Moore-3620020 psbe˙insidecover August 17, 2010 22:31 CD-ROM Instructions (Windows and Macintosh) To use the CD-ROM for The Practice of Statistics for Business and Economics, 3e, insert the disk into your CD-ROM drive The main navigation page should appear If it does not appear, open the file titled “PSBE3e.htm” If the file does not open in a browser (e.g Internet Explorer or Firefox), refer to the README file on the CD for instructions For additional updates, please visit The Practice of Statistics for Business and Economics, 3e companion Web site at www.whfreeman.com/psbe3e Each NEW copy of The Practice of Statistics for Business and Economics, 3e provides you with access to the Electronic Encyclopedia of Statistical Exercises and Examples (EESEE) and CrunchIt! 2.0 statistical software To access these resources: Go to the companion Web site, www whfreeman.com/psbe3e and click on either EESEE or CrunchIt! 2.0 Register using the activation code provided behind the CD on this page Alternatively, you can click on the EESEE/ CrunchIt! 2.0 link from the CD and register using the activation code behind the CD on this page Please note: Activation codes are only included in new copies of The Practice of Statistics for Business and Economics, 3e, and may only be used once If you need assistance locating these resources, please contact our technical support via email, techsupport@bfwpub.com or call (800)936-6899 This page intentionally left blank Moore-3620020 psbe˙FM August 17, 2010 1:22 This page was intentionally left blank Moore-3620020 psbe˙FM August 17, 2010 1:22 THE PRACTICE OF STATISTICS FOR BUSINESS AND ECONOMICS Moore-3620020 psbe˙FM August 17, 2010 1:22 Publisher: Ruth Baruth Acquisitions Editor: Karen Carson Senior Developmental Editor: Bruce Kaplan Associate Editor: Katrina Wilhelm Media Editor: Laura Capuano Assistant Media Editor: Catriona Kaplan Executive Marketing Manager: Jennifer Somerville Head of Strategic Market Development: Steven Rigolosi Editorial Assistant: Lauren Kimmich Photo Editor: Cecilia Varas Senior Project Editor: Mary Louise Byrd Design Manager: Vicki Tomaselli Cover Designer: Brian Sheridan Text Designer: Cambraia Fernandes Production Coordinator: Paul W Rohloff Composition: MPS Limited, a Macmillan Company Printing and Binding: RR Donnelley T1-83TM screens are used with permission of the publisher: © 1996, Texas Instruments Incorporated T1-83TM Graphics Calculator is a registered trademark of Texas Instruments Incorporated Minitab is a registered trademark of Minitab, Inc SAS © is a registered trademark of SAS Institute, Inc Microsoft © and Windows © are registered trademarks of the Microsoft Corporation in the USA and other countries Excel screen shots reprinted with permission from the Microsoft Corporation Library of Congress Control Number: 2010928451 ISBN-13: 978-1-4292-3281-4 ISBN-10: 1-4292-3281-1 © 2011 by W H Freeman and Company All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America First printing W H Freeman and Company 41 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10010 Houndmills, Basingstoke RG21 6XS, England www.whfreeman.com Moore-3620020 psbe˙FM August 17, 2010 1:22 THE PRACTICE OF STATISTICS FOR BUSINESS AND ECONOMICS THIRD EDITION David S Moore Purdue University George P McCabe Purdue University Layth C Alwan University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee Bruce A Craig Purdue University William M Duckworth Creighton University W H Freeman and Company New York Moore-3620020 psbe˙FM August 17, 2010 1:22 This page was intentionally left blank Moore-3620020 psbe˙FM August 17, 2010 1:22 BRIEF TABLE OF CONTENTS PART I Data CHAPTER Examining Distributions CHAPTER Examining Relationships CHAPTER Producing Data 77 147 PART II Probability and Inference 215 CHAPTER Probability and Sampling Distributions 217 CHAPTER Probability Theory 285 CHAPTER Introduction to Inference 333 CHAPTER Inference for Distributions 395 CHAPTER Inference for Proportions 457 PART III Topics in Inference 491 CHAPTER Inference for Two-Way Tables 493 CHAPTER 10 Inference for Regression 525 CHAPTER 11 Multiple Regression 573 CHAPTER 12 Statistics for Quality: Control and Capability 633 CHAPTER 13 Time Series Forecasting 685 CHAPTER 14 One-Way Analysis of Variance 741 The Core book includes Chapters 1–14 Chapters 15–17 are individual