Criminalistic an introduction to forentic science 12e saferstein

www.freebookslides.com www.freebookslides.com >>>>>>>>>>>> edition Criminalistics An Introduction to Forensic Science Richard Saferstein, Ph.D Forensic Science Consultant, Mt Laurel, New Jersey 330 Hudson Street, NY, NY 10013 12 www.freebookslides.com Vice President, Portfolio Management: Andrew Gilfillan Portfolio Manager: Gary Bauer Editorial Assistant: Lynda Cramer Senior Vice President, Marketing: David Gesell Field Marketing Manager: Thomas Hayward Product Marketing Manager: Kaylee Carlson Senior Marketing Coordinator: Les Roberts Director, Digital Studio and Content Production: Brian Hyland Managing Producer: Cynthia Zonneveld Manager, Rights Management: Johanna Burke Creative Digital Lead: Mary Siener Managing Producer, Digital Studio: Autumn Benson Content Producer, Digital Studio: Maura Barclay Project Management Support: Susan Hannahs, SPi Global Manufacturing Buyer: Deidra Smith, Higher Ed, RR Donnelley Cover Designer: Melissa Welch, StudioMontage Full-Service Management and Composition: iEnergizer Aptara®, Ltd Full-Service Project Managers: Mickey Mankus and Megha Bhardwaj, iEnergizer Aptara®, Ltd Printer/Bindery: RR Donnelley/Menasha Cover Printer: Lehigh Phoenix Color Text Font: Times LT Pro 10/12 Cover Images: Getty Images © Jason Butcher; Shutterstock © kilukilu; Shutterstock © mikeledray; Shutterstock © Photographee.eu Copyright © 2018, 2015, 2011, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc All rights reserved Manufactured in the United States of America This publication is protected by copyright, and permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise To obtain permission(s) to use material from this work, please submit a written request to Pearson Education, Inc For information regarding permissions, request forms, and the appropriate contacts within the Pearson Education Global Rights and Permissions department, please visit www.pearsoned com/permissions/ Acknowledgments of third-party content appear on the appropriate page within the text Unless otherwise indicated herein, any third-party trademarks, logos, or icons that may appear in this work are the property of their respective owners, and any references to third-party trademarks, logos, icons, or other trade dress are for demonstrative or descriptive purposes only Such references are not intended to imply any sponsorship, endorsement, authorization, or promotion of Pearson’s products by the owners of such marks, or any relationship between the owner and Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates, authors, licensees, or distributors Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Saferstein, Richard Title: Criminalistics : an introduction to forensic science / Richard Saferstein, Ph.D., Forensic Science Consultant, Mt Laurel, New Jersey Description: 12th edition | Boston : Pearson Education, [2018] | Includes index Identifiers: LCCN 2016036756 | ISBN 9780134477596 (alk paper) | ISBN 0134477596 (alk paper) Subjects: LCSH: Criminal investigation | Forensic ballistics | Chemistry, Forensic | Medical jurisprudence Classification: LCC HV8073 S2 2018 | DDC 363.25—dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2016036756 10  9  8  7  6  5  4  3  2 ISBN 10:  0-13-447759-6 ISBN 13: 978-0-13-447759-6 www.freebookslides.com To the memory of Fran and Michael www.freebookslides.com This page intentionally left blank www.freebookslides.com brief contents preface xi about the author  xvii chapter chapter 11 Introduction 3 31 61 Metals, Paint, and Soil 79 103 Fingerprints 129 chapter 153 169 chapter 16 chapter 17 Forensic Aspects of Fire and Explosion Investigation 427 Document Examination 459 chapter 19 chapter Firearms, Tool Marks, and Other Impressions 373 chapter 18 chapter The Microscope 347 DNA: The Indispensable Forensic 397 Science Tool chapter Forensic Biometrics 319 chapter 15 Forensic Serology chapter Death Investigation Forensic Toxicology chapter 14 chapter Crime-Scene Reconstruction: Bloodstain Pattern Analysis Drugs 279 chapter 13 chapter Physical Evidence 251 chapter 12 chapter The Crime Scene Hairs and Fibers Computer Forensics 187 chapter 10 Matter, Light, and Glass Examination 223 477 chapter 20 Mobile Device Forensics 505 appendixes519 index531     v www.freebookslides.com contents preface xi about the author  xvii chapter chapter Introduction Definition and Scope of Forensic Science History and Development of Forensic Science Crime Laboratories Organization of a Crime Laboratory 10 Case Files Forensic Science Helps Unravel the Mystery of the Anthrax Letters Functions of the Forensic Scientist 15 Case Files NIBIN Links Handgun to Suspects Other Forensic Science Services 22 Chapter Summary 25 Review Questions 25 Application and Critical Thinking 26 Further References 29 chapter 73 73 73 Case Files Aztec Gold Metallic Hit and Run 74 Chapter Summary 75 Review Questions 76 Application and Critical Thinking 76 Further References 77 chapter 31 32 42 47 49 50 Chapter Summary 51 Review Questions 52 Application and Critical Thinking 53 Further References 54 Case Analysis 54 Crime-Scene Reconstruction: Bloodstain Pattern Analysis Crime-Scene Reconstruction General Features of Bloodstain Formation 79 80 81 Case File Pistorius: A Valentine’s Day Murder Impact Bloodstain Spatter Patterns Classifying Impact Spatter Origin of Impact Patterns More Bloodstain Spatter Patterns 81 84 84 86 87 Case Files Case Study vi     Gerald Wallace The Center City Rapist 20 The Enrique Camarena Case: A Forensic Nightmare 62 63 70 Case Files 14 Dr Coppolino’s Deadly House Calls Processing the Crime Scene Collecting and Packaging Physical Evidence Maintaining the Chain of Custody Ensuring Crime-Scene Safety Legal Considerations at the Crime Scene Common Types of Physical Evidence The Significance of Physical Evidence Forensic Databases 61 Case Files Case Files The Crime Scene Physical Evidence Blood-Spatter Evidence 55 88 Documenting Bloodstain Pattern Evidence 93 www.freebookslides.com contents    vii Case Files Digital Imaging for Fingerprint Enhancement Bloodstain Reconstruction 96 Chapter Summary 98 Chapter Summary 148 98 146 Review Questions 149 Application and Critical Thinking 100 Application and Critical Thinking 150 Further References 101 Further References 151 