Human anatony and physyology 11e marieb 1

Brief Contents UNIT Organization of t he Body UNIT Maintenance of t he Body Cells: The Living Units 60 17 18 19 Tissue: The Living Fabric 11 20 The Lymphatic System and Lymphoid Organs and Tissues 766 21 The Immune System: Innate and Adaptive Body Defenses 781 The Human Body: An Orientation Chemistry Comes Alive 23 UNIT Covering, Support, and Movement of the Body Blood 642 The Cardiovascular System: The Heart 670 The Cardiovascular System: Blood Vessels 706 The lntegumentary System 150 22 The Respiratory System 818 Bones and Skeletal Tissues 173 23 24 The Digestive System 868 Joints 251 25 26 The Urinary System 974 10 The Skelet on 199 Muscles and Muscle Tissue 279 Nutrition, Metabolism, and Energy Balance 926 Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Balance 1012 The Muscular System 323 UNIT Conti nuity UNIT Regulation and Integration of the Body 11 Fundamentals of the Nervous System and Nervous Tissue 390 12 The Central Nervous System 434 13 The Peripheral Nervous System and Refl ex Act ivity 489 14 15 16 The Autonomic Nervous System 531 The Special Senses 553 The Endocrine System 601 27 The Rep roductive System 1041 28 29 Pregnancy and Human Development 1091 Heredity 1124 www.freebookslides.com The 11th Edition of Elaine Marieb and Katja Hoehn's best-selling A&P text and media program motivates and supports both novice learners and expert students, more t han ever before Each carefully-paced chapter guides you in advancing from mastering terminology to applying knowledge in clinical scenarios, to practicing t he critical thinking and problem-solving skills that are requi red for entry to nursi ng, allied health, and exercise science programs ~ Pearson • www.freebookslides.com Before you look up details and information w it hin a chapter, read the ChapterOpening Roadmap, which visually groups and organizes "big picture" concepts and shows how they are related To focus your studying, review the numbered Key Concept Headings, Learning Outcomes, and summaries Joints UNIQUE! Chapter Roadmaps provide a visual overview of the key concepts in the chapter and show how they relate to each other Each key concept "brick " in the roadmap corresponds to a numbered section with in the chapter , • , ~ -+ -~ C!]Kvl" i•• ~ joirits d.,s.~,I if,dl - Each numbered section within t he chapter begins with a Key Concept Heading that helps you quickly grasp the "big idea" of the discussion that follows ;a,._,s ,~.,' L ,"=' '"' T l'llt.' g, rr!Oitlllt.'nwub f li; •.1 J., 11~\ I, IIJ J ,1•• T• •;;.:!, 111,I I\ n'•k ;f 1rr ,•i ! , •l"'J ,,:\, r J • r , • 1,, I hr ,·,i,:.•, J'"" 11 •·1n.:r, -.· m otonk fliV•t• of blood PIIJMã ~ thod of Mtroôine (tMOclU Duel S*l:ln ,urf.ce Bod)• LM:lltlen Mrywl'ler•, but ~ally palms, tolos.for>ht•d *"- APOOIUJC SWEAT GLANDS F41,ai of blood pli-""1\11 with~ p,01•f'$ •oC f11ny tUbstinOPS S.bl.WI"" (,1,;n ot/Hcr.tlor) Uluil~ "'llf*' ~ o1 hilr foll dr VW lty t.W•~ Pi" of twlr folhtl•; ""., st•n surflce fOmttim~ tlc:ln surf~ Seep 162 Sebaceous Glands The sebaceous glands (se-ba' shus: "greasy'"), or oil glands (Figure 5.9a), are si mple branched alveolar gland~ LhaL are found all over the body cxccp1 in the th ick skin oflhe pahns and soles They are ~mall on the hody rnmk and limh~ hu1 quite la rge on the face neck and upper chesL These glan~ MJCrete an oily substance called sebu1n (sc'bum) The ccn1ral cells of the aJvcoti accun1ulate oily lipids until they becon1e so engorged 11,., thev burst, so functionally these g land~ are holocrine gland · (-lcxc, A, we desciibed pre,•ious ly this is ca lled clonal selectio11 and is ro l- • LW , Ll.:1 Seep 796 www.freebookslides.com As you build your knowledge and confidence in A&P, practice responding to the more challenging questions- you are likely to encounter similar questions on a test or licensing exam Your extra effort w ill pay off at exam time! Check Your Understand ng How does a nucleus 'Mth1n the brain differ from a nucleus \Vlthm a neurol'\7 How is a myehn sheath formed m the CNS, and vthat 1s its function? \1\/hat is the structural clas.s,fic.itio'l of the neuron shO\\lll belov,? Whdt b 1() usual functionc:11d~ifiCdtion? Nc1nie the parts labeled a-d A greater m,m • • • • sections within each chapter and include • • • , , • , and Dozens of newdmj] ask you to label structures or interpret visual information c I b process I I ' central \ a l EU4h \M1id1 ~t1ucturcll clnd fun1.tioncil type of neuron is activated first when you burn your finger? Which type is activated last to move your finger away from the source of heat? Which part oi the neuron is its fiber? Hov, nerve fibers differ from the fibers of connective ossue (see Chapter 4) and the fibers 1n musde (see Chap1er 9)? For ~nswet7, see Answers Appendix Seep 400 • ask you to create visuals that reinforce important concepts by drawing a structure, annotating a figure, or creating a summary table t,):® Create a summary table to help you study the pharynx by companng and contrasting rts three parts For each