optional Companion Chapters and can be found on the CD-ROM that accompanies this text or on the companion Web site (www.whfreeman.com/psbe3e) PART IV Optional Companion Chapters CHAPTER 15 Two-Way Analysis of Variance CHAPTER 16 Nonparametric Tests CHAPTER 17 Logistic Regression v Moore-3620020 psbe˙FM August 17, 2010 1:22 This page was intentionally left blank T-14 psbe August 16, 2010 12:52 TABLES TABLE E F critical values (continued) Degrees of freedom in the numerator 10 Degrees of freedom in the denominator Moore-3620020 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 p 100 050 025 010 001 100 050 025 010 001 100 050 025 010 001 100 050 025 010 001 100 050 025 010 001 100 050 025 010 001 100 050 025 010 001 100 050 025 010 001 100 050 025 010 001 100 050 025 010 001 3.46 5.32 7.57 11.26 25.41 3.36 5.12 7.21 10.56 22.86 3.29 4.96 6.94 10.04 21.04 3.23 4.84 6.72 9.65 19.69 3.18 4.75 6.55 9.33 18.64 3.14 4.67 6.41 9.07 17.82 3.10 4.60 6.30 8.86 17.14 3.07 4.54 6.20 8.68 16.59 3.05 4.49 6.12 8.53 16.12 3.03 4.45 6.04 8.40 15.72 3.11 4.46 6.06 8.65 18.49 3.01 4.26 5.71 8.02 16.39 2.92 4.10 5.46 7.56 14.91 2.86 3.98 5.26 7.21 13.81 2.81 3.89 5.10 6.93 12.97 2.76 3.81 4.97 6.70 12.31 2.73 3.74 4.86 6.51 11.78 2.70 3.68 4.77 6.36 11.34 2.67 3.63 4.69 6.23 10.97 2.64 3.59 4.62 6.11 10.66 2.92 4.07 5.42 7.59 15.83 2.81 3.86 5.08 6.99 13.90 2.73 3.71 4.83 6.55 12.55 2.66 3.59 4.63 6.22 11.56 2.61 3.49 4.47 5.95 10.80 2.56 3.41 4.35 5.74 10.21 2.52 3.34 4.24 5.56 9.73 2.49 3.29 4.15 5.42 9.34 2.46 3.24 4.08 5.29 9.01 2.44 3.20 4.01 5.19 8.73 2.81 3.84 5.05 7.01 14.39 2.69 3.63 4.72 6.42 12.56 2.61 3.48 4.47 5.99 11.28 2.54 3.36 4.28 5.67 10.35 2.48 3.26 4.12 5.41 9.63 2.43 3.18 4.00 5.21 9.07 2.39 3.11 3.89 5.04 8.62 2.36 3.06 3.80 4.89 8.25 2.33 3.01 3.73 4.77 7.94 2.31 2.96 3.66 4.67 7.68 2.73 3.69 4.82 6.63 13.48 2.61 3.48 4.48 6.06 11.71 2.52 3.33 4.24 5.64 10.48 2.45 3.20 4.04 5.32 9.58 2.39 3.11 3.89 5.06 8.89 2.35 3.03 3.77 4.86 8.35 2.31 2.96 3.66 4.69 7.92 2.27 2.90 3.58 4.56 7.57 2.24 2.85 3.50 4.44 7.27 2.22 2.81 3.44 4.34 7.02 2.67 3.58 4.65 6.37 12.86 2.55 3.37 4.32 5.80 11.13 2.46 3.22 4.07 5.39 9.93 2.39 3.09 3.88 5.07 9.05 2.33 3.00 3.73 4.82 8.38 2.28 2.92 3.60 4.62 7.86 2.24 2.85 3.50 4.46 7.44 2.21 2.79 3.41 4.32 7.09 2.18 2.74 3.34 4.20 6.80 2.15 2.70 3.28 4.10 6.56 2.62 3.50 4.53 6.18 12.40 2.51 3.29 4.20 5.61 10.70 2.41 3.14 3.95 5.20 9.52 2.34 3.01 3.76 4.89 8.66 2.28 2.91 3.61 4.64 8.00 2.23 2.83 3.48 4.44 7.49 2.19 2.76 3.38 4.28 7.08 2.16 2.71 3.29 4.14 6.74 2.13 2.66 3.22 4.03 6.46 2.10 2.61 3.16 3.93 6.22 2.59 3.44 4.43 6.03 12.05 2.47 3.23 4.10 5.47 10.37 2.38 3.07 3.85 5.06 9.20 2.30 2.95 3.66 4.74 8.35 2.24 2.85 3.51 4.50 7.71 2.20 2.77 3.39 4.30 7.21 2.15 2.70 3.29 4.14 6.80 2.12 2.64 3.20 4.00 6.47 2.09 2.59 3.12 3.89 6.19 2.06 2.55 3.06 3.79 5.96 2.56 3.39 4.36 5.91 11.77 2.44 3.18 4.03 5.35 10.11 2.35 3.02 3.78 4.94 8.96 2.27 2.90 3.59 4.63 8.12 2.21 2.80 3.44 4.39 7.48 2.16 2.71 3.31 4.19 6.98 2.12 2.65 3.21 4.03 6.58 2.09 2.59 3.12 3.89 6.26 2.06 2.54 3.05 3.78 5.98 2.03 2.49 2.98 3.68 5.75 Moore-3620020 psbe August 16, 2010 12:52 TABLES T-15 TABLE E F critical values (continued) Degrees of freedom in the numerator 10 12 15 20 25 30 40 50 60 120 1000 2.54 3.35 4.30 5.81 11.54 2.42 3.14 3.96 5.26 9.89 2.32 2.98 3.72 4.85 8.75 2.25 2.85 3.53 4.54 7.92 2.19 2.75 3.37 4.30 7.29 2.14 2.67 3.25 4.10 6.80 2.10 2.60 3.15 3.94 6.40 2.06 2.54 3.06 3.80 6.08 2.03 2.49 2.99 3.69 5.81 2.00 2.45 2.92 3.59 5.58 2.50 3.28 4.20 5.67 11.19 2.38 3.07 3.87 5.11 9.57 2.28 2.91 3.62 4.71 8.45 2.21 2.79 3.43 4.40 7.63 2.15 2.69 3.28 4.16 7.00 2.10 2.60 3.15 3.96 6.52 2.05 2.53 3.05 3.80 6.13 2.02 2.48 2.96 3.67 5.81 1.99 2.42 2.89 3.55 5.55 1.96 2.38 2.82 3.46 5.32 2.46 3.22 4.10 5.52 10.84 2.34 3.01 3.77 4.96 9.24 2.24 2.85 3.52 4.56 8.13 2.17 2.72 3.33 4.25 7.32 2.10 2.62 3.18 4.01 6.71 2.05 2.53 3.05 3.82 6.23 2.01 2.46 2.95 3.66 5.85 1.97 2.40 2.86 3.52 5.54 1.94 2.35 2.79 3.41 5.27 1.91 2.31 2.72 3.31 5.05 2.42 3.15 4.00 5.36 10.48 2.30 2.94 3.67 4.81 8.90 2.20 2.77 3.42 4.41 7.80 2.12 2.65 3.23 4.10 7.01 2.06 2.54 3.07 3.86 6.40 2.01 2.46 2.95 3.66 5.93 1.96 2.39 2.84 3.51 5.56 1.92 2.33 2.76 3.37 5.25 1.89 2.28 2.68 3.26 4.99 1.86 2.23 2.62 3.16 4.78 2.40 3.11 3.94 5.26 10.26 2.27 2.89 3.60 4.71 8.69 2.17 2.73 3.35 4.31 7.60 2.10 2.60 3.16 4.01 6.81 2.03 2.50 