The effects of methyl ester jatropha curcas l oil on an automotive indirect injection diesel engine

THE EFFECTS OF METHYL ESTER JATROPHA CURCAS L OIL ON AN AUTOMOTIVE INDIRECT INJECTION DIESEL ENGINE The thesis submitted to the Department of Mechanical Engineering in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for the Degree of Master of Science in Mechanical Engineering Institut Teknologi Bandung by TRAN QUANG TUYEN NIM : 23104036 Mechanical Engineering Study Program INSTITUT TEKNOLOGI BANDUNG 2006 THE EFFECTS OF METHYL ESTER JATROPHA CURCAS L OIL ON AN AUTOMOTIVE INDIRECT INJECTION DIESEL ENGINE by Tran Quang Tuyen NIM : 23104036 Mechanical Engineering Study Program Institut Teknologi Bandung Supervisor Committee: Dr Iman Kartolaksono Reksowardojo Dr Tirto Prakoso Brodjonegoro Prof Wiranto Arismunandar ABSTRACT The objective of this research is to investigate the effects of using Methyl Ester Jatropha Curcas L oil (Methyl Ester JC oil) on automotive Indirect Injection (IDI) diesel engine A Toyota Kijang IDI diesel engine was used in this study A complex procedure was developed to investigate the effects of methyl ester on engine performance, engine exhaust gas emissions, and engine deposit (in its cylinder head, pistons, valves, and injectors) The performance tests were conducted at 75 % of maximum throttle position, and at speeds varying from 1,000 rpm to 3,000 rpm with 250 rpm increment The results showed that methyl ester JC oil and its blends with Diesel fuel are comparable to Diesel fuel in performance parameters However, these fuels give slightly lower torque, power output, and thermal efficiency, but slightly higher brake specific fuel consumption than Diesel fuel The reductions of thermal efficiency are respectively 1.21 %, 3.83 %, 1.48 % and 2.07 % for B10, B20, B50 and B100, as compared to diesel In emission tests, the test engine was run at 2000 rpm, and with BMEP of 100 kPa, 200 kPa, 300 kPa, 400 kPa, 450 kPa, and 500 kPa Using methyl ester JC oil and its blends significantly reduces HC, CO, Bosch smoke number, although slightly increases NOx emission The results of performance and emissions tests showed that B10 is the optimum fuel for the test engine The deposit and cleanliness tests were conducted according to procedures of paper SAE 942010 After 6-hour test, the deposit weight on combustion chamber parts is lower than that of engines using Diesel fuel During 6-hour test, the using of B10 has exhaust gas emission lower than that of Diesel fuel (54.97 % for HC and 16.13 % for CO) The results show that the using of B10 for 6-hour test help to improve quality operation of automotive IDI diesel engine Keywords: Biodiesel, Alternative fuels, Oxygenated fuel, Jatropha Curcas L oil, Physic Nut oil, Diesel engine, Injector Nozzle Coking I ACKNOWLEDGMENTS It has been a pleasure to have Dr Iman Kartolaksono Reksowardojo, Dr Tirto Prakoso Brodjonegoro, Prof Wiranto Arismunandar (Institut Teknologi Bandung, Indonesia), Assoc Prof Xuan Mai Pham (Hochiminh City University of Technology, Vietnam), and Prof Hideyuki Ogawa (Hokkaido of University, Japan) as my thesis advisors Their