criminalistics an introduction to forensic science 11 th global edition by richard saferstein

criminalistics an introduction to forensic science 11 th global edition by richard saferstein criminalistics an introduction to forensic science 11 th global edition by richard saferstein criminalistics an introduction to forensic science 11 th global edition by richard saferstein criminalistics an introduction to forensic science 11 th global edition by richard saferstein criminalistics an introduction to forensic science 11 th global edition by richard saferstein criminalistics an introduction to forensic science 11 th global edition by richard saferstein

Criminalistics An Introduction to Forensic Science For these Global Editions, the editorial team at Pearson has collaborated with educators across the world to address a wide range of subjects and requirements, equipping students with the best possible learning tools This Global Edition preserves the cutting-edge approach and pedagogy of the original, but also features alterations, customization and adaptation from the North American version Global edition Global edition Global edition Eleventh edition Saferstein  Criminalistics  An Introduction to Forensic Science This is a special edition of an established title widely used by colleges and universities throughout the world Pearson published this exclusive edition for the benefit of students outside the United States and Canada If you purchased this book within the United States or Canada you should be aware that it has been imported without the approval of the Publisher or Author  E leventh Edition  Richard Saferstein Pearson Global Edition SAFERSTEIN_1292062029_mech.indd 28/03/14 5:41 PM >>>>>>>>>>>> edition 11 Criminalistics An Introduction to Forensic Science Global Edition Richard Saferstein, Ph.D Forensic Science Consultant, Mt Laurel, New Jersey Boston Columbus Indianapolis New York San Francisco Upper Saddle River Amsterdam Cape Town Dubai London Madrid Milan Munich Paris Montréal Toronto Delhi Mexico City São Paulo Sydney Hong Kong Seoul Singapore Taipei Tokyo # 150233   Cust: Pearson   Au: Saferstein  Pg No An Introduction to Forensic Science  Server: Jobs4 Title:1Criminalistics: A01_SAFE2020_11_GE_FM.indd C/M/Y/K Short / Normal / Long DESIGN SERVICES OF S4carlisle Publishing Services 5/8/14 11:59 AM Editorial Director: Vernon R Anthony Head of Learning Asset Acquisition, Global Edition: Laura Dent Executive Editor: Gary Bauer Program Manager: Alicia Ritchey Development Editor: Elisa Rogers, 4development Editorial Assistant: Lynda Cramer Director of Marketing: David Gesell Marketing Manager: Mary Salzman Senior Marketing Coordinator: Alicia Wozniak Marketing Assistant: Les Roberts Team Lead for Project Management: JoEllen Gohr Project Manager: Jessica H Sykes Acquisitions Editor, Global Edition: Sandhya Ghoshal Associate Project Editor, Global Edition: Uttaran Das Gupta Procurement Specialist: Deidra M Skahill Creative Director: Andrea Nix Art Director: Diane Y Ernsberger Cover Designer: Media Project Manager: Leslie Brado Media Coordinator: April Cleland Senior Manufacturing Controller, Production, Global Edition:   Trudy Kimber Full-Service Project Management: Shyam Ramasubramony,   S4Carlisle Publishing Services Cover Image: © kilukilu/Shutterstock Pearson Education Limited Edinburgh Gate Harlow Essex CM 20 2JE England and Associated Companies throughout the world Visit us on the World Wide Web at: www.pearsonglobaleditions.com © Pearson Education Limited 2015 The rights of Richard Saferstein to be identified as the author of this work have been asserted by him in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 Authorized adaptation from the United States edition, entitled Criminalistics: An Introduction to Forensic Science, 11th edition, ISBN 978-0-133-45882-4, by Richard Saferstein, published by Pearson Education © 2015 All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without either the prior written permission of the publisher or a license permitting restricted copying in the United Kingdom issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency Ltd, Saffron House, 6–10 Kirby Street, London EC1N 8TS All trademarks used herein are the property of their respective owners The use of any trademark in this text does not vest in the author or publisher any trademark ownership rights in such trademarks, nor does the use of such trademarks imply any affiliation with or endorsement of this book by such owners Credits and acknowledgments borrowed from other sources and reproduced, with permission, in this textbook appear on the appropriate page within text Microsoft and/or its respective suppliers make no representations about the suitability of the information contained in the documents and related g­ raphics published as part of the services for any purpose All such documents and related graphics are provided “as is” without warranty of any kind Microsoft and/or its respective suppliers hereby disclaim all warranties and conditions with regard to this information, including all warranties and ­conditions of merchantability, whether express, implied or statutory, fitness for a particular purpose, title and non-infringement In no event shall Microsoft and/or its respective suppliers be liable for any special, indirect or consequential damages or any damages whatsoever resulting from loss of use, data or profits, whether in an action of contract, negligence or other tortious action, arising out of or in connection with the use or performance of information ­available from the services The documents and related graphics contained herein could include technical inaccuracies or typographical errors Changes are p­ eriodically added to the information herein Microsoft and/or its respective suppliers may make improvements and/or changes in the product(s) and/or the program(s) described herein at any time Partial screen shots may be viewed in full within the software version specified Microsoft® and Windows® are registered trademarks of the Microsoft Corporation in the U.S.A and other countries This book is not sponsored or endorsed by or affiliated with the Microsoft Corporation ISBN 10: 1-292-06202-9 ISBN 13: 978-1-292-06202-0 (Print) ISBN 13: 978-1-292-06867-1 (PDF) British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library 10 14 13 12 11 Typeset by S4Carlisle Publishing Services in Times Roman 9/10 Printed and bound by Courier Kendallville in The United States of America # 150233   Cust: Pearson   Au: Saferstein  Pg No An Introduction to Forensic Science  Server: Jobs4 Title:2Criminalistics: A01_SAFE2020_11_GE_FM.indd C/M/Y/K Short / Normal / Long DESIGN SERVICES OF S4carlisle Publishing Services 5/8/14 11:59 AM To the memory of Fran and Michael # 150233   Cust: Pearson   Au: Saferstein  Pg No An Introduction to Forensic Science  Server: Jobs4 Title:3Criminalistics: A01_SAFE2020_11_GE_FM.indd C/M/Y/K Short / Normal / Long DESIGN SERVICES OF S4carlisle Publishing Services 5/8/14 11:59 AM This page is intentionally left blank # 150233   Cust: Pearson   Au: Saferstein  Pg No An Introduction to Forensic Science  Server: Jobs4 Title:4Criminalistics: A01_SAFE2020_11_GE_FM.indd C/M/Y/K Short / Normal / Long DESIGN SERVICES OF S4carlisle Publishing Services 5/8/14 11:59 AM brief contents preface 11 about the author 17 chapter 11 chapter Drug Abuse and Drug Evidence 277 Science and Technology in Criminal Investigation 21 chapter 12 chapter Forensic Toxicology 317 Crime-Scene Investigation 47 chapter 13 chapter Examination of Metals, Paint, and Soil 345 Assessing the Physical Evidence 77 chapter 14 chapter Forensic Serology 371 Crime-Scene Reconstruction: Bloodstain Evidence 93 chapter 15 chapter DNA: The Indispensable Forensic Science Tool 395 The Role of Forensic Experts in Death Investigation 117 chapter 16 chapter Investigation of Arson and Explosions 425 Detecting Crimes with Fingerprints 143 chapter 17 chapter Scientific Examination of Documents 455 The Microscope and Its Forensic Applications 167 chapter 18 chapter Computer Forensics 473 Firearms, Tool Marks, and Other Impressions 185 chapter 19 chapter Forensic