3.01 3.76 6.22 1.98 2.41 2.88 3.57 5.75 1.93 2.34 2.78 3.41 5.38 1.89 2.28 2.69 3.28 5.07 1.86 2.23 2.61 3.16 4.82 1.83 2.18 2.55 3.07 4.60 2.38 3.08 3.89 5.20 10.11 2.25 2.86 3.56 4.65 8.55 2.16 2.70 3.31 4.25 7.47 2.08 2.57 3.12 3.94 6.68 2.01 2.47 2.96 3.70 6.09 1.96 2.38 2.84 3.51 5.63 1.91 2.31 2.73 3.35 5.25 1.87 2.25 2.64 3.21 4.95 1.84 2.19 2.57 3.10 4.70 1.81 2.15 2.50 3.00 4.48 2.36 3.04 3.84 5.12 9.92 2.23 2.83 3.51 4.57 8.37 2.13 2.66 3.26 4.17 7.30 2.05 2.53 3.06 3.86 6.52 1.99 2.43 2.91 3.62 5.93 1.93 2.34 2.78 3.43 5.47 1.89 2.27 2.67 3.27 5.10 1.85 2.20 2.59 3.13 4.80 1.81 2.15 2.51 3.02 4.54 1.78 2.10 2.44 2.92 4.33 2.35 3.02 3.81 5.07 9.80 2.22 2.80 3.47 4.52 8.26 2.12 2.64 3.22 4.12 7.19 2.04 2.51 3.03 3.81 6.42 1.97 2.40 2.87 3.57 5.83 1.92 2.31 2.74 3.38 5.37 1.87 2.24 2.64 3.22 5.00 1.83 2.18 2.55 3.08 4.70 1.79 2.12 2.47 2.97 4.45 1.76 2.08 2.41 2.87 4.24 2.34 3.01 3.78 5.03 9.73 2.21 2.79 3.45 4.48 8.19 2.11 2.62 3.20 4.08 7.12 2.03 2.49 3.00 3.78 6.35 1.96 2.38 2.85 3.54 5.76 1.90 2.30 2.72 3.34 5.30 1.86 2.22 2.61 3.18 4.94 1.82 2.16 2.52 3.05 4.64 1.78 2.11 2.45 2.93 4.39 1.75 2.06 2.38 2.83 4.18 2.32 2.97 3.73 4.95 9.53 2.18 2.75 3.39 4.40 8.00 2.08 2.58 3.14 4.00 6.94 2.00 2.45 2.94 3.69 6.18 1.93 2.34 2.79 3.45 5.59 1.88 2.25 2.66 3.25 5.14 1.83 2.18 2.55 3.09 4.77 1.79 2.11 2.46 2.96 4.47 1.75 2.06 2.38 2.84 4.23 1.72 2.01 2.32 2.75 4.02 2.30 2.93 3.68 4.87 9.36 2.16 2.71 3.34 4.32 7.84 2.06 2.54 3.09 3.92 6.78 1.98 2.41 2.89 3.61 6.02 1.91 2.30 2.73 3.37 5.44 1.85 2.21 2.60 3.18 4.99 1.80 2.14 2.50 3.02 4.62 1.76 2.07 2.40 2.88 4.33 1.72 2.02 2.32 2.76 4.08 1.69 1.97 2.26 2.66 3.87 T-16 psbe August 16, 2010 12:52 TABLES TABLE E F critical values (continued) Degrees of freedom in the numerator p 18 19 20 Degrees of freedom in the denominator Moore-3620020 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 100 050 025 010 001 100 050 025 010 001 100 050 025 010 001 100 050 025 010 001 100 050 025 010 001 100 050 025 010 001 100 050 025 010 001 100 050 025 010 001 100 050 025 010 001 100 050 025 010 001 3.01 4.41 5.98 8.29 15.38 2.99 4.38 5.92 8.18 15.08 2.97 4.35 5.87 8.10 14.82 2.96 4.32 5.83 8.02 14.59 2.95 4.30 5.79 7.95 14.38 2.94 4.28 5.75 7.88 14.20 2.93 4.26 5.72 7.82 14.03 2.92 4.24 5.69 7.77 13.88 2.91 4.23 5.66 7.72 13.74 2.90 4.21 5.63 7.68 13.61 2.62 3.55 4.56 6.01 10.39 2.61 3.52 4.51 5.93 10.16 2.59 3.49 4.46 5.85 9.95 2.57 3.47 4.42 5.78 9.77 2.56 3.44 4.38 5.72 9.61 2.55 3.42 4.35 5.66 9.47 2.54 3.40 4.32 5.61 9.34 2.53 3.39 4.29 5.57 9.22 2.52 3.37 4.27 5.53 9.12 2.51 3.35 4.24 5.49 9.02 2.42 3.16 3.95 5.09 8.49 2.40 3.13 3.90 5.01 8.28 2.38 3.10 3.86 4.94 8.10 2.36 3.07 3.82 4.87 7.94 2.35 3.05 3.78 4.82 7.80 2.34 3.03 3.75 4.76 7.67 2.33 3.01 3.72 4.72 7.55 2.32 2.99 3.69 4.68 7.45 2.31 2.98 3.67 4.64 7.36 2.30 2.96 3.65 4.60 7.27 2.29 2.93 3.61 4.58 7.46 2.27 2.90 3.56 4.50 7.27 2.25 2.87 3.51 4.43 7.10 2.23 2.84 3.48 4.37 6.95 2.22 2.82 3.44 4.31 6.81 2.21 2.80 3.41 4.26 6.70 2.19 2.78 3.38 4.22 6.59 2.18 2.76 3.35 4.18 6.49 2.17 2.74 3.33 4.14 6.41 2.17 2.73 3.31 4.11 6.33 2.20 2.77 3.38 4.25 6.81 2.18 2.74 3.33 4.17 6.62 2.16 2.71 3.29 4.10 6.46 2.14 2.68 3.25 4.04 6.32 2.13 2.66 3.22 3.99 6.19 2.11 2.64 3.18 3.94 6.08 2.10 2.62 3.15 3.90 5.98 2.09 2.60 3.13 3.85 5.89 2.08 2.59 3.10 3.82 5.80 2.07 2.57 3.08 3.78 5.73 2.13 2.66 3.22 4.01 6.35 2.11 2.63 3.17 3.94 6.18 2.09 2.60 3.13 3.87 6.02 2.08 2.57 3.09 3.81 5.88 2.06 2.55 3.05 3.76 5.76 2.05 2.53 3.02 3.71 5.65 2.04 2.51 2.99 3.67 5.55 2.02 2.49 2.97 3.63 5.46 2.01 2.47 2.94 3.59 5.38 2.00 2.46 2.92 3.56 5.31 2.08 2.58 3.10 3.84 6.02 2.06 2.54 3.05 3.77 5.85 2.04 2.51 3.01 3.70 5.69 2.02 2.49 2.97 3.64 5.56 2.01 2.46 2.93 3.59 5.44 1.99 2.44 2.90 3.54 5.33 1.98 2.42 2.87 3.50 5.23 1.97 2.40 2.85 3.46 5.15 1.96 2.39 2.82 3.42 5.07 1.95 2.37 2.80 3.39 5.00 2.04 2.51 3.01 3.71 5.76 2.02 2.48 2.96 3.63 5.59 2.00 2.45 2.91 3.56 5.44 1.98 2.42 2.87 3.51 5.31 1.97 2.40 2.84 3.45 5.19 1.95 2.37 2.81 3.41 5.09 1.94 2.36 2.78 3.36 4.99 1.93 2.34 2.75 3.32 4.91 1.92 2.32 2.73 3.29 4.83 1.91 2.31 2.71 3.26 4.76 2.00 2.46 2.93 3.60 5.56 1.98 2.42 2.88 3.52 5.39 1.96 2.39 2.84 3.46 5.24 1.95 2.37 2.80 3.40 5.11 1.93 2.34 2.76 3.35 4.99 1.92 2.32 2.73 3.30 4.89 1.91 2.30 2.70 3.26 4.80 1.89 2.28 2.68 3.22 4.71 1.88 2.27 2.65 3.18 4.64 1.87 2.25 2.63 3.15 4.57 Moore-3620020 psbe August 