dedication and insightful knowledge into the area of internal combustion engines made this work possible The guidance and patience I received, was appreciated and had a profound impact on my research I would like to thank all of staff members of the Department of Mechanical Engineering and International Student Office, who provided valuable assistance on the time I studied at ITB Thanks to the AUN/Seed-Net, JICA, for financial support and also giving an opportunity study in the top institute in Southeast Asian Thanks to the all the members of the Laboratory of Internal Combustion Engine and Propulsion System, Department of Mechanical Engineering, and Laboratory of Production Unit, Department of Chemical Engineering in past and present A special thanks to my friends, Mr Nguyen Ngoc Dung, Mr Rey Sopheak, Mr Ichsan Halwan Lubis, and Mr Wishnu Mangala S.A for their contribution within and outside of ITB They aided not only in my research, but also were instrumental in getting me through the stressful times They are good friends and I wish them the best of luck in the future Thanks to my entire family for the love and encouragement during my time at the ITB I owe them so much; thank you mom and dad II TABLE OF CONTENTS Abstract I Acknowledgements II Table of Content III List of Figures IV List of Tables V Nomenclatures VI Chapter I Introduction I.1 Motivation .1 I.2 Objectives I.3 Methodology I.4 Outline Chapter II II.1 Basic Theory Background on Diesel Technology .6 II.1.1 Diesel Engine Overview .6 II.1.2 Mechanisms of Pollutant Formation in Diesel Engines II.1.2.1 Nitrogen Oxides Formation .7 II.1.2.2 Unburned Hydrocarbon Formation .8 II.1.2.3 Carbon Monoxide Formation II.1.2.4 Smoke Formation 10 II.2 Background on Biodiesel Technology .10 II.2.1 Biodiesel Fuel from Jatropha Curcas L oil 10 II.2.2 Properties of Methyl Ester Jatropha Curcas L oil .13 II.2.2.1 Chemical Composition and Properties 13 II.2.2.2 Cetane Number 15 II.2.2.3 Fuel Density 15 III II.2.2.4 Distillation Temperature 15 II.2.2.5 Heat of Combustion 16 II.2.2.6 Kinematics Viscosity .16 II.3 Summary 17 Chapter III Experimental Set-up and Procedures .18 III.1 Experimental Set-up 18 III.1.1 Test Engine 19 III.1.2 Test bench 20 III.1.3 Control Unit .20 III.1.4 Heat Exchanger 21 III.1.5 Lube Oil Pump 22 III.1.6 Fuel Measurement System 22 III.1.7 Air measurement system .23 III.1.8 Nitrogen Oxides Measurement 23 III.1.9 Hydrocarbon Measurement .24 III.1.10 Carbon Monoxide and Carbon Dioxides Measurement 24 III.1.11 Oxygen measurement 24 III.1.12 Heated Pre-Filter .25 III.1.13 Smoke Emission Measurement 25 III.1.14 Injector Cleanliness Measurement 26 III.2 Experimental Procedures 27 III.2.1 Test Fuels 27 III.2.2 Engine Operations .27 III.2.2.1 Performance Test .28 III.2.2.2 Exhaust Gas Emissions Test 28 III.2.2.3 Deposit and Cleanliness Test 29 Chapter IV Results and discussion of Performance and Emissions Test 31 IV.1 Performance Test 31 IV.1.1 Torque Output 31 IV IV.1.2 Power Output 32 IV.1.3 Brake Specific Fuel Consumption 33 IV.1.4 Thermal Efficiency .33 IV.2 Exhaust Gas Emissions Test 35 IV.2.1 Exhaust Gas Temperature 35 IV.2.2 Nitrogen