TRANSGENDER IDENTITY a MULTIPLE CASE STUDY OF FEMALE TO MALE TRANSGENDER PEOPLE = DANH TÍNH của NGƯỜI CHUYỂN GIỚI NGHIÊN cứu đa TRƯỜNG hợp về NGƯỜI CHUYỂN GIỚI từ nữ SANG NAM

VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY UNIVERSITY OF LANGUAGES AND INTERNATIONAL STUDIES FACULTY OF LINGUISTICS AND CULTURES OF ENGLISH-SPEAKING COUNTRIES GRADUATION PAPER TRANSGENDER IDENTITY: A MULTIPLE CASE STUDY OF FEMALE TO MALE TRANSGENDER PEOPLE Supervisor: Nguyễn Thanh Hà, Ph.D Student: Nguyễn Thu Trang Course: QH2017.F1.E2 HANOI - 2021 ĐẠI HỌC QUỐC GIA HÀ NỘI ĐẠI HỌC NGOẠI NGỮ KHOA NGÔN NGỮ VÀ VĂN HÓA CÁC NƯỚC NÓI TIẾNG ANH KHÓA LUẬN TỐT NGHIỆP DANH TÍNH CỦA NGƯỜI CHUYỂN GIỚI: NGHIÊN CỨU ĐA TRƯỜNG HỢP VỀ NGƯỜI CHUYỂN GIỚI TỪ NỮ SANG NAM Giáo viên hướng dẫn: TS Nguyễn Thanh Hà Sinh viên: Nguyễn Thu Trang Khóa: QH2017.F1.E2 HÀ NỘI - 2021 Signature of approval Supervisor's comments and suggestions Acceptance page I hereby state that I: Nguyen Thu Trang, being a candidate for the degree of Bachelor of Arts (BA honors programme), accept the requirements of the College relating to the retention and use of Bachelor’s Graduation Paper deposited in the library In terms of these conditions, I agree that the origin of my paper deposited in the library should be accessible for the purposes of study and research, in accordance with the normal conditions established by the librarian for the care, loan or reproduction of the paper Signature Date Acknowledgment The research could not have been made possible without the guidance of my supervisor, Dr Nguyen Thanh Ha She has been listening to every single idea and sharing since the first day I decided to research in the Intercultural Communication Division till the day I completed my report Her encouragement, support, and constructive feedback have helped me overcome all the obstacles during the process of conducting this study Without her guidance and comments, the research would still have been a simple one focusing solely on the participants’ experiences with discrimination, and I would probably still be insecure about it Ms Ha, with her knowledge, enthusiasm, and critical comments, has guided me to fulfill such an academic paper, which I could not have imagined being able to finish I would like to express my deepest gratitude to the three participants who agreed to take part in my research They have spent a great deal of patience and time listening to me explain the purpose and procedure of the research, and more importantly sharing their stories They have been willing to be interviewed, share all the smallest details, and confirm or explain more when needed Without their cooperation, the research could not have been finished successfully Their time and sharing are always deeply appreciated I also want to express my gratitude to all the teachers and lecturers in the Faculty of Linguistics and Cultures of English-speaking Countries, especially in the Intercultural Communication Division They supported and inspired me with the knowledge and comments on my reports so that I can complete my study with the best result I would also like to thank my family, boyfriend, and all of my friends who have given me the physical and emotional support to complete the study My parents and boyfriend had to put up with my mood swings during the process, yet still understood and supported me all the time They helped lighten up my moods, provided me with gentle care, and encouraged me to finish the project Their i expectations and provision strengthened me on my journey Their sympathy and care will always be remembered ii Abstract Transgender people are those whose gender identity or gender expression differs from the sex assigned to them at birth Defying the usual understanding of sex and gender, they often face numerous challenges in both the relationships with themselves and with others This study explores the identity experiences and identity mediation by three female-to-male transgender young adults in Hanoi Two of the participants are gay, which further complicates their experiences Through the multiple case study design using in-depth interviews, the study reveals the complexities and intricacies of self-knowledge and relationship with others While some of the participants became aware of their gender identity in their childhood with more ease, others came to such realization at a much later time Selfidentification is an ongoing and negotiated process, where they modify their sexed bodies, affirm their gender, and adopt a label describing themselves