth, Western Australia. He served as the head of the Department of Electronic and Communication for some time. Dr Eren's expertise lies in the area of instruments, instrumentation systems, and networking; electronic portable instruments, signal processing; and engineering mathematics. He has been researching in wireless and portable instruments for more than 17 years, mainly in the areas of electromagnetic, ultrasonic and infrared techniques, fieldbus, telemetry, and telecontrollers. He serves as a consultant to many industrial and government organizations. Dr. Eren has contributed to more than 150 conferences, journals and trans- actions and various books published by the CRC Press and John Wiley & Sons. Dr Eren is the author of the book entitled Electronic Portable Instruments: Design and Applications published by the CRC Press in 2004. This second book on wireless sensors and instruments networks, design and applications forms a synergy with the first book as the application of modern technology is producing a large number of portable and wireless instruments. 3674_C000.fm Page xi Tuesday, October 4, 2005 8:54 AM © 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC Introduction Instruments are essential for measuring physical variables in industrial oper- ations, consumer products, environmental monitoring, research and devel- opment (R&D), transportation, military, space exploration, avionics, and so on. A collection of instruments form an instrumentation system, which may be responsible for numerous measurements in a complex process. Instru- ments are networked to communicate directly with each other or via inter- mediate devices such as computers, microprocessors, or controllers. Today, traditional instrumentation systems communicate through wired media. However, communication between instruments by wireless techniques is developing rapidly and gaining broad acceptance. It is very likely that wire- less instruments will replace their wired counterparts in the very near future. In recent years, considerable progress has been made in instruments and instrumentation systems due to the employment of integrated circuit tech- nology, analog and digital components, efficient and low-power micropro- cessors, intelligent sensors, radio frequency (RF) communication technology, and protocols and standards supporting networks. In particular, cost-effec- tive RF products have expanded suddenly to unimaginable dimensions. Devices such as cellular and cordless telephones, private and public tele- phone systems, wireless modems, radio frequency identification (RFID), and wireless sensors and instruments have rapidly penetrated into all aspects of our lives. Most of these devices were initially available as rare and expensive luxury items, but are now used by consumers, industry, and scientific and other communities. With this growth in demand, small and large semicon- ductor and system vendors are competing for a larger market share by introducing a diverse range of RF products. Most people are familiar with a number of wireless control and commu- nication systems used in everyday life. Mobile cellular telephones, cordless telephones, hand-held walkie-talkies, pagers, garage door openers, remote controllers, home entertainment equipment controllers are some of the exam- ples that can be mentioned. The proliferation of wireless systems in con- sumer products and industrial applications is so fast that a progressive involvement in technological developments are vital for governments and industrial establishments alike if they want to stay competitively in the rapidly changing field of wireless communication systems and their appli- cations. Today’s wireless networks were largely developed for mobile telephones and service mainly voice-based applications. Nevertheless, this is changing rapidly, with great emphasis being placed on wireless data transmission and wireless access to the Internet. For example, the aim of third-generation 3674_C000.fm Page xiii Tuesday, October 4, 2005 8:54 AM © 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC wireless systems, which provide access to the Internet, video, etc., is to make personal communication available anywhere at any time. Similarly, the application of wireless techniques to measurement and instrumentation is enabling configuration of wireless instrumentation networks in many appli- cations, ranging from intelligent buildings to implantable wireless sensors used for human health improvement. Wireless instrumentation requires a broad knowledge involving a diverse range of disciplines, including measurement science, design and construc- tion of electronic circuits, understanding of integrated circuit (IC) technology, appreciation of the theory and practice of wireless communication systems, networks, and protocols and standards. In this book, all these concepts will be explained sufficiently to enable readers understand the underlying prin- ciples in wireless instrumentation and networks. Particular