16, 2010 12:52 TABLES T-17 TABLE E F critical values (continued) Degrees of freedom in the numerator 10 12 15 20 25 30 40 50 60 120 1000 1.98 2.41 2.87 3.51 5.39 1.96 2.38 2.82 3.43 5.22 1.94 2.35 2.77 3.37 5.08 1.92 2.32 2.73 3.31 4.95 1.90 2.30 2.70 3.26 4.83 1.89 2.27 2.67 3.21 4.73 1.88 2.25 2.64 3.17 4.64 1.87 2.24 2.61 3.13 4.56 1.86 2.22 2.59 3.09 4.48 1.85 2.20 2.57 3.06 4.41 1.93 2.34 2.77 3.37 5.13 1.91 2.31 2.72 3.30 4.97 1.89 2.28 2.68 3.23 4.82 1.87 2.25 2.64 3.17 4.70 1.86 2.23 2.60 3.12 4.58 1.84 2.20 2.57 3.07 4.48 1.83 2.18 2.54 3.03 4.39 1.82 2.16 2.51 2.99 4.31 1.81 2.15 2.49 2.96 4.24 1.80 2.13 2.47 2.93 4.17 1.89 2.27 2.67 3.23 4.87 1.86 2.23 2.62 3.15 4.70 1.84 2.20 2.57 3.09 4.56 1.83 2.18 2.53 3.03 4.44 1.81 2.15 2.50 2.98 4.33 1.80 2.13 2.47 2.93 4.23 1.78 2.11 2.44 2.89 4.14 1.77 2.09 2.41 2.85 4.06 1.76 2.07 2.39 2.81 3.99 1.75 2.06 2.36 2.78 3.92 1.84 2.19 2.56 3.08 4.59 1.81 2.16 2.51 3.00 4.43 1.79 2.12 2.46 2.94 4.29 1.78 2.10 2.42 2.88 4.17 1.76 2.07 2.39 2.83 4.06 1.74 2.05 2.36 2.78 3.96 1.73 2.03 2.33 2.74 3.87 1.72 2.01 2.30 2.70 3.79 1.71 1.99 2.28 2.66 3.72 1.70 1.97 2.25 2.63 3.66 1.80 2.14 2.49 2.98 4.42 1.78 2.11 2.44 2.91 4.26 1.76 2.07 2.40 2.84 4.12 1.74 2.05 2.36 2.79 4.00 1.73 2.02 2.32 2.73 3.89 1.71 2.00 2.29 2.69 3.79 1.70 1.97 2.26 2.64 3.71 1.68 1.96 2.23 2.60 3.63 1.67 1.94 2.21 2.57 3.56 1.66 1.92 2.18 2.54 3.49 1.78 2.11 2.44 2.92 4.30 1.76 2.07 2.39 2.84 4.14 1.74 2.04 2.35 2.78 4.00 1.72 2.01 2.31 2.72 3.88 1.70 1.98 2.27 2.67 3.78 1.69 1.96 2.24 2.62 3.68 1.67 1.94 2.21 2.58 3.59 1.66 1.92 2.18 2.54 3.52 1.65 1.90 2.16 2.50 3.44 1.64 1.88 2.13 2.47 3.38 1.75 2.06 2.38 2.84 4.15 1.73 2.03 2.33 2.76 3.99 1.71 1.99 2.29 2.69 3.86 1.69 1.96 2.25 2.64 3.74 1.67 1.94 2.21 2.58 3.63 1.66 1.91 2.18 2.54 3.53 1.64 1.89 2.15 2.49 3.45 1.63 1.87 2.12 2.45 3.37 1.61 1.85 2.09 2.42 3.30 1.60 1.84 2.07 2.38 3.23 1.74 2.04 2.35 2.78 4.06 1.71 2.00 2.30 2.71 3.90 1.69 1.97 2.25 2.64 3.77 1.67 1.94 2.21 2.58 3.64 1.65 1.91 2.17 2.53 3.54 1.64 1.88 2.14 2.48 3.44 1.62 1.86 2.11 2.44 3.36 1.61 1.84 2.08 2.40 3.28 1.59 1.82 2.05 2.36 3.21 1.58 1.81 2.03 2.33 3.14 1.72 2.02 2.32 2.75 4.00 1.70 1.98 2.27 2.67 3.84 1.68 1.95 2.22 2.61 3.70 1.66 1.92 2.18 2.55 3.58 1.64 1.89 2.14 2.50 3.48 1.62 1.86 2.11 2.45 3.38 1.61 1.84 2.08 2.40 3.29 1.59 1.82 2.05 2.36 3.22 1.58 1.80 2.03 2.33 3.15 1.57 1.79 2.00 2.29 3.08 1.69 1.97 2.26 2.66 3.84 1.67 1.93 2.20 2.58 3.68 1.64 1.90 2.16 2.52 3.54 1.62 1.87 2.11 2.46 3.42 1.60 1.84 2.08 2.40 3.32 1.59 1.81 2.04 2.35 3.22 1.57 1.79 2.01 2.31 3.14 1.56 1.77 1.98 2.27 3.06 1.54 1.75 1.95 2.23 2.99 1.53 1.73 1.93 2.20 2.92 1.66 1.92 2.20 2.58 3.69 1.64 1.88 2.14 2.50 3.53 1.61 1.85 2.09 2.43 3.40 1.59 1.82 2.05 2.37 3.28 1.57 1.79 2.01 2.32 3.17 1.55 1.76 1.98 2.27 3.08 1.54 1.74 1.94 2.22 2.99 1.52 1.72 1.91 2.18 2.91 1.51 1.70 1.89 2.14 2.84 1.50 1.68 1.86 2.11 2.78 T-18 psbe August 16, 2010 12:52 TABLES TABLE E F critical values (continued) Degrees of freedom in the numerator p 28 29 Degrees of freedom in the denominator Moore-3620020 30 40 50 60 100 200 1000 100 050 025 010 001 100 050 025 010 001 100 050 025 010 001 100 050 025 010 001 100 050 025 010 001 100 050 025 010 001 100 050 025 010 001 100 050 025 010 001 100 050 025 010 001 2.89 4.20 5.61 7.64 13.50 2.89 4.18 5.59 7.60 13.39 2.88 4.17 5.57 7.56 13.29 2.84 4.08 5.42 7.31 12.61 2.81 4.03 5.34 7.17 12.22 2.79 4.00 5.29 7.08 11.97 2.76 3.94 5.18 6.90 11.50 2.73 3.89 5.10 6.76 11.15 2.71 3.85 5.04 6.66 10.89 2.50 3.34 4.22 5.45 8.93 2.50 3.33 4.20 5.42 8.85 2.49 3.32 4.18 5.39 8.77 2.44 3.23 4.05 5.18 8.25 2.41 3.18 3.97 5.06 7.96 2.39 3.15 3.93 4.98 7.77 2.36 3.09 3.83 4.82 7.41 2.33 3.04 3.76 4.71 7.15 2.31 3.00 3.70 4.63 6.96 2.29 2.95 3.63 4.57 7.19 2.28 2.93 3.61 4.54 7.12 2.28 2.92 3.59 4.51 7.05 2.23 2.84 3.46 4.31 6.59 2.20 2.79 3.39 4.20 6.34 2.18 2.76 3.34 4.13 6.17 2.14 2.70 3.25 3.98 5.86 2.11 2.65 3.18 3.88 5.63 2.09 2.61 3.13 3.80 5.46 2.16 2.71 3.29 4.07 6.25 2.15 2.70 3.27 4.04 6.19 2.14 2.69 3.25 4.02 6.12 2.09 2.61 3.13 3.83 5.70 2.06 2.56 3.05 3.72 5.46 2.04 2.53 3.01 3.65 5.31 2.00 2.46 2.92 3.51 5.02 1.97 2.42 2.85 3.41 4.81 1.95 2.38 2.80 3.34 4.65 2.06 2.56 3.06 3.75 5.66 2.06 2.55 3.04 3.73 5.59 2.05 2.53 3.03 3.70 5.53 2.00 2.45 2.90 3.51 5.13 1.97 2.40 2.83 3.41 4.90 1.95 2.37 2.79 3.34 4.76 1.91 2.31 2.70 3.21 4.48 1.88 