Oxides 36 IV.2.3 Unburned Hydrocarbon 37 IV.2.4 Bosch Smoke Number 38 IV.2.5 Carbon Monoxide .38 IV.3 Summary 39 Chapter V Results and Discussion of Deposit and Cleanliness Test 42 V.1 Deposit Test 42 V.1.1 Cylinder head .42 V.1.2 Pistons 43 V.1.3 Intake Valves 44 V.1.4 Exhaust Valves 45 V.1.5 Injectors 47 V.1.6 Exhaust Gas Emissions 48 V.1.6.1 Unburned Hydrocarbon 48 V.1.6.2 Carbon Monoxide 49 V.2 Injector Cleanliness Analysis 49 V.2.1 Injector Volume Checking 49 V.2.2 Injectors Spray .50 V.3 Lube Oil Analysis .52 V.3.1 Viscosity of Lubricating Oil .52 V.3.2 Total Base Number .53 V.3.3 Wear Metal 54 V.4 Summary .54 V Chapter VI Conclusions and Recommendations 55 VI.1 Conclusions .55 VI.2 Recommendations 55 References .57 Appendix Physical and Chemical properties of the test fuels .61 Appendix Physical and Chemical properties of Lube oils 67 Appendix Results of Performance Test 70 Appendix Results of Exhaust Gas Emissions Test 73 Appendix Results of Deposit and Cleanliness Test 77 VI LIST OF FIGURES Figure I.1 Simple representation of the transesterification reaction Figure I.2 Average emission impacts of Biodiesel fuels in CI engines Figure II.1 Schematic diagram of Dec’s conceptual DI Diesel engine controlled combustion model showing mixing controlled combustion, before the end of injection Figure II.2 Flow chart of the Jatropha Curcas L oil extraction process using the mechanical ram-press 11 Figure II.3 Biodiesel Processing Unit 600 L/day at ITB 12 Figure II.4 Comparison of average boiling curves for Diesel fuel and Methyl Ester JC oil 16 Figure III.1 Schematic arrangement of the experimental apparatus 18 Figure III.2 Toyota Kijang IDI diesel engine 2L .19 Figure III.3 Eddy Current Dynamometer FE-260S 20 Figure III.4 Borghi & Saveri Control Unit .21 Figure III.5 Heat Exchanger for the test engine .21 Figure III.6 Lube oil pump for the test engine 22 Figure III.7 Fuel measuring device for the test engine 22 Figure III.8 Air measuring Bailey Fisher & Porter 10VT1221A .23 Figure III.9 IMR 2800A Gas Analyzer 23 Figure III.10 J.U.M Flame Ionization Analyzer 3-300A .24 Figure III.11 Multor 610 Non-Dispersive Infrared Analyzer 24 Figure III.12 Oxygen analyzer PMA 25 25 Figure III.13 Heated Pre-Filter 1128 25 Figure III.14 Bosch Smoke FAW65A 26 Figure III.15 Injector flow bench Bosch EPS 707 .26 Figure IV.1 Engine torque versus engine speed at 75 % of throttle 32 Figure IV.2 Engine power versus engine speed at 75 % of throttle 32 Figure IV.3 Brake specific fuel consumption versus engine speed at 75 % of throttle 33 Figure IV.4 Thermal efficiency versus engine speed at 75 % throttle .34 VII Figure IV.5 Thermal efficiency as a function of engine load at 2000 rpm 34 Figure IV.6 Exhaust gas temperature as a function of engine load at 2000 rpm 36 Figure IV.7 Oxides of Nitrogen as a function of engine load at 2000 rpm 37 Figure IV.8 Unburned Hydrocarbon as a function of engine load at 2000 rpm 37 Figure IV.9 Bosch Smoke Number as a function of engine load at 2000 rpm 38 Figure IV.10 Carbon Monoxide as a function of engine load at 2000 rpm 39 Figure IV.11 Excess Air ratio as a function of engine load at 