Review Questions chapter chapter Death Investigation Role of the Forensic Pathologist The Autopsy Cause of Death 103 104 105 108 Case Files Harold Shipman, Dr Death Manner of Death 109 111 Case Files The Sheridans: Murder or Suicide Estimating Time of Death Role of the Forensic Anthropologist 113 114 116 Case Files Identifying a Serial Killer’s Victims Role of the Forensic Entomologist 121 122 Case Files The Danielle Van Dam Murder Case 123 Chapter Summary 124 Review Questions 124 Application and Critical Thinking 126 Further References 127 chapter Fingerprints History of Fingerprinting Fundamental Principles of Fingerprints Classification of Fingerprints Automated Fingerprint Identification Systems Methods of Detecting Fingerprints 129 130 131 136 137 139 Case Files The Night Stalker 139 Case Files The Mayfield Affair Preservation of Developed Prints 140 146 Forensic Biometrics Introduction to Biometrics Enrolling and Extracting Biometric Data The Iris Facial Recognition 153 154 156 157 160 Case Files Living a Double Life 163 The Next Generation Identification System 163 Chapter Summary 166 Review Questions 166 Application and Critical Thinking 167 Further References 167 chapter The Microscope Basics of the Microscope The Compound Microscope The Comparison Microscope The Stereoscopic Microscope The Polarizing Microscope The Microspectrophotometer The Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) Forensic Palynology: Pollen and Spores as Evidence 169 170 171 173 175 176 177 178 180 Case Files Clues from the Cornfield 183 Chapter Summary 184 Review Questions 184 Application and Critical Thinking 185 Further References 185 chapter Firearms, Tool Marks, and Other Impressions Types of Firearms 187 188 www.freebookslides.com viii    contents Bullet and Cartridge Comparisons Automated Firearms Search Systems 189 196 Case Files Sacco and Vanzetti Gunpowder Residues Primer Residues on the Hands Serial Number Restoration Collection and Preservation of Firearms Evidence Tool Marks Other Impressions 197 200 203 206 207 208 211 218 Chapter Summary 218 Review Questions 219 Application and Critical Thinking 220 Further References 221 chapter 10 Matter, Light, and Glass Examination The Nature of Matter Physical Properties of Matter Theory of Light Forensic Analysis of Glass Glass Fractures Collection and Preservation of Glass Evidence 223 224 227 235 237 243 245 Chapter Summary 246 Review Questions 246 Review Questions for Inside the Science 247 Application and Critical Thinking 248 Further References 249 chapter 11 Hairs and Fibers Forensic Examination of Hair Morphology of Hair Identification and Comparison of Hair 252 252 257 Case Files The Central Park Jogger Case Revisited Collection and Preservation of Hair Evidence Identification and Comparison of Manufactured Fibers 258 260 261 266 Case Files Fatal Vision Revisited Collection and Preservation of Fiber Evidence 270 272 Chapter Summary 273 Review Questions 273 Review Questions for Inside the Science 274 Application and Critical Thinking 275 Further References 277 chapter 12 Drugs Drug Dependence Types of Drugs Drug-Control Laws Collection and Preservation of Drug Evidence Forensic Drug Analysis Chromatography Spectrophotometry Mass Spectrometry 279 280 282 294 296 296 299 307 310 Chapter Summary 313 Review Questions 314 Review Questions for Inside the Science 316 Application and Critical Thinking 316 Further References 317 chapter 13 Forensic Toxicology 251 261 Case Files The Ennis Cosby Homicide Case Files The O J Simpson Trial—Who Left the Impressions at the Crime Scene? Forensic Examination of Fibers Role of Forensic Toxicology Toxicology of Alcohol Testing for Intoxication Field Sobriety Testing Analysis of Blood for Alcohol Alcohol and the Law The Role of the Toxicologist 319 320 320 324 327 329 330 333 Case Files Michael Jackson: The Demise of a Superstar 334 www.freebookslides.com contents    ix Case Files Accidental Overdose: The Tragedy of Anna Nicole Smith Case Files 335 Case Files Joann Curley: Caught by a Hair 339 The Drug Recognition Expert 340 Chapter Summary 343 Review Questions 343 Review Questions for Inside the Science 344 Application and Critical Thinking 345 Further References 345 Forensic Analysis of Trace Elements 347 348 Case Files Death by Radiation Poisoning Forensic Examination of Paint 357 360 Case Files The Predator Forensic Analysis of Soil 365 366 Collection and Preservation of Soil Evidence 393 Review Questions 394 Review Questions for Inside the Science 395 Application and Critical Thinking 395 Further References 395 chapter 16 What Is DNA? DNA at Work Replication of DNA DNA Typing with Short Tandem Repeats 401 Reopening the Boston Strangler Case 409 The Combined DNA Index System (CODIS) Mitochondrial DNA 412 412 368 369 Cold Case Hit Collection and Preservation of Biological Evidence for DNA Analysis 369 Case Files Review Questions 370 Review Questions for Inside the Science 371 Contact Lens Evidence Application and Critical Thinking 371 Further References 371 chapter 15 The Nature of Blood Blood Typing Immunoassay Techniques Forensic Characterization of Bloodstains Principles of Heredity Forensic Characterization of Semen Collection and Preservation of Rape Evidence 398 400 401 Case Files Chapter Summary Forensic Serology 397 Case Files Case Files Soil: The Silent Witness Chapter Summary DNA: The Indispensable Forensic Science Tool chapter 14 Metals, Paint, and Soil A DNA Bonus 392 373 374 376 378 378 384 386 389 412 415 418 Case Files The JonBenét Ramsey Murder Case 419 Chapter Summary 421 Review Questions 422 Review Questions for Inside the Science 423 Application and Critical Thinking 423 Further References 425 chapter 17 Forensic Aspects of Fire and Explosion Investigation Forensic Investigation of Arson The Chemistry of Fire Searching the Fire Scene 427 428 428 435 www.freebookslides.com  Drug facilitated sexual assault evidence toxicology kit, 391 Drug-induced death, 111 Drug influence evaluation form, 341 Drug recognition expert (DRE), 340–342 Drug recognition process, 342 Drug-related death, 108 Drug use and abuse, 279–317 alcohol, 289 amphetamines, 290 anabolic steroids, 293–294 antipsychotics and antianxiety drugs, 289 barbiturates, 289 chromatography, 299, 300–301 club drugs, 291–293 cocaine, 290–291 collection/preservation of