Analysis of Matter, Light, and Glass 221 chapter 10 Mobile Device Forensics 501 appendixes 513 index 525 Evidentiary Value of Hair and Fibers 249     5 # 150233   Cust: Pearson   Au: Saferstein  Pg No An Introduction to Forensic Science  Server: Jobs4 Title:5Criminalistics: A01_SAFE2020_11_GE_FM.indd C/M/Y/K Short / Normal / Long DESIGN SERVICES OF S4carlisle Publishing Services 5/8/14 11:59 AM contents preface  11 about the author  17 The Significance of Physical Evidence 79 Forensic Databases 85 chapter Science and Technology in Criminal Investigation 21 Case Files Definition and Scope of Forensic Science 22 History and Development of Forensic Science 24 Crime Laboratories 27 Organization of a Crime Laboratory 28 Services of the Crime Laboratory 30 Functions of the Forensic Scientist 32 Case Files Case Files Gerald Wallace 88 The Center City Rapist 88 Case Files NIBIN Links Handgun to Suspects 88 Case Files Aztec Gold Metallic Hit and Run 89 Chapter Summary 90 Dr Coppolino’s Deadly House Calls 36 Review Questions 90 Other Forensic Science Services 39 Application and Critical Thinking 91 Chapter Summary 42 Further References 91 Review Questions 42 Application and Critical Thinking 43 Further References 45 chapter Crime-Scene Reconstruction: Bloodstain Evidence 93 chapter Crime-Scene Investigation 47 Processing the Crime Scene 48 Legal Considerations at the Crime Scene 66 Chapter Summary 67 Review Questions 68 Crime-Scene Reconstruction 94 General Features of Bloodstain Formation 95 Impact Bloodstain Spatter Patterns 97 More Bloodstain Spatter Patterns 101 Application and Critical Thinking 69 Case Files Further References 70 Blood-Spatter Evidence 102 case analysis 70 Case Study  The Enrique Camarena Case: A Forensic Nightmare 71 chapter Other Bloodstain Patterns 104 Documenting Bloodstain Pattern Evidence 108 Case Files Bloodstain Reconstruction 110 Assessing the Physical Evidence 77 Common Types of Physical Evidence 78 Chapter Summary 112 Review Questions 112 Application and Critical Thinking 114 Further References 115 # 150233   Cust: Pearson   Au: Saferstein  Pg No An Introduction to Forensic Science  Server: Jobs4 Title:6Criminalistics: A01_SAFE2020_11_GE_FM.indd C/M/Y/K Short / Normal / Long DESIGN SERVICES OF S4carlWisle Publishing Services 5/8/14 11:59 AM contents    7 The Comparison Microscope 171 The Stereoscopic Microscope 173 The Polarizing Microscope 174 The Microspectrophotometer 175 The Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) 176 Forensic Palynology: Pollen and Spores as Evidence 178 chapter The Role of Forensic Experts in Death Investigation 117 Role of the Forensic Pathologist 118 Role of the Forensic Anthropologist 128 Case Files Case Files Identifying a Serial Killer’s Victims 134 Clues from the Cornfield 181 Role of the Forensic Entomologist 135 Chapter Summary 182 Review Questions 182 Case Files Application and Critical Thinking 183 The Danielle Van Dam Murder Case 136 Further References 183 Chapter Summary 137 chapter Review Questions 138 Application and Critical Thinking 139 Further References 141 chapter Detecting Crimes with Fingerprints 143 History of Fingerprinting 144 Fundamental Principles of Fingerprints 145 Classification of Fingerprints 150 Automated Fingerprint Identification Systems 151 Methods of Detecting Fingerprints 153 Firearms, Tool Marks, and Other Impressions 185 Types of Firearms 186 Bullet and Cartridge Comparisons 188 Automated Firearms Search Systems 194 Case Files Sacco and Vanzetti 195 Gunpowder Residues 198 Serial Number Restoration 204 Collection and Preservation of Firearms Evidence 205 Tool Marks 206 Other Impressions 209 Case Files The Night Stalker 153 Case Files The Mayfield Affair 154 Case Files The O J Simpson Trial—Who Left the Impressions at the Crime Scene? 