2.26 2.63 3.11 4.29 1.85 2.22 2.58 3.04 4.14 2.00 2.45 2.90 3.53 5.24 1.99 2.43 2.88 3.50 5.18 1.98 2.42 2.87 3.47 5.12 1.93 2.34 2.74 3.29 4.73 1.90 2.29 2.67 3.19 4.51 1.87 2.25 2.63 3.12 4.37 1.83 2.19 2.54 2.99 4.11 1.80 2.14 2.47 2.89 3.92 1.78 2.11 2.42 2.82 3.78 1.94 2.36 2.78 3.36 4.93 1.93 2.35 2.76 3.33 4.87 1.93 2.33 2.75 3.30 4.82 1.87 2.25 2.62 3.12 4.44 1.84 2.20 2.55 3.02 4.22 1.82 2.17 2.51 2.95 4.09 1.78 2.10 2.42 2.82 3.83 1.75 2.06 2.35 2.73 3.65 1.72 2.02 2.30 2.66 3.51 1.90 2.29 2.69 3.23 4.69 1.89 2.28 2.67 3.20 4.64 1.88 2.27 2.65 3.17 4.58 1.83 2.18 2.53 2.99 4.21 1.80 2.13 2.46 2.89 4.00 1.77 2.10 2.41 2.82 3.86 1.73 2.03 2.32 2.69 3.61 1.70 1.98 2.26 2.60 3.43 1.68 1.95 2.20 2.53 3.30 1.87 2.24 2.61 3.12 4.50 1.86 2.22 2.59 3.09 4.45 1.85 2.21 2.57 3.07 4.39 1.79 2.12 2.45 2.89 4.02 1.76 2.07 2.38 2.78 3.82 1.74 2.04 2.33 2.72 3.69 1.69 1.97 2.24 2.59 3.44 1.66 1.93 2.18 2.50 3.26 1.64 1.89 2.13 2.43 3.13 Moore-3620020 psbe August 16, 2010 12:52 TABLES T-19 TABLE E F critical values (continued) Degrees of freedom in the numerator 10 12 15 20 25 30 40 50 60 120 1000 1.84 2.19 2.55 3.03 4.35 1.83 2.18 2.53 3.00 4.29 1.82 2.16 2.51 2.98 4.24 1.76 2.08 2.39 2.80 3.87 1.73 2.03 2.32 2.70 3.67 1.71 1.99 2.27 2.63 3.54 1.66 1.93 2.18 2.50 3.30 1.63 1.88 2.11 2.41 3.12 1.61 1.84 2.06 2.34 2.99 1.79 2.12 2.45 2.90 4.11 1.78 2.10 2.43 2.87 4.05 1.77 2.09 2.41 2.84 4.00 1.71 2.00 2.29 2.66 3.64 1.68 1.95 2.22 2.56 3.44 1.66 1.92 2.17 2.50 3.32 1.61 1.85 2.08 2.37 3.07 1.58 1.80 2.01 2.27 2.90 1.55 1.76 1.96 2.20 2.77 1.74 2.04 2.34 2.75 3.86 1.73 2.03 2.32 2.73 3.80 1.72 2.01 2.31 2.70 3.75 1.66 1.92 2.18 2.52 3.40 1.63 1.87 2.11 2.42 3.20 1.60 1.84 2.06 2.35 3.08 1.56 1.77 1.97 2.22 2.84 1.52 1.72 1.90 2.13 2.67 1.49 1.68 1.85 2.06 2.54 1.69 1.96 2.23 2.60 3.60 1.68 1.94 2.21 2.57 3.54 1.67 1.93 2.20 2.55 3.49 1.61 1.84 2.07 2.37 3.14 1.57 1.78 1.99 2.27 2.95 1.54 1.75 1.94 2.20 2.83 1.49 1.68 1.85 2.07 2.59 1.46 1.62 1.78 1.97 2.42 1.43 1.58 1.72 1.90 2.30 1.65 1.91 2.16 2.51 3.43 1.64 1.89 2.14 2.48 3.38 1.63 1.88 2.12 2.45 3.33 1.57 1.78 1.99 2.27 2.98 1.53 1.73 1.92 2.17 2.79 1.50 1.69 1.87 2.10 2.67 1.45 1.62 1.77 1.97 2.43 1.41 1.56 1.70 1.87 2.26 1.38 1.52 1.64 1.79 2.14 1.63 1.87 2.11 2.44 3.32 1.62 1.85 2.09 2.41 3.27 1.61 1.84 2.07 2.39 3.22 1.54 1.74 1.94 2.20 2.87 1.50 1.69 1.87 2.10 2.68 1.48 1.65 1.82 2.03 2.55 1.42 1.57 1.71 1.89 2.32 1.38 1.52 1.64 1.79 2.15 1.35 1.47 1.58 1.72 2.02 1.59 1.82 2.05 2.35 3.18 1.58 1.81 2.03 2.33 3.12 1.57 1.79 2.01 2.30 3.07 1.51 1.69 1.88 2.11 2.73 1.46 1.63 1.80 2.01 2.53 1.44 1.59 1.74 1.94 2.41 1.38 1.52 1.64 1.80 2.17 1.34 1.46 1.56 1.69 2.00 1.30 1.41 1.50 1.61 1.87 1.57 1.79 2.01 2.30 3.09 1.56 1.77 1.99 2.27 3.03 1.55 1.76 1.97 2.25 2.98 1.48 1.66 1.83 2.06 2.64 1.44 1.60 1.75 1.95 2.44 1.41 1.56 1.70 1.88 2.32 1.35 1.48 1.59 1.74 2.08 1.31 1.41 1.51 1.63 1.90 1.27 1.36 1.45 1.54 1.77 1.56 1.77 1.98 2.26 3.02 1.55 1.75 1.96 2.23 2.97 1.54 1.74 1.94 2.21 2.92 1.47 1.64 1.80 2.02 2.57 1.42 1.58 1.72 1.91 2.38 1.40 1.53 1.67 1.84 2.25 1.34 1.45 1.56 1.69 2.01 1.29 1.39 1.47 1.58 1.83 1.25 1.33 1.41 1.50 1.69 1.52 1.71 1.91 2.17 2.86 1.51 1.70 1.89 2.14 2.81 1.50 1.68 1.87 2.11 2.76 1.42 1.58 1.72 1.92 2.41 1.38 1.51 1.64 1.80 2.21 1.35 1.47 1.58 1.73 2.08 1.28 1.38 1.46 1.57 1.83 1.23 1.30 1.37 1.45 1.64 1.18 1.24 1.29 1.35 1.49 1.48 1.66 1.84 2.08 2.72 1.47 1.65 1.82 2.05 2.66 1.46 1.63 1.80 2.02 2.61 1.38 1.52 1.65 1.82 2.25 1.33 1.45 1.56 1.70 2.05 1.30 1.40 1.49 1.62 1.92 1.22 1.30 1.36 1.45 1.64 1.16 1.21 1.25 1.30 1.43 1.08 1.11 1.13 1.16 1.22 Moore-3620020 psbe August 16, 2010 T-20 12:52 TABLES Probability p Table entry for p is the ∗ critical value χ with probability p lying to its right ( χ 2)* TABLE F χ distribution critical values Tail probability p df 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 40 50 60 80 100 25 1.32 2.77 4.11 5.39 6.63 7.84 9.04 10.22 11.39 12.55 13.70 14.85 15.98 17.12 18.25 19.37 20.49 21.60 22.72 23.83 24.93 26.04 27.14 28.24 29.34 30.43 31.53 32.62 33.71 34.80 45.62 56.33 66.98 88.13 109.1 20 15 10 05 025 02 01 005 0025 001 0005 1.64 3.22 4.64 5.99 7.29 8.56 9.80 11.03 12.24 13.44 14.63 15.81 16.98 18.15 19.31 20.47 21.61 22.76 23.90 25.04 26.17 27.30 28.43 29.55 30.68 31.79 32.91 34.03 35.14 36.25 47.27 58.16 68.97 90.41 111.7 2.07 3.79 5.32 6.74 8.12 9.45 10.75 