2000 rpm 39 Figure IV.12 Dependency in percentage changes of performance and emissions on Biodiesel concentration in Diesel blends on the automotive IDI engine (NOx, HC, CO, and Smoke emissions are taken from the Exhaust Gas Emissions Test, whereas thermal efficiency and torque are taken from the Performance Test) 40 Figure V.1 Cylinder head pictures of B10 fuel (lower row) compared to B00 fuel (upper row) after 6-hour test 42 Figure V.2 Pistons of B10 fuel (lower row) compared to B00 fuel (upper row) after 6-hour test .43 Figure V.3 Deposit weight of Pistons for B10 fuel compared to Diesel fuel after 6-hour test .43 Figure V.4 Thickness of Pistons for B10 fuel compared to Diesel fuel after 6-hour test .44 Figure V.5 Intake valves of B10 fuel (lower row) as compared to B00 fuel (upper row) after 6-hour 45 Figure V.6 Deposit weight of B10 intake valves as compared to that of B00 intake valves after 6-hour tests .45 Figure V.7 Exhaust valves of B10 fuel (lower row) compared to B00 fuel (upper row) after 6-hour tests .46 Figure V.8 Deposit weight of Exhaust valves for B10 fuel compared to B00 fuel after 6-hour tests 46 Figure V.9 Injector nozzle coking of B10 fuel (lower row) compared to B00 fuel (upper row) after 6-hour test 47 Figure V.10 Injector tip coking of B10 fuel (lower row) compared to B00 fuel VIII Table B.1 Analysis results of used lube oil after 6-hour test for Diesel fuel 68 Table B.2 Analysis results of used lube oil after 6-hour test for B10 fuel 69 APPENDIX C RESULTS OF PERFORMANCE TEST 70 Table C.1 Results of Performance Test of Diesel fuel Test Speed Torque Mode (rpm) (Nm) 1000 1251 1501 1750 2000 2250 2503 2752 3002 Table C.2 114.0 122.0 124.0 129.0 113.0 88.0 67.8 52.8 21.2 Power (kW) 11.93 15.92 19.4 23.63 23.65 20.72 17.76 15.21 6.66 Exhaust Temperature (0C) 508 537 566 576 500 432 353 311 245 1000 1251 1501 1750 2000 2250 2503 2752 3002 BSFC (g/kW.h) 7.09 9.00 9.23 9.25 8.78 8.28 7.35 7.03 5.78 5849 7428 7618 7638 7247 6830 6063 5803 4769 490 467 393 323 306 330 341 382 716 Thermal Efficiency (%) 17.04 17.91 21.27 25.84 27.27 25.34 24.47 21.89 11.67 Fuel (l/h) Fuel (g/h) BSFC (g/kW.h) 7.09 9.00 9.23 9.25 8.78 8.28 7.35 7.03 5.78 5875 7461 7653 7672 7279 6861 6091 5829 4790 492 475 433 355 314 324 331 391 673 Thermal Efficiency (%) 17.11 17.74 19.46 23.70 26.79 26.02 25.48 21.55 12.52 Results of Performance Test of B20 fuel Test Speed Torque Mode (rpm) (Nm) Fuel (g/h) Results of Performance Test of B10 fuel Test Speed Torque Power Exhaust Mode (rpm) (Nm) (kW) Temperature (0C) 1000 114.0 11.93 509 1251 120.0 15.71 541 1500 112.6 17.68 564 1750 117.9 21.59 590 2001 110.5 23.15 540 2250 90.0 21.20 416 2501 70.4 18.43 355 2751 51.8 14.91 312 3002 22.7 7.12 255 Table C.3 Fuel (l/h) 114.0 121.6 123.5 129.0 113.0 88.0 67.8 52.8 21.2 Power (kW) 11.932 15.922 19.402 23.629 23.655 20.724 17.762 15.209 6.6612 Exhaust Temperature (0C) 508 537 566 576 500 432 353 311 245 71 Fuel (l/h) Fuel (g/h) BSFC (g/kW.h) 7.09 9.00 9.23 9.25 8.78 8.28 7.35 7.03 5.78 5849 7428 7618 7638 7247 6830 6063 5803 4769 490 467 393 323 306 330 341 382 716 Thermal Efficiency (%) 17.04 17.91 21.27 25.84 27.27 25.34 