emphasis will be placed on wireless communication systems, since it is in this area that science and technology are expanding. Wireless communication systems are also a promising area of research, with thousands of researchers concentrat- ing on the topic. International standards are rapidly emerging in wireless technology as applied to sensors and instruments. Some of important ones are Bluetooth, HiperLAN, and the IEEE 802 standards for communication and networks, and the IEEE 1451 family of standards for sensors. These standards are gaining wide acceptance. Communication among devices involved can take place as point-to-point or point-to-multipoint. This gives considerable flex- ibility in network configuration and communication algorithms can be tai- lored to improve system reliability and adaptability. This book is a reflection of information on the latest technologies in the field of wireless sensors, instruments, and networks. Engineers and scientists who are not trained in electrical engineering will find the book very infor- mative without overwhelming them with detailed information. This book was written for students and practicing scientists and engineers who are already familiar with technical concepts in electronics, probability theory, communication theory, basic electromagnetic theory, networks, and operational aspects of networks. However, the information given combines materials from many different disciplines, therefore it is highly unlikely that all readers will have the necessary basic knowledge for the topics covered. Therefore necessary concepts throughout the book are developed from prin- ciples to accommodate a wide range of readers from different backgrounds. This approach makes it attractive for practicing engineers and scientists who are involved in instruments and instrumentation in their disciplines. The book is also recommended as a useful teaching tool for undergraduate and postgraduate students who are likely to be involved with the design and operation of modern instruments and networks. This book contains five chapters. The first three chapters provide informa- tion on measurements, instruments, sensors, communication systems, and networks. Information provided in these three chapters is brought together in Chapter 4 and Chapter 5. 3674_C000.fm Page xiv Tuesday, October 4, 2005 8:54 AM © 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC In Chapter 1, brief but essential background information on measurements, instruments, instrumentation, sensor technology, communication systems, and networks is given. Wireless communication of instruments has been developing remarkably fast and is becoming common practice in industrial and many other applications. Wireless communication technology is able to address the needs of effective and efficient communication in all types of instruments and instrumentation systems. Digital instruments and their associated theory, methods, and components are highlighted. Since digital sensor technology forms the backbone of all types of modern instruments, extensive discussions are presented on this topic. Wireless instrument com- munication and its applications in industrial environments have been stud- ied. It has been shown that noise, interference, and distortion can play a significant role in the operation of instruments and their associated networks. Chapter 2 concentrates on modern communication systems. The chapter starts with the principles of electromagnetic wave propagation and expands to important characteristics of electromagnetic radiation, such as losses, fad- ing, reflection, refraction, and attenuation. The necessary electronic compo- nents for successful RF communication are discussed. Applications of digital communication techniques are making wireless sensors, instruments, and networks possible, thus the fundamentals of digital communication technol- ogy are explained in detail. Modern communication methods, modulation, and multiplexing techniques, frequency spreading, and multiple access methods are also discussed and examples are given. Chapter 3 discusses networks, protocols, standards, and topologies. Net- works are collections of interoperational devices linked together by a com- munication medium and supported by suitable software. Networking of hardware and software resources is essential to bring multiple devices together to provide efficiency by enabling the exchange of information, cre- ating collaborative operations, and sharing the functions of equipment and devices. In this chapter, the types of network topologies, protocols, and standards relevant to wireless networks are explained. The security of wire- less networks is highlighted and the methods are discussed. The knowledge and experience gained in wired network technologies can be applied directly to wireless operations. Newly emerging wireless technologies such as the IEEE 802 family of standards and Bluetooth, among others, are discussed. In Chapter 4, the construction of wireless sensors and instruments is intro- duced and examples are given. Instrument communication protocols are revisited and current technologies applied in wireless instruments and sen- sors are explained. Modern wireless sensor and instrument networks can produce using embedded or modular designs. These networks can be expanded using bridges, routers, and repeaters. The construction of wireless sensors and instruments is discussed and many examples are provided. Power issues of wireless networks are also addressed. Wireless sensor net- works and wireless integrated sensor networks are detailed. Applications of Bluetooth and IEEE 802 technologies are demonstrated. 