drug evidence, 296 color tests, 297–298 confirmation, 297 Controlled Substances Act, 294–296 depressants, 289–290 drug, defined, 280 drug-control laws, 294–296 drug dependence, 280–281, 282 forensic drug analysis, 296–313 gas chromatography (GC), 299–303 hallucinogens, 284–288 marijuana, 285–286 mass spectrometry, 310–313 microcrystalline test, 298–299 narcotic drugs, 282–284 opiates, 283–284 quantitative vs qualitative determination, 297 screening test, 297 social aspects of drug use, 281–282 spectrophometry, 307–310 stimulants, 290–291 TLC, 302–306 DRUGFIRE, 197 Druggist fold, 44, 46 Drunkenness See Alcohol use/abuse Duquenois-Levine, 298 Dust impressions, 212 Dyed vs bleached hair, 257 Dynamite, 446, 447 E E-mail, 497 Ecstasy (drug), 292–293 EDTA, 330 EFS, 512 Egg, 384 Ejaculation, 386 Ejector, 196 Electrical energy, 429 Electrocoat primer, 360 Electrocution, 112–113 Index    537 Electromagnetic spectrum, 235, 236 Electron, 352 Electron orbital, 354 Electronic crime scene See Computer forensics Electropherogram, 410 Electrophoresis, 389 capillary, 409, 410 defined, 403 gel, 405 Electrophoretic method, 383 Electrostatic detection apparatus (ESDA), 473 Electrostatic lifting technique, 212, 213 Element, 224, 225–226, 354 Emission spectrograph, 353 Emission spectroscopy, 351, 353, 362 Emission spectrum, 351–352, 354 EMIT, 379 Empty magnification, 173 Emulsion explosives, 446–447 EnCase, 487, 488, 490 Endothermic reaction, 429 Energy, 429 Energy level, 354 English system of measurement, 228 Enrique Camarena case, 55–59 Entomological evidence, 122 Entomophilous plants, 182 Enzyme-multiplied immunoassay technique (EMIT), 379 Epidermis, 133 Epithelial cells, 415 Equal-arm balance, 231 Equanil, 282 Erasure, 467 Erythrocytes, 374 Erythroxylon coca, 291 Escobar, Pablo, 278 ESDA, 473 Esophagus, 323 Ethyl alcohol, 289, 320, 330 See also Alcohol use/abuse Evidence admissibility, 17–21 arson, 438 autopsy, 106 biological materials, 45, 47, 415–418 bloodstains See Bloodstain pattern analysis chain of custody, 47–48 collecting, 43 contact lens, 418 DNA, 46, 415–418 See also DNA evidence drug, 296 explosions, 449–452 fiber, 272 firearms, 207–208 glass, 245 hair, 260–261 handling, 43–44 insect, 122–123 www.freebookslides.com 538    Index Evidence (Cont.) legal considerations, 50–51 packaging, 44–45 paint, 363–366 physical See Physical evidence pollen and spores, 180–183 rape, 389–392 searching for, 38–42 soil, 366, 369 standard/reference sample, 48 submitting, to laboratory, 48–49 substrate controls, 48 tool mark, 209–211 toxicological, 334–335 Evidence-collection guides, 22 Evidence containers, 44–47 Evidence submission form, 48, 49 Evidence technicians, 21 Excited state, 354 Excretion, 321 Exemplar, 463 Exine, 182 Exothermic reaction, 429 Expert testimony, 17, 19–21 Expert witness, 19 Expirated blood pattern, 90 Explosions/explosives, 441–453 analyzing the evidence, 450–453 chemistry of explosions, 443–444 collection and packaging of evidence, 450 detecting and recovering evidence, 449–450 high explosives, 446–448 liquid explosives, 449 low explosives, 445 oxidizing agents, 444 primary/secondary explosives, 446 EXT2, 483 EXT3, 483 Ext4, 512 Extinction, 176 Extractor, 196 Eye protection, 50 Eyepiece lens, 170 F Fabric impression, 211 Facial reconstruction, 120, 121 Fahrenheit scale, 229, 230 Familial DNA searching, 413 Faraday bag, 509 Faraday shield, 500 Farber, Marjorie, 20 FAT12, 483 FAT16, 483 FAT32, 483 Fatal Vision (McGinniss), 270 Father of criminal identification (Bertillon), Fauld, Henry, 130 Fax machines, 466 FBI See Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) FBI Laboratory, 9, 11, 12 FBI system, 137 Feathering, 91 Feature phones, 507 Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) CODIS, 70–71 crime laboratory, 9, 11, 12 DNA database, 70–72 fingerprint classification system, 136–137 fingerprint database, 70, 137 Forensic Science Research and Training Center, general rifling characteristics file, 195 Federal crime laboratories, 11 Federal Rules of Evidence, 17, 18 Fentanyl, 296 Fertilizer, 447 FFT, 147 Fiber comparisons, 67 Fibers, 261–272 chemical composition, 268 collection/preservation, 272 crystallinity, 269 double refraction/birefringence, 269 dye composition, 266–268 generic, 263–264 manufactured, 262, 266 microscopic examination, 266 natural, 262 refractive index, 270 significance of a match, 272 synthetic, 266, 267 types, 262 Fibrin, 374 Field color test kit, 298 Field of view, 172 Field sobriety tests, 327–329 Fifth Amendment, 331 File slack, 491, 492 File system, 511 File system table, 481 Finger Prints (Galton), 8, 130 Fingernail scrapings, 43 Fingerprint See Fingerprinting Fingerprint classification system, 136–137 Fingerprint comparison chart, 147, 148 Fingerprint databases, 70 Fingerprint powders, 141–142 Fingerprinting, 129–151 ACE-V, 136 AFIS, 70, 137–139 arches, 135 classification of fingerprints, 136–137 comparing fingerprints, 138, 147, 148 www.freebookslides.com  developing/visualizing latent prints, 141–146 digital enhancement, 146–148 FBI system, 137 fundamental principles, 131–135 Henry system, 130–131, 137 historical overview, 130–131 IAFIS, 70, 137 International Association for Identification resolution (1973), 133 locating fingerprints, 140–141 loops, 134 Ne’urim Declaration, 133 obliterating the fingerprint, 134 preservation of developed prints, 146 ridge characteristics, 131–132 ridge comparisons, 132–133 types of crime-scene prints, 139 whorls, 134–135 Finished sketch, 38, 40 Fire investigation, 427–441 accelerants, 436 analysis of flammable residues, 439–440 chemistry of fire, 428–433 combustion, 429–433 energy, 429 exothermic/endothermic reaction, 429 flammable range, 432 flash point, 431 flashover, 434 fuel-air mix, 432 glowing combustion, 432 headspace transfer, 438 heat transfer, 433–434 igniters, 437 ignition temperature, 430 ILRC, 438–439 oxidation, 428 packaging and preservation of evidence, 437 point of origin, 435–436 pyrolis, 431 requirements to initiate combustion, 433 searching the fire scene, 434–436 spontaneous combustion, 432–433 substrate control, 437 suspect’s clothing, 437 telltale sign of arson, 434–435 timeliness of investigation, 435 V-shaped pattern, 435, 436 vapor concentration, 438 Firearm identification, 188–208 ballistic fingerprinting, 200 bullet comparison, 