216 Preservation of Developed Prints 160 Digital Imaging for Fingerprint Enhancement 160 Chapter Summary 216 Chapter Summary 162 Further References 219 Review Questions 217 Application and Critical Thinking 218 Review Questions 163 chapter Application and Critical Thinking 164 Further References 165 chapter Forensic Analysis of Matter, Light, and Glass 221 The Microscope and Its Forensic Applications 167 Basics of the Microscope 168 The Compound Microscope 169 # 150233   Cust: Pearson   Au: Saferstein  Pg No An Introduction to Forensic Science  Server: Jobs4 Title:7Criminalistics: A01_SAFE2020_11_GE_FM.indd The Nature of Matter 222 Forensic Analysis of Glass 235 Glass Fractures 241 Collection and Preservation of Glass Evidence 243 C/M/Y/K Short / Normal / Long DESIGN SERVICES OF S4carlisle Publishing Services 5/8/14 11:59 AM 8    contents Chapter Summary 244 Application and Critical Thinking 314 Review Questions 244 Further References 315 Review Questions for Inside the Science 245 Application and Critical Thinking 246 Further References 247 chapter 12 Forensic Toxicology 317 chapter 10 Evidentiary Value of Hair and Fibers 249 Forensic Examination of Hair 250 Morphology of Hair 250 Identification and Comparison of Hair 255 Role of Forensic Toxicology 318 Toxicology of Alcohol 318 Testing for Intoxication 322 Analysis of Blood for Alcohol 327 Alcohol and the Law 328 The Role of the Toxicologist 331 Case Files Case Files Michael Jackson: The Demise of a Superstar 332 The Central Park Jogger Case Revisited 256 Case Files Collection and Preservation of Hair Evidence 258 Forensic Examination of Fibers 259 Case Files The Ennis Cosby Homicide 259 Identification and Comparison of Manufactured Fibers 264 Accidental Overdose: The Tragedy of Anna Nicole Smith 333 Case Files Joann Curley: Caught by a Hair 337 The Drug Recognition Expert 338 Chapter Summary 341 Review Questions 341 Case Files  Review Questions for Inside the Science 342 Fatal Vision Revisited 268 Application and Critical Thinking 343 Collection and Preservation of Fiber Evidence 270 Further References 343 Chapter Summary 271 Review Questions 271 Review Questions for Inside the Science 272 Application and Critical Thinking 273 Further References 275 chapter 11 Drug Abuse and Drug Evidence 277 Drug Dependence 278 Types of Drugs 280 Drug-Control Laws 292 Collection and Preservation of Drug Evidence 294 Forensic Drug Analysis 294 Spectrophotometry 305 Mass Spectrometry 308 chapter 13 Examination of Metals, Paint, and Soil 345 Forensic Analysis of Trace Elements 346 Case Files Death by Radiation Poisoning 355 Forensic Examination of Paint 356 Case Files The Predator 363 Forensic Analysis of Soil 364 Case Files Soil: The Silent Witness 366 Chapter Summary 367 Review Questions 368 Chapter Summary 311 Review Questions for Inside the Science 369 Review Questions 312 Application and Critical Thinking 369 Review Questions for Inside the Science 314 Further References 369 # 150233   Cust: Pearson   Au: Saferstein  Pg No An Introduction to Forensic Science  Server: Jobs4 Title:8Criminalistics: A01_SAFE2020_11_GE_FM.indd C/M/Y/K Short / Normal / Long DESIGN SERVICES OF S4carlisle Publishing Services 5/8/14 11:59 AM contents    9 chapter 14 Forensic Serology 371 The Nature of Blood 372 Immunoassay Techniques 376 Forensic Characterization of Bloodstains 376 Principles of Heredity 382 Forensic Characterization of Semen 384 Collection and Preservation of Rape Evidence 387 chapter 16 Investigation of Arson and Explosions 425 Forensic Investigation of Arson 426 The Chemistry of Fire 426 Searching the Fire Scene 432 Collection and Preservation of Arson Evidence 435 Analysis of Flammable Residues 436 Explosions and Explosives 437 Collection and Analysis of Evidence of Explosives 444 Case Files A DNA Bonus 390 Chapter Summary 391 Case Files Review Questions 391 Liquid Explosives 445 Review Questions for Inside the Science 392 Chapter Summary 449 Application and Critical Thinking 393 Review Questions 450 Further References 393 Review Questions for Inside the Science 451 Application and Critical Thinking 451 chapter 15 DNA: The Indispensable Forensic Science Tool 395 What Is DNA? 396 DNA at Work 398 Replication of DNA 399 DNA Typing with Short Tandem Repeats 399 The Combined DNA Index System (CODIS) 410 Mitochondrial DNA 410 Further References 453 chapter 17 Scientific