24.47 21.89 11.67 Table C.4 Results of Performance Test of B50 fuel Test Mode Speed (rpm) Torque (Nm) Power (kW) 1000 1251 1500 1750 2001 2250 2501 2751 3002 112.8 119.2 109.9 121.3 106.0 88.5 70.3 48.0 19.6 11.81 15.61 17.25 22.21 22.19 20.83 18.41 13.81 6.16 Table C.5 Exhaust Temperature (0C) 507 537 556 587 538 453 383 340 293 Fuel (l/h) Fuel (g/h) BSFC (g/kW.h) 7.09 9.00 9.23 9.25 8.78 8.28 7.35 7.03 5.78 5981 7596 7791 7810 7410 6985 6201 5934 4877 507 487 452 352 334 335 337 430 792 Thermal Efficiency (%) 17.20 17.91 19.30 24.78 26.10 25.99 25.86 21.20 11.50 Results of Performance Test of B100 fuel Test Mode Speed (rpm) Torque (Nm) Power (kW) 1000 1251 1500 1750 2001 2250 2501 2751 3002 115 120 110 120 105 85.7 62 47.9 20 12.00 15.67 17.29 21.92 21.96 20.19 16.23 13.79 6.30 Exhaust Temperature (0C) 508 536 556 577 514 404 333 296 242 72 Fuel (l/h) Fuel (g/h) BSFC (g/kW.h) 7.087 9.231 9.254 8.78 8.276 7.347 7.031 5.778 6114 7764 7964 7983 7575 7140 6338 6066 4985 509 496 461 364 345 354 391 440 792 Thermal Efficiency (%) 17.88 18.38 19.77 25.01 26.40 25.76 23.32 20.71 11.50 APPENDIX D RESULTS OF EXHAUST GAS EMISSIONS TEST 73 Table D.1 Results of Exhaust Gas Emissions Test of Diesel fuel Test Mode Speed (rpm) Torque (Nm) Power (kW) V-air (m3/h) T-Exh ( C) NOx (ppm) HC (ppm) CO (ppm) CO2 (%) O2 (%) Smoke number Air (kg/h) Fuel (g/h) BSFC (g/kWh) Ther.Eff (%) BMEP (kPa) Lambda 2004 2004 2002 2004 2003 2002 19.8 39.7 58.9 78.9 87.7 97.0 4.15 8.33 12.34 16.55 18.39 20.33 128.9 127.7 126.4 125.5 122.2 120.9 191 242 332 427 478 541 115 144 200 246 272 263 80 70 66 62 120 140 247 249 249 254 257 271 3.89 4.82 6.98 9.18 10.40 11.18 17.2 16.1 14.0 12.2 11.5 10.3 1.0 1.4 1.8 2.2 2.4 2.5 133 132 130 129 126 125 2751 3623 4502 5714 6190 6752 662 435 365 345 337 332 12.61 19.20 22.90 24.19 24.81 25.14 102 204 302 405 450 498 3.31 2.49 1.98 1.55 1.39 1.26 CO2 (%) 3.59 4.84 6.18 7.93 9.03 10.46 O2 (%) 17.4 16.3 15 13.3 12.3 11.2 Smoke number 1.2 1.2 1.8 1.8 2.1 Air (kg/h) 133 130 128 126 124 123 Fuel (g/h) 2763 3640 4522 5740 6218 6783 BSFC (g/kWh) 666 445 369 350 338 332 Ther.Eff (%) 12.65 18.92 22.84 24.09 24.93 25.39 BMEP (kPa) 102 200 300 402 451 501 Lambda Table D.2 Test Mode Speed (rpm) 2003 2003 2003 2003 2003 2004 Results of Exhaust Gas Emissions Test of B10 fuel Torque (Nm) 19.8 39 58.5 78.3 87.8 97.5 Power (kW) 4.15 8.18 12.26 16.42 18.41 20.45 V-air (m3/h) 129 126.5 124.2 122.4 120.2 118.9 T-Exh (0C) 182 237 298 369 432 503 NOx (ppm) 124 187 233 260 287 275 HC (ppm) 62 62 57 53 62 86 CO (ppm) 221 227 240 246 250 253 74 3.30 2.46 1.94 1.51 1.37 1.24 Table D.3 Test Mode Speed (rpm) 2001 2003 2004 2004 2003 2004 Table D.4 Test Mode Speed (rpm) 2000 2000 2003 2004 2005 2005 Results of Exhaust Gas Emissions Test of B20 fuel Torque (Nm) 19.8 40.0 58.7 78.4 87.9 97.5 Power (kW) 4.15 8.39 12.31 16.44 18.43 20.45 V-air (m3/h) 128.7 126.7 125.4 123.7 121.9 120.5 T-Exh (0C) 193 251 325 410 468 528 NOx (ppm) 100 156 222 258 269 260 HC (ppm) 68 65 61 60 76 83 CO (ppm) 245 246 251 264 255 268 CO2 (%) 3.57 5.14 6.67 9.02 9.89 11.83 O2 (%) 17.3 16 14.2 12.4 11.6 9.9 Smoke number 1.0 1.1 1.5 1.6 1.8 2.0 Air (kg/h) 133 131 129 128 126 124 Fuel (g/h) 2677 3656 4542 5972 6447 7259 BSFC (g/kWh) 645 436 369 363 350 355 Ther.Eff (%) 13.16 19.48 23.02 23.39 24.28 23.93 BMEP (kPa) 102 205 301 403 451 501 Lambda CO2 (%) 3.35 4.92 6.98 8.81 10.26 11.42 O2 (%) 17.7 16.1 14.3 12.3 11.3 10.5 Smoke number 0.7 0.9 1.1 1.5 1.7 1.8 Air (kg/h) 130 129 126 124 1222 120 Fuel (g/h) 2762 3575 4674 5958 6605 7339 BSFC (g/kWh) 717 407 379 362 358 357 Ther.Eff (%) 12.15 21.43 23.02 24.08 24.36 24.42 BMEP (kPa) 94 216 302 403 452 503 Lambda 3.40 2.45 1.95 1.46 1.34 1.17 Results of Exhaust Gas Emissions Test of B50 fuel Torque (Nm) 18.4 42 58.9 78.5 88 98 Power (kW) 3.85 8.79 12.35 16.47 18.47 20.57 V-air (m3/h) 126.5 124.8 122.3 120.1 118.1 116.6 T-Exh (0C) 186 244 320 412 470 530 NOx (ppm) 110 175 250 273 273 268 HC (ppm) 75 62 50 48 47 56 CO (ppm) 249 233 239 223 219 240 75 3.24 2.47 1.85 1.42 1.26 1.12 Table D.5 Test Mode Speed (rpm) 2000 2002 2002 2003 2005 2005 Table D.6 Results of Exhaust Gas Emissions Test of B100 fuel Torque (Nm) 19.7 39.8 58.6 78.6 87.9 97 Power (kW) 4.12 8.34 12.28 16.48 18.45 20.36 V-air (m3/h) 125.6 123.5 122.8 121.7 120.3 118.7 T-Exh (0C) 203 264 321 403 450 500 NOx (ppm) 122 187 223 258 269 271 HC (ppm) 64 57 47 42 41 56 CO (ppm) 220 221 216 229 220 217 CO2 (%) 3.93 5.43 6.85 9.1 9.76 10.98 O2 (%) 17.1 15.5 14.3 12.6 11.8 10.7 Smoke number 0.8 0.6 0.9 1.2 1.2 1.3 Air (kg/h) 130 127 127 126 124 123 Fuel (g/h) 2986 4197 5176 6417 6902 7575 BSFC (g/kWh) 724 503 422 389 374 372 Ther.Eff (%) 12.58 18.10 21.60 23.39 24.34 24.47 BMEP (kPa) 101 204 301 404 451 498 Lambda 2.97 2.08 1.68 1.34 1.23 1.11 Summary results of Performance and Exhaust Gas Emissions Test of Biodiesel fuels Fuels Average NOx NOx relatively to B00 fuel Average HC B00 B10 B20 B50 B100 207 228 211 225 222 0.00 10.16 2.02 8.79 7.26 89.67 63.67 68.83 56.33 51.17 HC relatively to B00 fuel 0.00 - 29.00 - 23.23 - 37.17 - 42.94 Average CO 254.50 239.50 254.83 233.83 220.50 CO relatively to B00 fuel 0.00 - 5.89 0.13 - 8.12 - 13.36 76 Average Smoke emission 1.88 1.68 1.50 1.28 1.00 Smoke Number relatively to B00 fuel 0.00 - 10.62 - 20.35 - 31.86 - 46.90 Average Thermal Efficiency 21.41 21.15 20.59 21.09 20.97 Thermal Efficiency relatively to B00 fuel 0.00 - 1.21 - 3.83 - 1.48 - 2.07 Average Torque 92.32 89.99 86.62 88.39 87.18 Torque relatively to B00 fuel 0.00 - 2.53 - 6.17 - 4.26 - 5.57 APPENDIX E RESULTS OF DEPOSIT AND CLEANLINESS TEST 77 Table E.1 Results of Exhaust Gas Emissions for 6-hour test for Diesel fuel Time (h) HC (ppm) CO (ppm) CO2 (%vol) O2 (%vol) Time (h) HC (ppm) CO (ppm) CO2 (%vol) O2 (%vol) 0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00 1.25 1.50 1.75 2.00 2.25 2.50 2.75 3.00 160 150 170 210 230 250 190 170 140 130 120 100 122 493 443 368 316 313 311 287 276 279 274 233 225 229 9.04 8.68 8.43 9.68 9.32 9.32 9.41 9.26 9.24 9.26 9.35 9.33 9.23 12 12.5 12.8 11.8 12.1 12.2 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.3 12.3 12.3 12.3 3.25 3.50 3.75 4.00 4.25 4.50 4.75 5.00 5.25 5.50 5.75 6.00 130 120 150 140 150 140 140 130 130 120 114 105 237 219 218 213 197 211 212 191 184 188 200 188 9.27 9.32 9.37 9.33 