193–195 bullet markings, 192–193 cartridge cases, 196 collection/preservation of evidence, 207–208 defined, 188 distance determination, 200–202 Index    539 gun barrel, 190–195 gunpowder residue, 200–206 powder residue, 200–203 primer residue, 203–206 rifling methods, 191–192 search systems, 197–200 serial number restoration, 206–207 types of firearms, 188–189 underwater location, weapon found in, 208 Firearms death, 104 Firearms unit, 13 Firewall, 498 Firing distance, 200–202 Firing pin impression, 197 Flammable range, 432 Flash point, 431 Flash ROM, 480 Flashover, 434 Flat file database, 511 Flies, 122 Float glass, 237, 348 Flotation, 238 Flow pattern, 92 Fluoresce, 305 Fluorescence, 144, 145 Follicular tag, 256 Footwear impressions, 73, 74, 216–217 See also Impressions Forensic Animal Hair Atlas, 256 Forensic anthropology, 116–121 facial reconstruction, 120 mass disaster, 120 recovering and processing remains, 116 victim characteristics, 116–119 Forensic artist, 121 Forensic Autopsy, 487, 490 Forensic characterization of bloodstains, 378–384 See also Bloodstain characterization Forensic comparison, 64 Forensic computer and digital analysis, 23 See also Computer forensics; Mobile device forensics Forensic databases, 70–74 DNA databases, 70–72 fingerprint databases, 70 other databases, 72–74 Forensic drug analysis, 296–313 Forensic engineering, 23 Forensic entomology, 122–123 Forensic image acquisition, 487 Forensic index, 70 Forensic/medicolegal autopsy, 105 Forensic odontology, 23 Forensic palynology, 180–183 Forensic pathologist, 104 Forensic psychiatry, 22 Forensic science crime laboratories See Crime laboratories defined, www.freebookslides.com 540    Index Forensic science (Cont.) diversity of professions, functions of forensic scientist, 15–22 future challenges, 11 important contributors, 6–9 literary roots, other services, 22–24 TV dramatization, web sites, 24 Forensic Science Research and Training Center (FBI), Forensic sculptor, 121 Forensic serology, 373–395 antigens and antibodies, 375–376 blood, 374–376 blood typing, 376–378 bloodstains, 378–384 immunoassay techniques, 378 polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies, 380–381 principles of heredity, 384–386 rape evidence, 389–392 semen/seminal stains, 386–389, 392 Forensic software, 490 Forensic Toolkit (FTK), 487, 490 Forensic toxicology, 319–345 acids and bases, 335–336 alcohol See Alcohol use/abuse carbon monoxide, 338–339 collection and preservation of evidence, 334–335 detecting drugs in hair, 337–338 drug recognition expert, 340–342 heavy metals, 338 pH scale, 336 screening and confirmation, 336–337 significance of toxicological findings, 339–340 toxicologist, 333 Forged signature, 462 Forgery See Document examination Forshufvud, Sven, 318 Forward spatter, 84 Foster, Sarah, 121 Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectrometer, 309 Fourier transform method, 309 Fourth Amendment, 50 Franklin, Lonnie David, Jr., 396 Frequency, 235 Frequency analysis, 147 Frequency Fourier transform (FFT), 147 Freud, Sigmund, 290 Friction skin, 133 Frye v United States, 17 Frye standard, 17 FT-IR spectrometer, 309 FTK, 487 Fuel, 431 Fuel cell, 328 Fuel cell detector, 325, 328 Functions of forensic scientists, 15–22 G Gacy, John Wayne, 121 Galton, Francis, 8, 130, 131 Gamma hydroxybutyrate (GHB), 291 Gamma rays, 356 Garbage bag, 62 Garmin nuvi 40 GPS, 513 Gas (vapor), 227 Gas-air mixtures (explosives), 445 Gas chromatogram, 303 Gas chromatography (GC) basic theory, 299–302 blood-alcohol level, 329 drawback, 310 fire investigation, 438, 442 forensic toxicology, 337 inside the science, 300–301, 303 paint comparisons, 362 Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS), 337, 443, 452 Gasoline residues, 62 Gasoline sniffing, 290 “Gatekeeping” role of trial judge, 18, 19 Gatliff, Betty Pat, 121 Gauge, 195 GB, 480n GC See Gas chromatography (GC) Gel diffusion, 383 Gel electrophoresis, 405 Gender determination of sex (conception), 384–385 hair, 259 height calculations, 120 sex identification, 408–409 skeletal features, 116, 118 Gene, 384, 398 General-acceptance test, 18 General rifling characteristics file, 195 Generic fibers, 263–264 Genetic code, 400 Genetics, 384–386 See also DNA evidence Genotype, 386 Geolocation, 508 GHB, 291, 292 Gigabyte (GB), 480n Gilbert v California, 464 Glass, 237–245 basic science, 229–236 Becke line, 239 classification of glass samples, 239–240 collection/preservation, 245 comparing fragments, 237–238 composition, 237 density, 238 fractures, 243, 244 GRIM 3, 241 www.freebookslides.com  refractive index, 239, 242 stress marks, 244 tempered/laminated, 237 3R rule, 243 trace elements, 348–349 Glass fractures, 243, 244 Global positioning system (GPS), 508, 513 Global system for mobile communications (GSM), 506 Gloves, 50 Glowing combustion, 432 Glowing red charcoals, 432 Goddard, Calvin, 8, 197 Goldman, Ronald, 66, 218, 372 Google Maps, 513 GPS, 508, 513 Graves, Troy, 73 Grayscale image, 147 Grease and oil stains, 62 Green discoloration, 115 Green River Killer, 346 Greiss test, 202 Grid method, 94 Grid search, 41, 42 Griess reagent, 452 GRIM 3, 241 Grim Sleeper, 396 Grooves, 190 Gross, Hans, Grundy, Kathleen, 109 GSM, 506 Guede, Rudy, 60 Gun barrel, 190–195 Gun Control Act (1968), 11 Gun muzzle, 88 Gunpowder residue, 200–206 Gunshot exit wound, 84 Gunshot residue, 182 Gunshot spatter, 87–88 Gunshot wounds, 111 H Hacking, 498–499 Hair, 252–260 age of individual, 259 anagen phase, 256 body area, 258 catagen phase, 256 collection/preservation, 260–261 cortex, 253 cuticle, 253 DNA, 259, 260 drugs, and, 337–338 dyed/bleached, 257 errors, 257 follicular tag, 256 Index    541 growth rate, 257 medulla, 253–254 race and ethnicity, 258 root, 255–256 sex of individual, 259 telogen phase, 256 was individual deceased, 260 whether it was forcibly removed from body, 259 Hair comparisons, 58, 64 Hair follicle, 252 Hallucinogens, 282, 285–289 Hand, 119 Handbuch für Untersuchungsrichter als System der Kriminalistik (Gross), Handgun, 188, 200–201 Handling evidence, 43–44 Handwriting comparisons, 460–463 authenticity, 463–464 challenges to be overcome, 462–463 general style, 460 obtaining writing samples, 464–465 Palmer method, 460, 461 variations in handwriting, 460–462 Zaner-Bloser method, 460, 461 Handwriting exemplars, 463 Hanging, 