part, Identify wha t it conducts (air, food, or both), the type of epithelium fou'ld there and the associated :onsils L Nasoph.irynx • • •• Ep!therturn TonsLls Air Pseudostratl ~ed Ph.iryn&eal Tut>;I • • • · , are now or anized into levels of difficulty based on : , , , • All of the conducts c:tllaud coltlTlrNl r Oroph.irynx Level 1: Remember/Understand Level 2: Apply/Analyze Level 3: Evaluate/Synthesize L.irynscph.irynx Air and (ood Str.1tified Squdrtrous Air iind Strati fled SqU.lfflOUS food See p 824 and Answers Appendix Pal.nine lingual (none) www.freebookslides.com The authors of t his text, Elaine Marieb and Katja Hoehn, share insights from their own cl inical experience to help you prepare for your future career in health care A ll clinica l examples an d applications are sign aled with an easy-to-f ind "Clinical" label -, HOMEOSTATIC , -\~- IMBALANCE S , ·, , · discussions alert you to the consequences of body systems not functioning optimally Relevant photos have been added to selected discussions for visual reinforcement C.hnngc, in 11 oil nppcnrnncc can help diagnose certain co11d itioas Fo r example yellow tinged nails may indicate a re Study Area > An imations and Videos or use quick access URL https://goo.gl/88srN - and - f inally, exploring - - - - - - - - - _J www.freebookslides.com Chapter Cells: The living Uni ts 61 Just as bricks and t imbers are the structural units of a house, cells are the structural units of all living things, from one-celled "generalists" like amoebas to complex mul ticellular organisms such as humans, dogs, and trees The human body has 50 to I 00 trillion of these ti ny bu ilding blocks This chapter focuses on structures and functions shared by all cells We address specialized cells and their unique functions in later chapters Cells are the smallest unit of life Learning Outcomes Define cell Name and describe the composition of extracellular materials List the three major regions of a generalized cell and t heir functions Since the late 1800s, cell research has been exceptionally fru itful and has provided us with three concepts collectively known as the cell theory: Epithelial cells (a) Cells that connect body parts, form linings, or transport gases Skeletal muscle cell Smooth muscle cells (b) Cells that move organs and body parts • The cell is the sma llest unit of life When you define the properties of cells, you define the properties of life • All organisms a re made of one o r more cells Cells are the structural and functional building blocks of an organism Different cell types have different functions within an organism, and the activity of an organism depends on the activities of individual cells and of all of the cells together Accordi ng to the principle of co,nplementarity of structure and function, the activities of cells are dictated by their shapes, and by the types and relative numbers of the subcellular structures they contain Fat cell (c) Cell that stores nutrients • Cells only arise from other cells Most body cells arise by rnitosis, which we explore later in this chapter Sperm and ovum (egg) cells arise by a related process called 1neiosis (mi-o'sis), which we describe in Chapter 27 We will expand on all of these concepts as we progress Le t us begin with the idea that the cell is the smallest living un it Whatever its form, however it behaves, the cell is the microscopic package that contains all the parts necessary to survive in an ever-changing world It follows then that loss of homeostasis in cells underlies virtually every disease The trillions of cells in the human body include over 250 different cell types that vary greatly in shape, size, and functio n (Figure 3.1 ) T he disc-shaped red blood cells, branching nerve cells, and cubelike cells of kidney tubules are just a few examples of the shapes cells take Cells also vary in length- ranging from micrometers ( II 12,000 of an inch) in the smallest cells to over a meter in the nerve cells that cause you to wiggle your toes A cell 's shape reflects its function For example, the flat, tilelike ep ithel ial cells that line the inside of your cheek fit closely together, form ing a living barrier that protects u nderly ing tissues from bacterial 1nvas1on (d) Cell that fights disease Nerve cell (e) Cell that gathers information and controls body functions Sperm (f) Cell of reproduction Figure Cell diversity (Note that cells are not drawn to the same scale.) www.freebookslides.com 62 UNIT Organization of the Body Chromatin - Nuclear envelope Nucleolus - ., Nucleus ," ; - - Plasma membrane Smooth endoplasmi c - - - - - - - reticulum Cytoplasm -, Mitochondrion - , • ' -Rough endoplasmic reticulum Centrosome _ matrix _ - Golgi apparatus Centrioles _ _.,, .• ~'-.=~ ,,.••.•• -~~ ·:· , ;.: \ - a -··, ·:.·~· •- • • • • Cytoskeletal elements • Microtubule - J • Intermediate _ _,,::;._ filaments ~ ;s ,.,,, • • • -,, , • '.u • t t u.·.• ~1- t , •u ,l ,.I , o;~ ~• 1 111 • ·I t.: ,, : · I 11 , ~ I'!-') Int' d• I''''"... 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