Even when generally supported by their family, partners, and many within the LGBT community, the participants still face certain resistance in expressing their identity, especially in social, workplace, and institutional settings Their strategic mediation of self, including strategies like avoidance, ambivalent self-presentation, and compliance with binary gender expectation, is performed in different social contexts Legal and medical institutions still present them with significant challenges Keywords: sex, gender, sexuality, transgender, identity iii Table of contents CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Statement of the research problem 1.2 Research questions and scope of the study 1.3 Significance of the study 1.4 Organization CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Transgender identity 2.1.1 Basic terminologies 2.1.2 Transgender identity at the intersection of sex, gender, and sexual orientation 2.1.3 Transgender identity development 10 2.2 The social and legal status of transgender people in Vietnam 11 2.3 Transgender experiences 13 CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY 16 3.1 Research design 16 3.2 Selection of participants 16 3.3 Data collection and analysis 17 3.3.1 Instrument 17 3.3.2 Procedure 17 CHAPTER 4: FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION 19 4.1 General information 19 4.2 Self-identification as a transgender person 20 4.2.1 Initial self-awareness and body modification 20 4.2.2 Finding an appropriate label 22 4.3 Mediation of identity expressions 23 4.3.1 Family - a generally safe place 23 4.3.2 Working environment and social relationship – ambivalent selfrepresentation 25 iv 4.3.3 Institutional places – negotiating heteronormative and cisnormative expectations 27 4.3.4 LGBT offline events and social platforms – mixed interactions 29 4.3.5 Romantic relationship - defying the heteronormativity 33 4.4 Discussion 34 4.4.1 Self-identification 34 4.4.2 Identity mediation 36 4.4.3 Vietnamese insights 37 CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION 40 5.1 Summary of the findings 40 5.2 Implications 41 5.3 Limitations and suggestions for further studies 41 References Appendices v List of abbreviations FTM: Female to male (transgender people) MTF: Male to female (transgender people) LGBT: Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender iSEE: Institute for Studies of Society, Economy, and Environment vi such cases, the mismatch confuses interactors and can lead to discrimination, such as when bank clerks and sim card providers refused to provide services for them It is clearly seen that the prejudices caused by heteronormativity still occur and are embedded in society 4.4.3 Vietnamese insights There are certain unique insights from the findings that are possibly particular to the Vietnamese context Confucianism is deeply rooted in Vietnamese culture Confucianism, the sociopolitical ideology on the definition of a good man and government, leads to strict heterosexual impositions on gender roles (Nguyen & Angelique, 2017) These perceptions cause much distress for the participants when they explore themselves and express their identity Mediating self-expression is a way for participants to adapt to these social perceptions and keep themselves safe Confucianism also penetrates in each family as everyone is obliged to get married and have bloodrelated children to keep the face of their family (Ha, 2013) In the participants’ cases, mothers often accept participants’ gender identity but not their decision to get operated on or get married Mothers may still want their children to have a heterosexual family and give birth to their grandchildren For Mike’s mother, this expectation might not be fulfilled as he is heterosexual and would marry a girl For Kei’s mother, this expectation is still promising as Kei is gay so he could marry a cis male Both mothers may consider the bodies of their children to be what were given naturally, and intervening medically would mean infertility, so they disapprove of their decision to get a sex-reassignment operation FTM transgender people tend to face less discrimination based on gender expression than MTF transgender ones, as men are still associated with strict masculinity due to Confucianism Vietnamese patriarchal and patrilineal society highly regards the male image and values Therefore, MTF transgender people defying the masculine norms seems like a threat to such standards, hence, they may 37 face severe discrimination (Pham & Dong, 