110 Hard disk drive (HDD), 481 Hardened Mobile Trace, 450 Hardware, 478 Hardware components, 479–480 Hashish, 285, 287 Hauptmann, Bruno Richard, 168 HDD, 481 Headline news See also Case files Anthony, Casey, assassination of Martin Luther King, 128 Beltway snipers, 186 BTK killer, 476 Bundy, Ted, 222 Escobar, Pablo, 278 Green River Killer, 346 Grim Sleeper, 396 Knox, Amanda, 60 Lindbergh baby case, 168 MacDonald, Jeffrey, 250 Napoleon, what killed him, 318 O.J Simpson case, 372 Oklahoma City bombing, 426 Ramsey, JonBenet, 30 Ray, James Earl, 128 Sheppard, Sam, 78 Shipman, Harold, 109 Unabomber, 458 Headspace transfer, 440 Heart malformations, 107 Heat energy, 429 Heat of combustion, 429, 430 www.freebookslides.com 542    Index Heat transfer, 433–434 Heating fuming cabinet, 143 Heavy metals, 338 Height of victim, 119 Helium, 353 Hemastix strips, 381 Hemoglobin, 400 Henry, Edward Richard, 130–131 Henry, William, 300 Henry system, 130–131, 137 Henry’s law, 300, 322 Hepatitis B vaccination, 50 Heredity, 384–386 See also DNA evidence Heroin, 224, 282, 283, 285, 310, 312 Heroin molecule, 265 Heroin paraphernalia, 284 Herschel, William, 130 Heterozygous, 385 Hex editors, 490 HFSX, 512 High explosives, 446–448 High-intensity light source, 145 High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), 306, 452 High-velocity spatter, 84 High-voltage electrocution, 112 Hit-and-run cases, 42 fibers, threads, clothing, 261 paint samples, 74, 360, 364, 365 pattern impression (car bumper), 212 standard/reference paint, 48 “Hitler diaries,” 465 Hofmann, Albert, 286 Holmes, Sherlock, Homemade bombs, 446–448 Homicide, 42, 112 Homozygous, 385 Hoover, J Edgar, Horizontal-gaze nystagmus, 327–329 Hoskinson, Vicki Lynn, 365 Hot stage, 239 Hot-stage microscope, 239 HPFS, 483 HPLC, 306, 452 “Huffing,” 290 Hughes, Howard, 462 Human antiserum, 382 Human bite marks, 215, 216 Human genome, 401 Human genome project, 401 Human skin, 133 Hummer forging, 192 Hunt, Darryl, 413 HV1, 414 HV2, 414 Hybrid crime assessment, 515–516 Hybridization, 402, 403 Hybridoma cells, 381 Hydrocarbon, 440 Hydrogen, 353, 355, 356 Hyoid bone, 110 Hypervariable region (HV1), 414 Hypervariable region (HV2), 414 I IAFIS, 70, 137 IBIS, 72, 197–198 ICCID, 510 “Ice,” 290 ICP, 354–355, 356 IDE, 481 Identification, 63 Ignitable liquids reference collection (ILRC), 440 Igniters, 439 Ignition temperature, 430 IIN, 510 Illicit drugs See Drug use and abuse ILRC, 440 Immersion method, 239 Immunoassay, 337, 378 Impact spatter, 84, 97 See also Bloodstain pattern analysis Implied consent law, 331 Important contributors to forensic science, 6–9 Impressions, 211–217 casting, 213–214, 216–217 comparisons, 215 lifting, 212 preserving, 211–212 step-by-step procedure, 216–217 IMS, 450 Inch, 229 Incoherent light, 236 Incoherent radiation, 236 1,2-indanedione, 145 Indented writings, 469–470 index.dat file, 494 Indigenous insect, 122 Individual characteristics, 64–65 Inductively coupled plasma (ICP), 354–355, 356 Inductively coupled plasma discharge, 354 Infant hairs, 259 Infrared, 310 Infrared breath-testing instrument, 326, 327 Infrared luminescence, 468 Infrared microspectrophotometer, 178, 268 Infrared photography, 468, 469 Infrared (IR) region, 235 Infrared spectrophotometer, 268, 270, 308 Infrared spectrophotometry, 310, 362 Inhaling automobile fumes, 338 Inheritable traits DNA See DNA evidence www.freebookslides.com  genetics, 384–386 Ink and paper comparison, 471–474 Insect evidence, 122 Instant messaging, 497–498 Institute for Transuranium Elements, 359 Institute of Legal Medicine and Police Science (Montreal), 10 Insulator, 434 Integrated automated fingerprint identification system (IAFIS), 70, 137 Integrated ballistic identification system (IBIS), 72, 197–198 Integrated circuit card identifier (ICCID), 510 Integrated drive electronics (IDE), 481 Intensive property, 229 International Association for Identification resolution (1973), 133 International crime labs, 10 International forensic automotive paint data query (PDQ), 72–73, 364 Internet cache, 494 Internet cookies, 494 Internet history, 494–495 Internet protocol (IP) address, 496–497 Internet sites, 24 Intoxilyzer, 14 Inward spiral method, 42 Iodine, 142 Iodine fuming, 142 Ion, 310 Ion mobility spectrometer (IMS), 450, 451 iOS, 512 IP addresses, 496–497 Irving, Clifford, 462 Isotope, 355 Issuer identification number (IIN), 510 J Jackson, Michael, 334 Jeffreys, Alec, 398 JonBenet Ramsey murder case, 30, 419–421 Judging admissibility of scientific evidence, 18–19 K “K2,” 288 Kaczynski, Ted, 458 Kastle-Meyer color test, 378, 381 Kennedy, Jacqueline, 350 Kennedy assassination, 349–351 Kercher, Meredith, 60 Ketamine, 293 Kieselguhr, 446 kilo-, 227 Kilogram, 229 King, Martin Luther, Jr., 128 Kirk, Paul, 9, 78 Index    543 Klann, Harry, 261 Knox, Amanda, 60 Koehler, Arthur, 168 Kovtun, Dmitri, 357 Kumho Tire Co Ltd v Carmichael, 18 L Laceration, 108 Laminated glass, 237 Lands, 190 Landsteiner, Karl, 8, 374 Larynx, 323 Laser, 236 Latent data, 490–493 Latent fingerprint, 133, 140 Latent-fingerprint development, 141–146 Latent fingerprint unit, 14 Latent print, 70 Latex gloves, 43, 50 Lattes, Leone, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 359 “Lean” mixture, 445 Lewinsky, Monica, 403 LGC, 10 Librium, 282, 289 Lie detector, 14 Lifting a fingerprint, 147 Lifting impressions, 212 Ligature pattern, 110 Light, 235–236 Lindbergh baby case, 168 Line search, 41, 42 Line spectrum, 352 Liquid, 227 Liquid explosives, 449 Liquid hashish, 287 Liter, 229 Litvinenko, Alexander V., 357 Live computer acquisition, 485–487 Livescan, 138 Lividity, 114 Livor mortis, 114 Local crime laboratories, 12 Locard, Edmond, 8–9 Locard’s exchange principle, Locus, 385 Log files, 498 Logical extraction, 509 Long gun, 189, 190 Loop, 134, 135 Lopez, Steven, 258 Low copy number, 415 Low explosives, 445 Low-velocity spatter, 84 Low-voltage electrocution, 113 LSD, 282, 286–287 www.freebookslides.com 544    Index Lugovoi, Andrei, 357 Luminol, 381 Lyocell, 263 Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), 286–287 M MacDonald, Jeffrey, 250, 270, 271 Macromolecule, 265, 266 Madrid bombing investigation, 140 Maggots, 122 Magna Brush, 142 Magnification, 69 Magnifying glass, 170 Maize pollen (cornfield), 183 Malone, Michael P., 55 Malvo, Lee Boyd, 186 Mandrel, 