Examination of Documents 455 Document Examiner 456 Handwriting Comparisons 456 Typescript Comparisons 461 Alterations, Erasures, and Obliterations 463 Other Document Problems 465 Chapter Summary 470 Case Files Review Questions 471 Cold Case Hit 410 Application and Critical Thinking 471 Collection and Preservation of Biological Evidence for DNA Analysis 413 Further References 471 chapter 18 Case Files Contact Lens Evidence 416 Case Files Computer Forensics 473 The JonBenét Ramsey Murder Case 417 Chapter Summary 419 Review Questions 420 Review Questions for Inside the Science 421 Application and Critical Thinking 421 Further References 423 # 150233   Cust: Pearson   Au: Saferstein  Pg No An Introduction to Forensic Science  Server: Jobs4 Title:9Criminalistics: A01_SAFE2020_11_GE_FM.indd From Input to Output: How Does the Computer Work? 474 Storing and Retrieving Data 479 Processing the Electronic Crime Scene 480 Analysis of Electronic Data 483 Forensic Analysis of Internet Data 489 Forensic Investigation of Internet Communications 491 C/M/Y/K Short / Normal / Long DESIGN SERVICES OF S4carlisle Publishing Services 5/8/14 11:59 AM index    533 DNA, 62, 413–416 See also DNA evidence drug, 294 explosions, 445–448 fiber, 270 firearms, 205–206 glass, 243 hair, 258–259 handling, 59–60 insect, 135–137 legal considerations, 66–67 packaging, 60–61 paint, 361–364 physical See Physical evidence pollen and spores, 178–181 rape, 387–390 searching for, 54–58 soil, 364, 366–367 standard/reference sample, 64 submitting, to laboratory, 64–65 substrate controls, 64 tool mark, 207–209 toxicological, 332–333 Evidence-collection guides, 39 Evidence containers, 60–63 Evidence submission form, 64, 65 Evidence technicians, 38 Excited state, 352 Excretion, 319 Exemplar, 459 Exine, 180 Exothermic reaction, 426 Expert testimony, 34, 36–38 Expert witness, 37 Expirated blood pattern, 104 Explosions/explosives, 437–449 analyzing the evidence, 446–449 chemistry of explosions, 439–440 collection and packaging of evidence, 446 detecting and recovering evidence, 445–446 high explosives, 442–444 liquid explosives, 445 low explosives, 441 oxidizing agents, 440 primary/secondary explosives, 442 EXT2, 479 EXT3, 479 Ext4, 507 Extinction, 174 Extractor, 194 Eye protection, 66 Eyepiece lens, 168 F Fabric impression, 209 Facial reconstruction, 132, 135 Fahrenheit scale, 227, 228 Familial DNA searching, 411 Faraday bag, 505 Faraday shield, 496 Farber, Marjorie, 36 FAT12, 479 FAT16, 479 FAT32, 479 Fatal Vision (McGinniss), 268 Father of criminal identification (Bertillon), 26 Fauld, Henry, 144 Fax machines, 462 FBI See Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) FBI Handbook, 514 FBI Laboratory, 27, 29, 30 FBI system, 151 Feathering, 105 Feature phones, 502 Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) CODIS, 86–87 crime laboratory, 27, 29, 30 DNA database, 86–87 fingerprint classification system, 150–151 fingerprint database, 86, 151 Forensic Science Research and Training Center, 27 general rifling characteristics file, 193 Handbook of Forensic Services, 514 Federal crime laboratories, 29 Federal Rules of Evidence, 34, 35 Fentanyl, 294 Fertilizer, 443 FFT, 161 Fiber comparisons, 83 Fibers, 259–270 chemical composition, 266 collection/preservation, 270 crystallinity, 267 double refraction/birefringence, 266 dye composition, 264–266 generic, 261–262 manufactured, 260, 264 microscopic examination, 264 natural, 260–261 refractive index, 268 significance of a match, 270 synthetic, 264, 265 types, 260 # 150233   Cust: Pearson   Au: Saferstein  Pg No 533 An Introduction to Forensic Science  Server: Jobs4 Title: 533 Criminalistics: Z02_SAFE2020_11_GE_IND.indd C/M/Y/K Short / Normal / Long DESIGN SERVICES OF S4carlisle Publishing Services 5/8/14 12:28 PM 534    index Fibrin, 372 Field color test kit, 296 Field of view, 171 Field sobriety tests, 325–327 Fifth Amendment, 329 File slack, 487, 488 File system, 507 File system table, 477 Finger Prints (Galton), 26, 144 Fingernail scrapings, 59 Fingerprint See Fingerprinting Fingerprint classification system, 