12.03 13.29 14.53 15.77 16.99 18.20 19.41 20.60 21.79 22.98 24.16 25.33 26.50 27.66 28.82 29.98 31.13 32.28 33.43 34.57 35.71 36.85 37.99 49.24 60.35 71.34 93.11 114.7 2.71 4.61 6.25 7.78 9.24 10.64 12.02 13.36 14.68 15.99 17.28 18.55 19.81 21.06 22.31 23.54 24.77 25.99 27.20 28.41 29.62 30.81 32.01 33.20 34.38 35.56 36.74 37.92 39.09 40.26 51.81 63.17 74.40 96.58 118.5 3.84 5.99 7.81 9.49 11.07 12.59 14.07 15.51 16.92 18.31 19.68 21.03 22.36 23.68 25.00 26.30 27.59 28.87 30.14 31.41 32.67 33.92 35.17 36.42 37.65 38.89 40.11 41.34 42.56 43.77 55.76 67.50 79.08 101.9 124.3 5.02 7.38 9.35 11.14 12.83 14.45 16.01 17.53 19.02 20.48 21.92 23.34 24.74 26.12 27.49 28.85 30.19 31.53 32.85 34.17 35.48 36.78 38.08 39.36 40.65 41.92 43.19 44.46 45.72 46.98 59.34 71.42 83.30 106.6 129.6 5.41 7.82 9.84 11.67 13.39 15.03 16.62 18.17 19.68 21.16 22.62 24.05 25.47 26.87 28.26 29.63 31.00 32.35 33.69 35.02 36.34 37.66 38.97 40.27 41.57 42.86 44.14 45.42 46.69 47.96 60.44 72.61 84.58 108.1 131.1 6.63 9.21 11.34 13.28 15.09 16.81 18.48 20.09 21.67 23.21 24.72 26.22 27.69 29.14 30.58 32.00 33.41 34.81 36.19 37.57 38.93 40.29 41.64 42.98 44.31 45.64 46.96 48.28 49.59 50.89 63.69 76.15 88.38 112.3 135.8 7.88 10.60 12.84 14.86 16.75 18.55 20.28 21.95 23.59 25.19 26.76 28.30 29.82 31.32 32.80 34.27 35.72 37.16 38.58 40.00 41.40 42.80 44.18 45.56 46.93 48.29 49.64 50.99 52.34 53.67 66.77 79.49 91.95 116.3 140.2 9.14 11.98 14.32 16.42 18.39 20.25 22.04 23.77 25.46 27.11 28.73 30.32 31.88 33.43 34.95 36.46 37.95 39.42 40.88 42.34 43.78 45.20 46.62 48.03 49.44 50.83 52.22 53.59 54.97 56.33 69.70 82.66 95.34 120.1 144.3 10.83 13.82 16.27 18.47 20.51 22.46 24.32 26.12 27.88 29.59 31.26 32.91 34.53 36.12 37.70 39.25 40.79 42.31 43.82 45.31 46.80 48.27 49.73 51.18 52.62 54.05 55.48 56.89 58.30 59.70 73.40 86.66 99.61 124.8 149.4 12.12 15.20 17.73 20.00 22.11 24.10 26.02 27.87 29.67 31.42 33.14 34.82 36.48 38.11 39.72 41.31 42.88 44.43 45.97 47.50 49.01 50.51 52.00 53.48 54.95 56.41 57.86 59.30 60.73 62.16 76.09 89.56 102.7 128.3 153.2 Moore-3620020 psbe August 16, 2010 12:52 TABLES T-21 Probability p Table entry for p is the value of r with probability p lying above it -1.0 -0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0 TABLE G Critical values of the correlation r Tail probability p n 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 40 50 60 80 100 1000 20 10 05 025 02 01 005 0025 001 0005 0.8090 0.6000 0.4919 0.4257 0.3803 0.3468 0.3208 0.2998 0.2825 0.2678 0.2552 0.2443 0.2346 0.2260 0.2183 0.2113 0.2049 0.1991 0.1938 0.1888 0.1843 0.1800 0.1760 0.1723 0.1688 0.1655 0.1624 0.1594 0.1368 0.1217 0.1106 0.0954 0.0851 0.0266 0.9511 0.8000 0.6870 0.6084 0.5509 0.5067 0.4716 0.4428 0.4187 0.3981 0.3802 0.3646 0.3507 0.3383 0.3271 0.3170 0.3077 0.2992 0.2914 0.2841 0.2774 0.2711 0.2653 0.2598 0.2546 0.2497 0.2451 0.2407 0.2070 0.1843 0.1678 0.1448 0.1292 0.0406 0.9877 0.9000 0.8054 0.7293 0.6694 0.6215 0.5822 0.5494 0.5214 0.4973 0.4762 0.4575 0.4409 0.4259 0.4124 0.4000 0.3887 0.3783 0.3687 0.3598 0.3515 0.3438 0.3365 0.3297 0.3233 0.3172 0.3115 0.3061 0.2638 0.2353 0.2144 0.1852 0.1654 0.0520 0.9969 0.9500 0.8783 0.8114 0.7545 0.7067 0.6664 0.6319 0.6021 0.5760 0.5529 0.5324 0.5140 0.4973 0.4821 0.4683 0.4555 0.4438 0.4329 0.4227 0.4132 0.4044 0.3961 0.3882 0.3809 0.3739 0.3673 0.3610 0.3120 0.2787 0.2542 0.2199 0.1966 0.0620 0.9980 0.9600 0.8953 0.8319 0.7766 0.7295 0.6892 0.6546 0.6244 0.5980 0.5745 0.5536 0.5347 0.5177 0.5021 0.4878 0.4747 0.4626 0.4513 0.4409 0.4311 0.4219 0.4133 0.4052 0.3976 0.3904 0.3835 0.3770 0.3261 0.2915 0.2659 0.2301 0.2058 0.0650 0.9995 0.9800 0.9343 0.8822 0.8329 0.7887 0.7498 0.7155 0.6851 0.6581 0.6339 0.6120 0.5923 0.5742 0.5577 0.5425 0.5285 0.5155 0.5034 0.4921 0.4815 0.4716 0.4622 0.4534 0.4451 0.4372 0.4297 0.4226 0.3665 0.3281 0.2997 0.2597 0.2324 0.0736 0.9999 0.9900 0.9587 0.9172 0.8745 0.8343 0.7977 0.7646 0.7348 0.7079 0.6835 0.6614 0.6411 0.6226 0.6055 0.5897 0.5751 0.5614 0.5487 0.5368 0.5256 0.5151 0.5052 0.4958 0.4869 0.4785 0.4705 0.4629 0.4026 0.3610 0.3301 0.2864 0.2565 0.0814 1.0000 0.9950 0.9740 0.9417 0.9056 0.8697 0.8359 0.8046 0.7759 0.7496 0.7255 0.7034 0.6831 0.6643 0.6470 0.6308 0.6158 0.6018 0.5886 0.5763 0.5647 0.5537 0.5434 0.5336 0.5243 0.5154 0.5070 0.4990 0.4353 0.3909 0.3578 0.3109 0.2786 0.0887 1.0000 0.9980 0.9859 0.9633 0.9350 0.9049 