192 Mandrel rifling, 192 Manila evidence envelope, 44, 45 Manner of death, 111–113 Manufactured fibers, 262, 266 Marijuana, 282, 285–286, 298, 379 Marijuana cigarettes, 286 Marijuana leaf, 181, 287 Markhasev, Mikail, 261 Marlin rifle, 195 Marquis reagent, 224, 298 Maryland v King, 71 Mass, 230–231, 232 Mass disaster, 120 Mass spectrometer, 313 Mass spectrometry, 310–313 Master file table (MFT), 483 Match point, 239 Matter, 224–227 Mayfield, Brandon, 140 MB, 480n McCrone, Walter C., McVeigh, Timothy, 426 MD5/SHA, 487 MDMA, 292–293 MDPV, 292 Mechanical energy, 428 Medical examiner, 80, 104 Medium-range photograph, 36 Medium-velocity spatter, 84 Medulla, 252, 253–254 Medulla patterns, 254 Medullary index, 253–254 mega-, 227 Megabyte (MB), 480n Megapixels, 35 Melamine, 244 Melendez-Diaz v Massachusetts, 20 Men vs women See Gender Mephidrone, 292 Meprobamate, 282, 289 Mercury, 338 Mercury-in-glass thermometer, 230 Mescaline, 286 Message Digest (MD5)/Secure Hash Algorithm (SHA), 487 Metabolism, 320 Metal pillbox, 44, 45 Metals, paint, and soil paint, 358–366 soil, 366–369 trace elements, 348–358 Meter, 229 Methadone, 282, 284, 379 Methamphetamine, 290 Methane, 428 Methaqualone, 282, 289 Methyl ethyl ketone (antifreeze), 290 4-methyl umbelliferyl phosphate (MUP), 387 Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), 292–293 3,4-methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MDPV), 292 Metric conversion, 229 Metric system, 227–229 MFT, 483 Michelson interferometer, 308 Michigan v Tyler, 51, 435n micro-, 227 Microballoons, 447 Microcrystalline test, 298–299 Microcrystalline tests, 382 Microgrooving, 195 Microscope, 170–185 basic principles, 170–171 comparison, 173–175 compound, 171–173 microspectrophotometer, 177–178 objective/eyepiece lens, 170 polarizing, 176–177 SEM, 178–182 stereoscopic, 175, 176 virtual/real image, 170 Microsoft Money, 478 Microsoft Outlook, 497 Microspectrophotometer, 177–178 Microspheres, 447 Military high explosives, 447–448 Miller, Mark, 368 milli-, 227 Miltown, 282, 289 Mincey v Arizona, 51 Minerals, 366, 367 MiniSTRs, 411 Minutiae, 131 mIRC, 498 Missouri v McNeely, 332 Mitochondria, 412, 414 www.freebookslides.com  Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), 259, 260, 412–413, 414 mL, 229 MMS, 499 Mobile crime laboratory, 43, 44 Mobile device forensics, 499–500, 505–518 artifacts, 512–513 extracting useful data, 509–510 file system analysis, 511 hybrid crime assessment, 515–516 SD cards, 510 SIM cards, 510–511 Mobile device logs, 516 Modacrylic, 264, 271 Modus operandi, 428 Molecule, 226, 265, 266 Molotov cocktail, 439 Mongoloid skeleton, 119, 12 Monochromatic light, 307, 308 Monochromator, 307, 308 Monoclonal antibodies, 381 Monocular, 173 Monomer, 265, 266 Morphine, 282, 283 Motherboard, 479 Motorola Droid, 500 Mouse hair, 255 MRM 10, 145 MS exFAT, 512 mtDNA, 259, 260, 412–413, 414 Muhammad, John Allen, 186 Multimedia message service (MMS), 499 Multiplexing, 406–407 MUP, 387 Muzzle (weapon), 87–88 Muzzle-to-target distance, 200–202 N NAD, 329 NADH, 329 nano-, 227 Naphtha, 290 Napoleon, what killed him, 318 Narcotic, 282 Narcotic drugs, 282–284 Nasal cavity, 323 National DNA Data Bank (Canada), 72 National DNA Database (U.K.), 72 National integrated ballistics information network (NIBIN), 72, 198–200 Natural death, 113 Natural fibers, 262–263 Natural variations, 463 Necrophilious insect, 122 Negroid hairs, 258 Negroid skeleton, 119, 120 Network interface card (NIC), 482 Index    545 Ne’urim Declaration, 133 Neutron, 352 Neutron activation analysis, 356–358 NIBIN, 72, 198–200 NIC, 482 Nicotin-amide-adenine dinucleotide (NAD), 329 Nicotine, 282 Night Stalker, 139, 412 1973 International Association for Identification resolution, 133 Ninhydrin, 142 Nitrite gloves, 48 Nitrites, 202 Nobel, Alfred, 446 Nonalcoholic disinfectant, 329 Nondrug poisons, 338–339 Note-taking (crime scene), 34 NTFS, 483 Nuclear DNA, 259, 260 Nuclear forensics, 359 Nuclear power plant, 359 Nuclear reactor, 356 Nucleotides, 398 Nucleus, 352 Nylon, 264, 268–270 Nystagmus, 328 Nystagmus onset angle, 329 O O J Simpson case, 66, 218, 372 Objective lens, 170 Obliterations, 469 Offender index, 70, 72 Officer.com, 24 Oklahoma City bombing, 426 Olefin, 264, 267 Oligospermia, 387 Omnivore insect, 122 One-leg stand, 329 Operating system (OS), 483, 507 Opiates, 283–284 Opium, 283 Orfila, Mathieu, Organized Crime Control Act (1970), 11 Organs and physiological fluids, 62 OS, 483, 507 Osborn, Albert S., Oswald, Lee Harvey, 349–351 Otero, Joseph and Julie, 476 Other forensic science services, 22–23 Outward spiral method, 42 Overview photograph, 35, 36 Oxidation, 321, 428 Oxidizing agents, 444 OxyContin, 284 www.freebookslides.com 546    Index P Packaging evidence, 44–45 Packed column, 299 pagefile.sys, 493 Paint, 358–366 characterization of paint binders, 362 characterization of pigments, 362–63 collection and preservation of evidence, 365–366 composition, 360 microscopic examination, 360–361 significance of paint evidence, 363–364 standard/reference samples, 365, 366 Paint data query (PDQ) database, 72–73, 364 Paint pyrograms, 363 Paint transfer evidence, 46 Palmer handwriting, 461, 460 Panoramic view of crime scene, 35, 36 Papaver somniferium, 283 Paper bags, 46 Paper examination, 473–474 Paper packaging, 45 Papillae, 133 Parfocal, 173 Partition, 483 Partitioning the HDD, 483 Paternity case, 386 PBI, 264 PCMCIA, 482 PCP, 282, 287–289 PCR, 401, 402 PDQ database, 72, 374 Peachtree accounting software, 488 Pelvis, 116 Pentaerythritol tetranitrate (PETN), 446 Pentobarbital, 289 Percent saturation, 338 Percent weight per volume (% w/v), 324 Perimeter ruler method, 95 Periodic table, 224, 226 Peroxidases, 378, 381 Peroxide-based explosives, 449 Petechiae, 110 PETN, 448 Petroleum products, 62 pH scale, 336 Phase, 227 Phencyclidine (PCP), 282, 287–289 Phenobarbital, 289 Phenotype, 386 Phenylalanine, 400 Photocopiers, 465–466 Photographic laboratory, 13 Photographs autopsy, 105–106 bloodstain patterns, 94 crime scene, 34–37, 104–105 fingerprints, 146 impression, 211 powder residue, 202, 203 Photon, 236 Physical dependence, 280, 281 Physical Developer, 142 Physical evidence, 62–68 See also Evidence cautions/limitations, 68 class characteristics, 65–66 common types, 62–63 comparison, 63–64 defined, 32 excluding/exonerating person