2015) Recently, influenced by Kpop, with androgynous idols (Hoang, 2020), the youths become fonder of the images of androgyny The Vietnamese youth from the 2000s have accepted and even preferred the image of manly girls or tomboys Girls who appear a little more boyish, with short hair and more masculine clothes are considered “cool” and more acceptable than girly boys (Pham, 2014) This might be the reason for FTM participants’ easier experiences at school, at home, or in the public If they not come out as FTM transgender people, seeing their gender expressions, others would consider them as tomboys and happily accept it However, this leads to difficulty in coming out as transgender for the participants, as others might not accept their gender identity as much as they accept their gender expression Vietnamese educational system has not had adequate sex education Additionally, family members hardly discuss sexuality with each other (Horton, 2014) Therefore, the participants have to explore their own gender and sexuality based on their observations of their peers, information on the internet and from social organizations In addition, until a few years ago, in Vietnam, LGBT, sexuality and gender diversity was not a dominant discourse Later, when sexuality and gender issues became more visible, there was still a lack of forums specifically devoted to transgender issues While the exposure to the LGBT community plays a key role in their self-identification, the internet is also indispensable to building and reinforcing communities for FTM transgender people The blooming of social media also helps trans guys in their self-affirmation as it provides a platform for them to see the more representation those like themselves Birth names around the world can be gendered, which is also a feature that Vietnamese participants need to comply with when they cannot change their names legally As a language with gendered pronouns, the Vietnamese language poses unique challenges and opportunities to transgender people in everyday life If English only has “you” and “I” as second and first person pronouns, the Vietnamese language system has a more complicated system The participants usually adopt 38 gender-neutral pronouns (em/ mình/ tơi/ tớ) to avoid awkwardness in every communication, to both express themselves and respect others’ perceptions Though FTM transgender people want to be presented as male with masculine pronouns, sometimes the gender-neutral pronouns (em/ mình/ tơi/ tớ/) make them more comfortable Therefore, in communication with transgender individuals who adopt gender-neutral pronouns, it is recommended we reciprocate by addressing them using gender-neutral pronouns If we need to start a conversation first, we could ask which pronoun they prefer to use instead of assuming their gender 39 CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION 5.1 Summary of the findings Through analysis of semi-structured interviews with the participants, I have managed to answer the two research questions, How have they come to identify themselves as transgender people? and How are their identity expressions mediated socially? Below is a brief summary Firstly, there are both similarities and differences in the participants’ selfdiscovery process The initial sense of their true gender occurred at different times: one informant was aware of gender in early childhood and two informants’ sense of gender emerged much later Yet they became acutely aware of their sense of self during puberty when their bodies underwent significant changes Experiencing gender dysphoria, they tried to modify their sexed bodies to become the gender they associate with Lacking financial, medical, and legal support, the participants have not undergone sex-reassignment surgery Therefore, they had strategies such as avoiding looking at or thinking about the body to undermine the body issues After all, their body is still a safe and bearable place Their self-identification process was also closely related to finding the right label Although they mistakenly considered themselves lesbians at one point, exposure to the transgender community and information helped them find the correct language, diminish self-doubt, and gain confidence Secondly, the participants’ gender expression varies strategically based on the situation, context, and relationship Neutral pronouns, which are usually utilized, allow them to both express themselves and avoid making others feel awkward The decision to change their names is restrained by family support