0.8751 0.8467 0.8199 0.7950 0.7717 0.7501 0.7301 0.7114 0.6940 0.6777 0.6624 0.6481 0.6346 0.6219 0.6099 0.5986 0.5879 0.5776 0.5679 0.5587 0.5499 0.5415 0.4741 0.4267 0.3912 0.3405 0.3054 0.0976 1.0000 0.9990 0.9911 0.9741 0.9509 0.9249 0.8983 0.8721 0.8470 0.8233 0.8010 0.7800 0.7604 0.7419 0.7247 0.7084 0.6932 0.6788 0.6652 0.6524 0.6402 0.6287 0.6178 0.6074 0.5974 0.5880 0.5790 0.5703 0.5007 0.4514 0.4143 0.3611 0.3242 0.1039 Moore-3620020 psbe˙FM August 17, 2010 1:22 This page was intentionally left blank Moore-3620020 psbe˙FM August 17, 2010 1:22 This page was intentionally left blank Moore-3620020 psbe˙inside˙ep˙E1-E4 August 16, 2010 8:49 Probability Table entry for z is the area under the standard normal curve to the left of z z TABLE A Standard normal probabilities z 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 −3.4 −3.3 −3.2 −3.1 −3.0 −2.9 −2.8 −2.7 −2.6 −2.5 −2.4 −2.3 −2.2 −2.1 −2.0 −1.9 −1.8 −1.7 −1.6 −1.5 −1.4 −1.3 −1.2 −1.1 −1.0 −0.9 −0.8 −0.7 −0.6 −0.5 −0.4 −0.3 −0.2 −0.1 −0.0 0003 0005 0007 0010 0013 0019 0026 0035 0047 0062 0082 0107 0139 0179 0228 0287 0359 0446 0548 0668 0808 0968 1151 1357 1587 1841 2119 2420 2743 3085 3446 3821 4207 4602 5000 0003 0005 0007 0009 0013 0018 0025 0034 0045 0060 0080 0104 0136 0174 0222 0281 0351 0436 0537 0655 0793 0951 1131 1335 1562 1814 2090 2389 2709 3050 3409 3783 4168 4562 4960 0003 0005 0006 0009 0013 0018 0024 0033 0044 0059 0078 0102 0132 0170 0217 0274 0344 0427 0526 0643 0778 0934 1112 1314 1539 1788 2061 2358 2676 3015 3372 3745 4129 4522 4920 0003 0004 0006 0009 0012 0017 0023 0032 0043 0057 0075 0099 0129 0166 0212 0268 0336 0418 0516 0630 0764 0918 1093 1292 1515 1762 2033 2327 2643 2981 3336 3707 4090 4483 4880 0003 0004 0006 0008 0012 0016 0023 0031 0041 0055 0073 0096 0125 0162 0207 0262 0329 0409 0505 0618 0749 0901 1075 1271 1492 1736 2005 2296 2611 2946 3300 3669 4052 4443 4840 0003 0004 0006 0008 0011 0016 0022 0030 0040 0054 0071 0094 0122 0158 0202 0256 0322 0401 0495 0606 0735 0885 1056 1251 1469 1711 1977 2266 2578 2912 3264 3632 4013 4404 4801 0003 0004 0006 0008 0011 0015 0021 0029 0039 0052 0069 0091 0119 0154 0197 0250 0314 0392 0485 0594 0721 0869 1038 1230 1446 1685 1949 2236 2546 2877 3228 3594 3974 4364 4761 0003 0004 0005 0008 0011 0015 0021 0028 0038 0051 0068 0089 0116 0150 0192 0244 0307 0384 0475 0582 0708 0853 1020 1210 1423 1660 1922 2206 2514 2843 3192 3557 3936 4325 4721 0003 0004 0005 0007 0010 0014 0020 0027 0037 0049 0066 0087 0113 0146 0188 0239 0301 0375 0465 0571 0694 0838 1003 1190 1401 1635 1894 2177 2483 2810 3156 3520 3897 4286 4681 0002 0003 0005 0007 0010 0014 0019 0026 0036 0048 0064 0084 0110 0143 0183 0233 0294 0367 0455 0559 0681 0823 0985 1170 1379 1611 1867 2148 2451 2776 3121 3483 3859 4247 4641 Moore-3620020 psbe˙inside˙ep˙E1-E4 August 16, 2010 8:49 Probability Table entry for z is the area under the standard normal curve to the left of z z TABLE A Standard normal probabilities (continued) z 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 5000 5398 5793 6179 6554 6915 7257 7580 7881 8159 8413 8643 8849 9032 9192 9332 9452 9554 9641 9713 9772 9821 9861 9893 9918 9938 9953 9965 9974 9981 9987 9990 9993 9995 9997 5040 5438 5832 6217 6591 6950 7291 7611 7910 8186 8438 8665 8869 9049 9207 9345 9463 9564 9649 9719 9778 9826 9864 9896 9920 9940 9955 9966 9975 9982 9987 9991 9993 9995 9997 5080 5478 5871 6255 6628 6985 7324 7642 7939 8212 8461 8686 8888 9066 9222 9357 9474 9573 9656 9726 9783 9830 9868 9898 9922 9941 9956 9967 9976 9982 9987 9991 9994 9995 9997 5120 5517 5910 6293 6664 7019 7357 7673 7967 8238 8485 8708 8907 9082 9236 9370 9484 9582 9664 9732 9788 9834 9871 9901 9925 9943 9957 9968 9977 9983 9988 9991 9994 9996 9997 5160 5557 5948 6331 6700 7054 7389 7704 7995 8264 8508 8729 8925 9099 9251 9382 9495 9591 9671 9738 9793 9838 9875 9904 9927 9945 9959 9969 9977 9984 9988 9992 9994 9996 9997 5199 5596 5987 6368 6736 7088 7422 7734 8023 8289 8531 8749 8944 9115 9265 9394 9505 9599 9678 9744 9798 9842 9878 9906 9929 9946 9960 9970 9978 9984 9989 9992 9994 9996 9997 5239 5636 6026 6406 6772 7123 7454 7764 8051 8315 8554 8770 8962 9131 9279 9406 9515 9608 9686 9750 9803 9846 9881 9909 9931 9948 9961 9971 9979 9985 9989 9992 9994 9996 9997 5279 5675 6064 6443 6808 7157 7486 7794 8078 8340 8577 8790 8980 9147 9292 9418 9525 9616 9693 9756 9808 9850 