150–151 Fingerprint comparison chart, 161, 162 Fingerprint databases, 86 Fingerprint powders, 155–156 Fingerprinting, 143–165 ACE-V, 150 AFIS, 86, 151–153 arches, 149 classification of fingerprints, 150–151 comparing fingerprints, 152, 161, 162 developing/visualizing latent prints, 155–160, 517–520 digital enhancement, 160–161 FBI system, 151 fundamental principles, 145–150 Henry system, 144–145, 151 historical overview, 144–145 IAFIS, 86, 151 International Association for Identification resolution (1973), 147 locating fingerprints, 154–155 loops, 148 Ne’urim Declaration, 147 obliterating the fingerprint, 148 preservation of developed prints, 160 ridge characteristics, 145–146 ridge comparisons, 146–147 types of crime-scene prints, 154 whorls, 148–149 Finished sketch, 54, 56 Firearm identification, 186–206 ballistic fingerprinting, 198 bullet comparison, 191–193 bullet markings, 190–191 cartridge cases, 194 collection/preservation of evidence, 205–206 defined, 186 distance determination, 198–200 gun barrel, 188–193 gunpowder residue, 198–204 powder residue, 198–201 primer residue, 201–204 rifling methods, 189–190 search systems, 195–198 serial number restoration, 204–205 types of firearms, 186–187 underwater location, weapon found in, 206 Firearm deaths, 118 Firearms unit, 31 Firewall, 494 Firing distance, 198–200 Firing pin impression, 195 Flammable range, 430 Flash point, 429 Flash ROM, 476 Flashover, 432 Flat file database, 507 Flies, 135 Float glass, 235, 346 Flotation, 236 Flow pattern, 105–106, 107 Fluoresce, 303 Fluorescence, 158, 159 Follicular tag, 254 Footwear impressions, 88, 89, 214–215, 521–523 See also Impressions Forensic Animal Hair Atlas, 254 Forensic anthropology, 128–135 facial reconstruction, 132, 135 mass disaster, 135 recovering and processing remains, 128–129 victim characteristics, 129–133 Forensic artist, 134 Forensic Autopsy, 483, 486 Forensic characterization of bloodstains, 376–382 See also Bloodstain characterization Forensic comparison, 79–80 Forensic computer and digital analysis, 40 See also Computer forensics; Mobile device forensics Forensic databases, 85–88 DNA databases, 86–87 fingerprint databases, 86 other databases, 87–88 Forensic drug analysis, 294–311 Forensic engineering, 40 Forensic entomology, 135–137 Forensic image acquisition, 483 Forensic index, 86 Forensic/medicolegal autopsy, 119 Forensic odontology, 40 Forensic palynology, 178–181 Forensic pathologist, 118 Forensic psychiatry, 39 # 150233   Cust: Pearson   Au: Saferstein  Pg No 534 An Introduction to Forensic Science  Server: Jobs4 Title: 534 Criminalistics: Z02_SAFE2020_11_GE_IND.indd C/M/Y/K Short / Normal / Long DESIGN SERVICES OF S4carlisle Publishing Services 5/8/14 12:28 PM index    535 Forensic science crime laboratories See Crime laboratories defined, 22 diversity of professions, 22 functions of forensic scientist, 32–39 future challenges, 29 important contributors, 24–27 literary roots, 24 other services, 39–40 TV dramatization, 23 web sites, 41 Forensic Science Research and Training Center (FBI), 27 Forensic sculptor, 134 Forensic serology, 371–393 antigens and antibodies, 373–374 blood, 372–374 blood typing, 374–376 bloodstains, 376–382 immunoassay techniques, 376 polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies, 378–379 principles of heredity, 382–384 rape evidence, 387–390 semen/seminal stains, 384–387, 390 Forensic software, 486 Forensic Toolkit (FTK), 483, 486 Forensic toxicology, 317–343 acids and bases, 333–334 alcohol See Alcohol use/abuse carbon monoxide, 336–337 collection and preservation of evidence, 332–333 detecting drugs in hair, 335–336 drug recognition expert, 338–340 heavy metals, 336 pH scale, 334 screening and confirmation, 334–335 significance of toxicological findings, 337–338 toxicologist, 331 Forged signature, 460 Forgery See Document examination Forshufvud, Sven, 316 Forward spatter, 97 Foster, Sarah, 134 Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectrometer, 306, 307 Fourier transform method, 307 Fourth Amendment, 66 Franklin, Lonnie David, Jr., 394 Frequency, 233 