3674_C000.fm Page xv Tuesday, October 4, 2005 8:54 AM © 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC [...]... Application-Specific Wireless Sensors and Networks 237 Application-Specific Embedded Wireless Instruments and Networks 238 5.1.3 Application-Specific Modular and Add-On Wireless Instruments and Networks 241 Commercial Wireless Sensors and Instruments 245 Wireless Instruments and Sensor Networks in Research and Development 248 5.3.1 Hardware and Software Issues at the Operational and. .. is dedicated to the applications of wireless sensors and instruments ranging from complex industrial plants to tracking wildlife in the wilderness New application areas are being added as vendors of wireless sensors and instruments respond to consumer demands by offering a diverse range of wireless devices In this chapter, examples of wireless sensors, instruments, and networks are provided in the following... .190 Wireless Instrument Architecture and Network Design 191 4.2.1 Essential Components of Wireless Instruments .194 4.2.2 Wireless Bridges, Routers, Gateways, and Repeaters 196 4.2.3 Wireless Data Loggers 198 4.2.4 Power Considerations of Wireless Instruments .199 4.2.5 Other Wireless Instrument Issues .202 Wireless Sensor and Instrument Network Design .206 4.3.1 Mobile Wireless. .. Plug -and- Play Sensors and Networks 225 4.5.1 Bluetooth and Plug -and- Play Sensor Networks 227 Industrial Wireless Networks and Automation 228 4.6.1 Wireless Fieldbuses .229 4.6.2 Wireless Industrial Mesh Networks 230 Conclusion 233 Wireless Sensor and Instrument Applications 235 Application-Specific Wireless Sensors and Instruments .235 © 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group,... 10, 2005 1:07 PM 2 Wireless Sensors and Instruments efficient communication in all types of instruments and instrumentation systems In this chapter, measurement issues are introduced and instrument architecture explained Digital instruments and their associated theory, methods, and components are highlighted Sensor technology is the backbone of all types of instruments, therefore sensors will be explained... PM 12 Wireless Sensors and Instruments used in instruments and instrumentation systems Typical families of such microcontrollers are the Motorola MC68HC11 and the peripheral interface controller (PIC) There are many microcontrollers that are available today that are suitable for instruments and instrumentation systems and every day microcontrollers are introduced with new and improved features and functionalities... Industrial Sensor Buses and Networks .172 Network, Data, and Information Management 176 3.7.1 Network Management 176 Conclusion 177 Wireless Instrument and Sensor Networks 179 Wireless Sensor Architecture and Network Design 180 4.1.1 Wireless Sensors and Transducers 181 4.1.2 Architecture of Wireless Sensor Networks .188 4.1.3 Effect of IEEE 1451 Standards on Sensor... Sensor Technology and Advanced Sensors 21 1.4.1 Sensing Materials 21 1.4.2 Process of Developing Sensors .24 1.4.3 Trends in Sensor Technology and IC Sensors 25 1.4.4 Sensor Arrays and Multisensor Systems 28 1.4.5 Smart Sensors 29 Instrument and Sensor Communication and Networks .32 1.5.1 Wireless Instrument Communication 33 1.5.2 Modulation and Coding of Instrument... at the Physical and Network Level 251 5.3.3 Issues on Communication Protocols and Network Management 253 Industrial Wireless Sensor and Instrument Networks 255 5.4.1 Integration of Wireless Systems to Fieldbuses .258 5.4.2 Wireless Built-in Tests and Condition–Based Maintenance 264 Wireless Human Health Monitoring and Environmental Applications 266 5.5.1 Wireless Human Health... biomedical, industrial control, manufacturing, and process control As the demand for automation systems grows, the need for transducers increases This demand is partially met by the development of smart sensors and transducers and by the integration of wireless technologies, making today’s instruments and instrumentation systems much more flexible, cheaper, and easer to use Once converted to electrical . of wireless sensors and instruments respond to consumer demands by offering a diverse range of wireless devices. In this chapter, examples of wireless sensors, . Modular and Add-On Wireless Instruments and Networks 241 5.2 Commercial Wireless Sensors and Instruments