from suspicion, 68 identification, 63 importance, 15–17 individual characteristics, 64–65 rape, 390–391 significance, 66–67 value, 67–68 Physical extraction, 509 Physical property, 224 Physical science unit, 12–13 Physical state, 227 Picogram, 415 Pinkish discoloration, 108 Pistol, 188 Pixels, 147, 469 Plain arch, 135 Plain whorl, 134 Planck’s constant, 236 Plane-polarized light, 176 Plants (pollen and spores), 180–183 Plasma, 374 Plastic, rubber and other polymers, 62 Plastic bags, 62 Plastic print, 140 Poison, 108, 338–339 Polarization of light, 176–177 Polarizer, 176 Polarizing microscope, 176–177 Pollen and spores, 180–183 Pollen fingerprint, 183 Pollen rain, 183 Polonium-230, 356, 357 Polyclonal antibodies, 380, 381 Polyester, 263, 264, 270 Polygraph unit, 14 Polymer, 265, 266, 398 Polymerase chain reaction (PCR), 401, 402 Pool of blood, 92 Portable hydrocarbon detector, 437 Portrait parlé, 130 POST, 481 Postmortem interval (PMI), 122 Postmortem redistribution, 108 Potassium chlorate, 445 Potassium eye levels, 115 www.freebookslides.com  Potassium oxalate, 329 Pound, 229 Povidone-iodine, 329 Powder residue, 200–203 Power-on self test (POST), 481 Precipitin, 382 Precipitin test, 382–383 Precursor chemicals, 296 Predator insect, 122 Preservative, 329 Primacord, 448 Primary explosive, 446 Primer, 402, 403, 446 Primer residue, 203–206 Primer surfacer, 360 Printers, 466–467 Product rule, 66, 407 Properties, 224 Propofol, 334 Prostate specific antigen (PSA), 388, 389, 392 Protective footwear, 50 Proteins, 400 Proton, 352 PSA, 388, 389, 392 Psilocybin, 286 Psychological dependence, 280–281 Pubic hair, 258 Pulmonary artery, 322 Pulmonary edema, 107 Pulmonary vein, 322 Pulp dynamite, 446 Puncture-resistant container, 50 Punnett square, 386 Purple discoloration, 115 Putrefaction, 115 Pyrex, 348 Pyrolysis, 431 Pyrolysis, 362 Pyrolysis gas chromatography, 362 Q Quaalude, 282, 289 Quadrant or zone search, 41, 42 Qualitative determination, 297 Quantitative determination, 297 Questioned document, 460 Questioned-Document Examination, 24 Questioned Documents (Osborn), QuickBooks, 478 Quicken, 478 Quinine, 285 R R350, 512 Rabbit hair, 255, 256 Index    547 Race and ethnicity decedent, 119, 120 hair, 258 Rader, Dennis, 476 Radial fracture, 243, 244 Radial loop, 134 Radiant heat, 434 Radiation, 434 Radiation poisoning, 357 Radium, 356 Ragweed pollen, 183 RAM, 145, 480, 497, 498 RAM slack, 491 Ramirez, Richard, 139 Ramsey, JonBenet, 30, 419–421 Random-access memory (RAM), 480, 498 Rape evidence, 389–392 Rapid DNA, 71 Rave scene, 291 RAY, 145 Ray, James Earl, 128 Ray search, 41, 42 Rayon, 263, 270 RDX, 448, 453 Read-only memory (ROM), 480 Real image, 170 Recessive gene, 385 Reconstructing the crime See Crime-scene reconstruction Recording the crime scene, 34–38 Recycle Bin, 493 Red blood cells, 375 Reddy’s Forensic Home Page, 24 Redmond, Alice, 368 “Reds,” 289 Reflected illumination, 170 Reflected ultraviolet imaging system (RUVIS), 141 Refraction, 232, 233 Refractive index, 233, 239, 242, 270 Regenerated fibers, 266 Regional laboratories, 12 Reid, Richard, 449 Reinsch test, 338 Repeating long gun, 189 Repetitive transfer impression pattern, 97 Replication, 401 Research-grade mass spectrometer, 312 Resolution, 35, 147 Respiratory mask, 50 Respiratory system, 323 Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP), 403 Retention time, 301 Revolver, 188, 201 Reyes, Matias, 258 Rf value, 306 RFLP, 403 RFLP DNA typing, 403 Rh factor, 375 www.freebookslides.com 548    Index Rh negative, 375 Rh positive, 375 “Rich” mixture, 445 Richard I, 104 Ridge characteristics, 147–148 Ridge comparisons, 148–149 Ridgway, Gary, 346 Rifle, 189, 200–201 Rifled barrel, 192 Rifling, 190 Rifling methods, 191–192 Right atrium, 322 Right ventricle, 322 Rigor mortis, 114 Rituxin, 381 Roadside breath tester, 327, 328 Rocks, 366, 367 Rohypnol, 292 ROM, 480 “Roofies,” 291, 292 Root banding, 260 Rough sketch, 37–38, 39 Royal Canadian Mounted Police regional laboratories, 10 RUVIS, 141 S Sacco, Nicola, 197 Sacco and Vanzetti, 197 Sacrum, 116 Safety fuse, 445 Saliva, 62 SATA, 481 Satellite spatter, 82 Sawdust, 63 Scalp hairs, 258 Scanning electron microscope (SEM), 178–182, 205–206 Schedule I drugs, 295 Schedule II drugs, 295 Schedule III drugs, 295 Schedule IV drugs, 295 Schedule V drugs, 295 Scher, Stephen, 88 Schieber, Shannon, 73 Schmerber v California, 332 Scientific method, 17 Scott Test, 298 Screening test, 297 SCSI, 481 Sculpturing (pollen), 183 SD cards, 510 SDRAM, 480 Sealable plastic evidence bag, 44, 45 Search and seizure, 50–51 Search patterns, 40–42 Search warrant, 50, 51 Searching for evidence, 38–42 Secobarbital, 289 Secondary explosive, 446 Sector, 483 Securing and isolating the crime scene, 32–33 Self-incrimination, 331 SEM, 178–182 SEM approach (primer residue detection), 205–206 Semen, 62 Semen/seminal stains, 386–389, 392 Semiautomatic long gun, 190 Semiautomatic pistol, 189 Semiautomatic riffle, 189 Sequencing, 413, 414 Serial ATA (SATA), 481 Serial number restoration (firearms), 206–207 Serology, 376 See also Forensic serology Serum, 374, 375 Sex identification, 408–409 Sex of decedent, 116 Sexual assault (rape), 389–392 Sharp-force injury, 109 Sharp objects, 50 Shavings, 63 Sheppard, Sam, 78 Shipman, Harold, 109 Shoe print, 72, 73, 216–217 See also Impressions Shoeprint image capture and retrieval (SICAR), 72, 73, 215 Short message service (SMS), 499, 513 Short tandem repeat (STR), 403, 406 Short tandem repeat (STR) DNA typing, 214, 407–409 Shotgun, 189, 195, 202 SICAR, 72, 73, 215 Sickle-cell hemoglobin, 400 Side-by-side comparison fibers, 67 fingerprints, 138, 147, 148 hairs, 64 Signature exemplars, 465 Signatures, 359 SIM cards, 510–511 SIMMs, 480 Simpson, Nicole Brown, 66, 218, 372 Simpson, O J., 66, 218, 372 Single-action firearm, 188 Single-base smokeless powder, 445 Single-pan analytical balance, 231 Single-shot pistol, 188 Sinsemilla, 285 Skeletal remains See Forensic anthropology Skeleton size, 130 Skeletonization, 93 Sketching kit, 38 Sketching the crime scene, 37–38 Skin, 133 Skull, 117–119 Slack space, 490–492 Slippage, 115 www.freebookslides.com  Slope detector, 325 Small computer system interface (SCSI), 481 SMART, 487, 490 Smart media cards, 482 Smith, Anna Nicole, 333, 335 Smokeless powder, 445 Smoldering, 432 Smothering, 111 