9884 9911 9932 9949 9962 9972 9979 9985 9989 9992 9995 9996 9997 5319 5714 6103 6480 6844 7190 7517 7823 8106 8365 8599 8810 8997 9162 9306 9429 9535 9625 9699 9761 9812 9854 9887 9913 9934 9951 9963 9973 9980 9986 9990 9993 9995 9996 9997 5359 5753 6141 6517 6879 7224 7549 7852 8133 8389 8621 8830 9015 9177 9319 9441 9545 9633 9706 9767 9817 9857 9890 9916 9936 9952 9964 9974 9981 9986 9990 9993 9995 9997 9998 Moore-3620020 psbe˙FM August 17, 2010 1:22 This page was intentionally left blank Moore-3620020 psbe˙FM August 17, 2010 1:22 This page was intentionally left blank Moore-3620020 psbe˙end˙ep˙tableD August 16, 2010 7:48 Table entry for p and C is the critical value t * with probability p lying to its right and probability C lying between −t * and t * Probability p t* TABLE D t distribution critical values Upper tail probability p df 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 40 50 60 80 100 1000 z∗ 25 20 15 10 05 025 02 01 005 0025 001 0005 1.000 0.816 0.765 0.741 0.727 0.718 0.711 0.706 0.703 0.700 0.697 0.695 0.694 0.692 0.691 0.690 0.689 0.688 0.688 0.687 0.686 0.686 0.685 0.685 0.684 0.684 0.684 0.683 0.683 0.683 0.681 0.679 0.679 0.678 0.677 0.675 0.674 1.376 1.061 0.978 0.941 0.920 0.906 0.896 0.889 0.883 0.879 0.876 0.873 0.870 0.868 0.866 0.865 0.863 0.862 0.861 0.860 0.859 0.858 0.858 0.857 0.856 0.856 0.855 0.855 0.854 0.854 0.851 0.849 0.848 0.846 0.845 0.842 0.841 1.963 1.386 1.250 1.190 1.156 1.134 1.119 1.108 1.100 1.093 1.088 1.083 1.079 1.076 1.074 1.071 1.069 1.067 1.066 1.064 1.063 1.061 1.060 1.059 1.058 1.058 1.057 1.056 1.055 1.055 1.050 1.047 1.045 1.043 1.042 1.037 1.036 3.078 1.886 1.638 1.533 1.476 1.440 1.415 1.397 1.383 1.372 1.363 1.356 1.350 1.345 1.341 1.337 1.333 1.330 1.328 1.325 1.323 1.321 1.319 1.318 1.316 1.315 1.314 1.313 1.311 1.310 1.303 1.299 1.296 1.292 1.290 1.282 1.282 6.314 2.920 2.353 2.132 2.015 1.943 1.895 1.860 1.833 1.812 1.796 1.782 1.771 1.761 1.753 1.746 1.740 1.734 1.729 1.725 1.721 1.717 1.714 1.711 1.708 1.706 1.703 1.701 1.699 1.697 1.684 1.676 1.671 1.664 1.660 1.646 1.645 12.71 4.303 3.182 2.776 2.571 2.447 2.365 2.306 2.262 2.228 2.201 2.179 2.160 2.145 2.131 2.120 2.110 2.101 2.093 2.086 2.080 2.074 2.069 2.064 2.060 2.056 2.052 2.048 2.045 2.042 2.021 2.009 2.000 1.990 1.984 1.962 1.960 15.89 4.849 3.482 2.999 2.757 2.612 2.517 2.449 2.398 2.359 2.328 2.303 2.282 2.264 2.249 2.235 2.224 2.214 2.205 2.197 2.189 2.183 2.177 2.172 2.167 2.162 2.158 2.154 2.150 2.147 2.123 2.109 2.099 2.088 2.081 2.056 2.054 31.82 6.965 4.541 3.747 3.365 3.143 2.998 2.896 2.821 2.764 2.718 2.681 2.650 2.624 2.602 2.583 2.567 2.552 2.539 2.528 2.518 2.508 2.500 2.492 2.485 2.479 2.473 2.467 2.462 2.457 2.423 2.403 2.390 2.374 2.364 2.330 2.326 63.66 9.925 5.841 4.604 4.032 3.707 3.499 3.355 3.250 3.169 3.106 3.055 3.012 2.977 2.947 2.921 2.898 2.878 2.861 2.845 2.831 2.819 2.807 2.797 2.787 2.779 2.771 2.763 2.756 2.750 2.704 2.678 2.660 2.639 2.626 2.581 2.576 127.3 14.09 7.453 5.598 4.773 4.317 4.029 3.833 3.690 3.581 3.497 3.428 3.372 3.326 3.286 3.252 3.222 3.197 3.174 3.153 3.135 3.119 3.104 3.091 3.078 3.067 3.057 3.047 3.038 3.030 2.971 2.937 2.915 2.887 2.871 2.813 2.807 318.3 22.33 10.21 7.173 5.893 5.208 4.785 4.501 4.297 4.144 4.025 3.930 3.852 3.787 3.733 3.686 3.646 3.611 3.579 3.552 3.527 3.505 3.485 3.467 3.450 3.435 3.421 3.408 3.396 3.385 3.307 3.261 3.232 3.195 3.174 3.098 3.091 636.6 31.60 12.92 8.610 6.869 5.959 5.408 5.041 4.781 4.587 4.437 4.318 4.221 4.140 4.073 4.015 3.965 3.922 3.883 3.850 3.819 3.792 3.768 3.745 3.725 3.707 3.690 3.674 3.659 3.646 3.551 3.496 3.460 3.416 3.390 3.300 3.291 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 95% 96% 98% 99% 99.5% 99.8% 99.9% Confidence level C ... data The Practice of Statistics for Business and Economics (PSBE) is an introduction to statistics for students of business and economics based on this principle We present methods of basic statistics. .. applications that are economics- oriented and because the book can be used in the statistics course for economics Hence, the title is now The Practice of Statistics for Business and Economics • New... tastes and preferences Engineers gather data on the quality and reliability of manufactured products Most areas of academic study make use of numbers and therefore also make use of the methods of statistics