9.36 9.56 9.41 9.53 9.51 9.43 9.41 9.35 12.3 12.3 12.2 12.3 12.3 12.1 12.2 12.2 12.1 12.2 12.2 12.7 78 Table E.2 Results of Exhaust Gas Emissions for 6-hour test for B10 fuel Time (h) HC (ppm) CO (ppm) CO2 (%vol) O2 (%vol) Time (h) HC (ppm) CO (ppm) CO2 (%vol) O2 (%vol) 0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00 1.25 1.50 1.75 2.00 2.25 2.50 2.75 3.00 83 72 68 71 67 78 77 70 67 69 72 71 68 241 207 209 215 200 198 214 174 168 175 180 180 170 9.71 9.69 9.56 10.08 10.07 9.41 10.75 10.24 10.16 9.8 9.38 9.18 9.44 12.1 12 12.1 11.7 11.7 12.3 11.2 11.7 11.7 11.7 12.4 12.3 12.5 3.25 3.50 3.75 4.00 4.25 4.50 4.75 5.00 5.25 5.50 5.75 6.00 66 60 55 55 58 57 60 63 66 66 69 63 166 199 220 195 190 195 265 314 303 305 303 270 9.95 10.41 10.77 10.64 10.62 10.48 11.14 11.19 10.9 11.02 11.03 11.11 12.3 11.8 11.4 11.1 11.2 11.3 10.7 10.6 10.7 10.7 10.7 10.6 79 Table E.3 Results of Deposit and Cleanliness Test for diesel fuel Before test After test Cylinder No.1 Piston weight, gram 612.7167 Piston thickness, mm 656.3500 Before test After test Cylinder No.2 615.6000 0.0350 659.3500 Before test After test Cylinder No.3 611.0500 0.0450 655.0167 Before test After test Cylinder No.4 615.5667 0.0400 659.4167 0.0350 Intake Valves weight, gram 100.5458 100.5688 101.4276 101.4538 99.7587 99.8526 100.8346 100.8531 Exhaust valves weight, gram 87.5937 87.6008 86.5990 86.7990 86.7652 86.8180 87.0272 87.0480 Nozzle weight, gram 13.8894 13.9010 13.8647 13.8787 13.8316 13.8412 13.8722 20.1 19 20.1 19 20.1 19.4 20.1 Fuel flow for 300stroke at 500 rpm of the engine fuel pump, ml Fuel flow loss after 6-hour test, % 5.4726 5.4726 80 3.4826 13.8842 19.7 1.9900 Table E.4 Results of Deposit and Cleanliness Test for B10 fuel Before test After test Cylinder No.1 Piston weight, gram 655.5833 Piston thickness, mm 656.1500 Before test After test Cylinder No.2 658.4000 0.0450 659.2167 Before test After test Cylinder No.3 653.9500 0.0350 654.8333 Before test After test Cylinder No.4 658.4500 0.0450 659.0500 0.0350 Intake Valves weight, gram 100.5231 100.5503 101.3120 101.3277 99.7288 99.7632 100.8064 100.8216 Exhaust valves weight, gram 87.5526 87.5610 86.5706 86.5828 86.7550 86.7743 86.9856 87.0027 Nozzle weight, gram 13.8963 13.9057 13.9398 13.9515 13.8323 13.8387 13.8840 13.8893 20.1 19.1 20.1 19.4 20.1 20 20.1 19.9 Fuel flow for 300stroke at 500 rpm of the engine fuel pump, ml Fuel flow loss after 6-hour test, % 4.9751 3.4826 81 0.4975 0.9950 Figure E.1 Cone spray of injector with new nozzle for B00 (left) and B10 fuel (right) 82 ... performance and the exhaust gas emissions Those are the pure Biodiesel fuel (100 % Methyl Ester JC oil) , the Diesel fuel, and the blends of 10 %, 20 % and 50 % volume of Methyl Ester JC oil and Diesel. .. 1.94a The all of fuel parameters of Methyl Ester JC oil meet the specifications for Biodiesel of the world and Indonesia (Table II.2) Table II.2 Summary of National standard for Biodiesel and Biodiesel... of the fuel based upon the LHV Table II.1 reports heating values for Diesel fuel, and Methyl Ester JC oil; Diesel fuel contains typically 42.043 kJ/kg while the Biodiesel contain approximately