and the personal values of their birth names In their families, which tend to accept and nurture them, tensions still exist as there are limits to their families’ acceptance Work and social situations often demand flexible and ambivalent self-presentation: they could reject certain expectations associated with their biological sex while anticipating the 40 attitudes from others to render themselves intelligible, sometimes relying on ambiguous presentation Institutional spaces, except for schools, are often heteronormative and cisnormative, which limits their ability to express themselves The LGBT community is heterogeneous, with the smaller FTM community being safer and more accepting Gay FTM transgender individuals face additional discrimination as they defy both gender and sexuality expectations Looking for a partner can be a struggle but is possible, especially as they have moved beyond the uncertainty and become sure of themselves 5.2 Implications The study provides insights into the experiences of self by FTM transgender people Though they are relatively content with their gender identity and gender expressions, they still face problems caused by the lack of legal guidelines on sex reassignment, inadequate healthcare, and ignorance and discrimination as a result of heteronormativity and cisnormativity At a practical level, the study hopes to contribute a voice to advocate for more institutional support, especially in terms of healthcare and legal procedure Specifically, the law which specifies the condition for sex reassignment operation and the procedure for changes in paperwork need to be updated The medical system should be better prepared to meet the demand of transgender individuals Secondly, it is suggested that people, including certain groups within the LGBT community, need to be better educated on the diversity in gender, sexuality, and gender expression This will allow transgender people to express themselves without constraints 5.3 Limitations and suggestions for further studies The study has several limitations due to the small number of participants and their particularities These also present opportunities for further research Firstly, all participants are pre-operative The identity and experiences of transgender individuals who have undergone full sex reassignment surgery may be 41 different as they have the congruent body, gender expression, and gender identity Therefore, further studies could explore and compare FTM transgender people before and after the transition to get a more well-rounded result Secondly, adopting the multiple 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Có/Khơng Nếu có, bạn muốn để tên nghiên cứu là: _ Nếu bạn ký vào giấy đồng thuận có nghĩa bạn đọc, hiểu rõ đồng ý tự nguyện tham gia vào nghiên cứu Giấy đồng thuận in hai bản, có chữ kí hai, bạn người nghiên cứu người giữ Nếu bạn có thắc mắc thêm, vui lịng liên hệ người nghiên cứu: Nguyễn Thu Trang lớp QH2017.F1.E2 khoa Sư phạm Tiếng Anh, trường Đại học Ngoại Ngữ, Đại học Quốc Gia Hà Nội SĐT: 0327935960 Email: Cean.ntt@gmail.com Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/ceannguyen/ Người tham gia Người nghiên cứu Interview guiding questions Bạn nhận định thân nào? (Về giới tính, xu hướng tính dục, thể giới) Q trình bạn nhận định thân trải qua giai đoạn nào? Bạn come out chưa? Bạn come out với ai? Phản ứng người bạn comeout nào? Bạn có gặp khó khăn come out khơng? Bạn tham gia hoạt động cộng đồng Vietpride, chưa? Bạn cảm thấy hoạt động cộng đồng (về mặt tổ chức, tính liên kết cộng đồng, ) Bạn quan niệm cộng đồng LGBT nào? Bạn tiếp xúc với thuộc cộng đồng LGBT chưa? Bạn tiếp xúc với họ qua hình thức nào, hồn cảnh (online, gặp trường lớp, gia đình, chỗ làm việc, )? Trải nghiệm bạn tiếp xúc với người khác cộng đồng LGBT nào? Bạn cảm thấy bị định kiến, kì thị cộng đồng LGBT không? Nếu không, bạn cảm thấy mối liên hệ bạn với cộng đồng nào? Nếu có, kì thị xảy tình nào? ... GIA HÀ NỘI ĐẠI HỌC NGOẠI NGỮ KHOA NGƠN NGỮ VÀ VĂN H? ?A CÁC NƯỚC NĨI TIẾNG ANH KH? ?A LUẬN TỐT NGHIỆP DANH TÍNH C? ?A NGƯỜI CHUYỂN GIỚI: NGHIÊN CỨU ? ?A TRƯỜNG HỢP VỀ NGƯỜI CHUYỂN GIỚI TỪ NỮ SANG NAM. .. Female to Male (FTM) transgender person A person born with a male body but identifies as female is called a Male to Female (MTF) transgender person In contrast, people whose gender identity matches... would be a heterosexual female person, while a woman appearing masculine would be a homosexual female one This challenges FTM transgender people since they have a female body, express a masculine