SMS, 499, 513 “Sniffer,” 437 Sniffing (solvents), 290 Snow, Clyde, 121 Snow Impression Wax, 214 Soda-lime glass, 237 Sodium chloride, 233 Sodium fluoride, 329, 330 Sodium vapor, 352 Software, 478 Soil, 366–369 Solid, 227 Solid-frame revolver, 189 Solid-state storage devices, 482 Sollecito, Raffaele, 60 Solvent inhalation, 290 Spandex, 263 Spatial filtering, 147 Spectrophometer, 307, 308–309 Spectrophometry, 307–310 “Speed,” 290 “Speed binge,” 290 Speed of deflagration, 444 Sperm, 384 Spermatozoa, 386–388 “Spice,” 288 Spider, 122 Spiral search pattern, 41, 42 Spontaneous combustion, 432–433 Spores (plants), 180–183 SQL Lite (SQLite), 511 Stab, 109 Standard/reference sample, 48 Staple hole exam, 469 Starch, 265 State and local crime laboratories, 12 States of matter, 226–227 Stereoscopic microscope, 175, 176 Steroids, 293–294 Stimulants, 282, 290–291 Stippling, 107 Stomach contents, 115 STR, 403, 406 STR Blue Kit, 407 STR DNA typing, 214, 407–409 Straight dynamite, 446 Strangulation, 110 Striations, 192 String method, 86, 87 Index    549 Strip or line search, 41, 42 Structural fire, 433–434 Subatomic particles, 352 Sublimation, 142, 227 Submitting evidence to laboratory, 48–49 Substrate control, 48, 416, 438–439 Suicide, 110, 111 Superglue, 143 Superglue fuming, 143 Surface texture, 82 Swab box, 416 Swabbing, 204–205 Swap file, 489 Swap file data, 489 Swing-out revolver, 188 Swipe pattern, 91, 92 Sykes, Deborah, 413 Symphysis pubis, 119 Synthetic cannabinoids, 288 Synthetic fibers, 266, 267 Synthetic opiates, 284 System bus, 480 System ROM, 480 System unit, 479 T Table mass spectrometer, 313 Takayama test, 382 Tandem repeats, 401–403 Target distance, 200–202 TATP, 447, 449 TATP-based bomb, 448 Tattooing, 107 Teeth, 23 Teichmann test, 382 Telogen phase, 255, 256 Temperature, 230 Tempered glass, 237 Temporal chain of evidence, 515 Temporary files, 489–490 Tented arch, 135 Test powder patterns (revolver), 201 Testosterone, 293 Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), 285, 379 Textile chemists, 268 Textile fibers, 270 TH01, 406 Thallium, 338 THC, 285, 379 THC-9-carboxylic acid, 379 The Fugitive (TV), 78 Theory of light, 235–236 Thermometer, 230 Thin-layer chromatography (TLC), 302–306, 337, 473 Thorium, 356 Three-dimensional crime-scene imaging, 37 www.freebookslides.com 550    Index 3-D panoramic view of crime scene, 353 R rule, 243 Thyroid cartilage, 110 Time of death, 114–115 Timeline, 515 Tin, 356 Tire impressions, 216–217 See also Impressions TLC, 302–306, 337, 473 TNT, 448 Toluene, 290 “Tomb” site, 116 TomTom, 508 Toner, 467 Tool marks, 208–211 Top-loading balance, 231 Toxicologist, 333 Toxicology See Forensic toxicology Toxicology unit, 14 Trace elements, 348–358 atomic structure, 352–354 emission spectrum of elements, 351–352 glass, 348–349 ICP, 354–355 isotopes and radioactivity, 355–356 neutron activation analysis, 356–358 Trachea, 323 Track, 483, 484 Training of police officers, 22 Transfer pattern, 90–92 Transmitted illumination, 170 Transmitting terminal identifier (TTI), 466 TreadMate, 73 Triacetate, 270 Triacetone triperoxide (TATP), 447, 449 Trial judge, “gatekeeping” role, 19 Trichloroethylene, 290 Triketohydrindene hydrate (ninhydrin), 142 2,4,6-trinitrophenylmethylnitramine, 446 Trinitrotoluene (TNT), 446 Triplexing, 407, 410 Tritium, 355 TTI, 466 Type A blood, 375, 376 Type AB blood, 375, 376 Type B blood, 375, 376 Type O blood, 375, 376 Type line, 134, 135 Typescript comparisons, 465–467 Tyvek protective suit, 50 U UFED, 509, 512, 513 Ulnar loop, 134 Ultraviolet, 307 Ultraviolet (UV) region, 235 Ultraviolet (UV) spectrophotometry, 307 Ultraviolet spectrum, 310 Unabomber, 458 Unallocated space, 492 Undetermined death, 112 United States v Byron C Mitchell, 131 United States v Mara, 464 Units of measurement, 227–229 Unreasonable search and seizure, 50–51 “Uppers,” 290 Uranium, 356, 359 Urine testing for drugs, 337 U.S Postal Inspection Service laboratories, 11 USB thumb drives, 482 UV spectrophotometry, 307 V Vacuum sweeper, 43 Valium, 282, 289 Van Dam, Danielle, 123 Van Urk, 298 Vanzetti, Bartolomeo, 197 Vapor (gas), 227 Vapor concentration, 440 Vehicle headlights, 180, 181 Vehicle search, 42 Vehicular homicide, 112 Vein, 322, 324 Vertical flow pattern, 97 Vertical illumination, 170 Victim characteristics, 116–120 Victim rape collection kit, 390 Video recording the crime scene, 37 Vignettes See Case files; Headline news Violent explosion, 445 Virtual image, 170 Visible data, 488–490 Visible light, 234, 236 Visible-light microspectrophotometer, 178, 266 Visible microspectrophotometer, 471 Visible print, 140 Visible spectrophotometry, 307 Vitreous humor, 115 Voiceprint, 14 Voiceprint analysis unit, 14 Void pattern, 90, 91 Volatile memory, 480 Vollmer, August, Volume, 229 Vucetich, Juan, 130 W Walk and turn, 329 Walk-through, 34, 80 www.freebookslides.com  Wallace, Gerald, 73 Wallner lines, 243 Warrantless search, 50 Warren Commission, 349–351 Wasps, 122 Water gels (explosives), 446 Watson, James, 398 Wavelength, 225 Web sites, 24 Weighing, 231 Weight, 230–231, 232 Weights, 231 West, William, 131 Westerfield, David, 123 Wheel/ray search, 41, 42 White light, 234 Whorl, 134–135 Wi-Fi, 506 Williams, Wayne, 68, 266, 268 Window glass, 348 Windowpane, 62 WIN386.swp, 493 Withdrawal sickness, 281 Women vs men See Gender Wood and other vegetative matter, 63 Woodruff, Angela, 109 Wound track, 111 Index    551 X X chromosome, 384 X-ray, 235 Xanax, 289 XX fertilized egg, 384 XY fertilized egg, 385 Y Y chromosome, 384 Y-STR, 409 YAFFS, 512 Yahoo! Messenger, 498 “Yellow jackets,” 289 Z Zaner-Bloser handwriting, 460, 461 Zavala, Alfredo, 55 Zeno’s Forensic Site, 24 Zepiran, 329 Zone search, 41, 42 Zygote, 384 ... Forensic Sciences in Toronto, and (3) the Institute of Legal Medicine and Police Science in Montreal The Royal Canadian Mounted Police opened its first laboratory in Regina, Saskatchewan, in 1937 Altogether,... services demanded by today’s criminal investigator Laboratory administrators need to keep open the lines of communication between analysts (civilian and uniform), crime-scene investigators, and police... related to the anthrax mail investigation We would like to thank the reviewers of this edition for their input and guidance: Janis Cavanaugh, East Los Angeles College; Lynn Fowler, Clinton Community