Frequency analysis, 161 Frequency Fourier transform (FFT), 161 Freud, Sigmund, 288 Friction skin, 147 Frye v United States, 34 Frye standard, 34 FT-IR spectrometer, 306, 307 FTK, 483 Fuchsin acid, 522 Fuel, 429 Fuel cell, 326 Fuel cell detector, 323, 326 Functions of forensic scientists, 32–39 G Gacy, John Wayne, 134 Galton, Francis, 26, 144, 145 Gamma hydroxybutyrate (GHB), 290 Gamma rays, 354 Garbage bag, 78 Garmin nuvi 40 GPS, 509 Gas (vapor), 225 Gas-air mixtures (explosives), 441 Gas chromatogram, 301 Gas chromatography (GC) basic theory, 297–300 blood-alcohol level, 327 drawback, 308 fire investigation, 436, 438 forensic toxicology, 335 inside the science, 298–299, 301 paint comparisons, 360 Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS), 335, 439, 448 Gasoline residues, 78 Gasoline sniffing, 288 “Gatekeeping” role of trial judge, 35 Gatliff, Betty Pat, 134 Gauge, 193 GB, 476n GC See Gas chromatography (GC) Gel diffusion, 381 Gel electrophoresis, 403 Gender determination of sex (conception), 382–383 hair, 257 height calculations, 133 sex identification, 406–407 skeletal features, 129, 131 Gene, 382, 396 General-acceptance test, 34 General rifling characteristics file, 193 Generic fibers, 261–262 Genetic code, 398 Genetics, 382–384 See also DNA evidence Genotype, 384 Geolocation, 504 # 150233   Cust: Pearson   Au: Saferstein  Pg No 535 An Introduction to Forensic Science  Server: Jobs4 Title: 535 Criminalistics: Z02_SAFE2020_11_GE_IND.indd C/M/Y/K Short / Normal / Long DESIGN SERVICES OF S4carlisle Publishing Services 5/8/14 12:28 PM 536    index GHB, 290 Gigabyte (GB), 458n Gilbert v California, 460 Glass, 235–243 basic science, 227–234 Becke line, 237 classification of glass samples, 237–238 collection/preservation, 243 comparing fragments, 235–236 composition, 235 density, 236 fractures, 241, 242 GRIM 3, 239 refractive index, 237, 240 stress marks, 242 tempered/laminated, 235 3R rule, 241 trace elements, 346–347 Glass fractures, 241–242 Global positioning system (GPS), 504, 508 Global system for mobile communications (GSM), 502 Gloves, 66 Glowing combustion, 430 Glowing red charcoals, 430 Goddard, Calvin, 26, 195 Goldman, Ronald, 82, 216, 370 Google Maps, 509 GPS, 504, 508 Graves, Troy, 88 Grayscale image, 161 Grease and oil stains, 78 Green discoloration, 128 Green River Killer, 344 Greiss test, 200 Grid method, 109 Grid search, 57, 58 Griess reagent, 448 GRIM 3, 239 Grim Sleeper, 394 Grooves, 188 Gross, Hans, 26 Grundy, Kathleen, 116 GSM, 502 Guede, Rudy, 76 Gun barrel, 188–193 Gun Control Act (1968), 29 Gun muzzle, 102 Gunpowder residue, 198–204 Gunshot exit wound, 98 Gunshot residue, 180 Gunshot residue collection, 515–516 Gunshot spatter, 101–102 Gunshot wounds, 124 H Hacking, 494–495 Hair, 250–258 age of individual, 257 anagen phase, 254 body area, 256 catagen phase, 254 collection/preservation, 258–259 cortex, 251 cuticle, 251 DNA, 257, 258 drugs, and, 335–336 dyed/bleached, 255 errors, 255 follicular tag, 254 growth rate, 255 medulla, 251–252 race and ethnicity, 256 root, 253–254 sex of individual, 257 telogen phase, 254 was individual deceased, 258 whether it was forcibly removed from body, 257 Hair comparisons, 74, 80 Hair follicle, 250 Hallucinogens, 280, 283–287 Hand, 132 Handbook of Forensic Services (FBI), 514 Handbuch für Untersuchungsrichter als System der Kriminalistik (Gross), 26 Handgun, 186, 198–199 Handling evidence, 59–60 Handwriting comparisons, 456–461 authenticity, 459–460 challenges to be overcome, 458–459 general style, 456 obtaining writing samples, 460–461 Palmer method, 456, 457 variations in handwriting, 456–458 Zaner-Bloser method, 456, 457 Handwriting exemplars, 459 Hanging, 123–124 Hard disk drive (HDD), 477 Hardened Mobile Trace, 446 Hardware, 474 Hardware components, 475–477 Hashish, 283, 285 Hauptmann, Bruno Richard, 166 HDD, 477 Headline news See also Case files Anthony, Casey, 20 assassination of Martin Luther King, 142 # 150233   Cust: Pearson   Au: Saferstein  Pg No 536 An Introduction to Forensic Science  Server: Jobs4 Title: 536 Criminalistics: Z02_SAFE2020_11_GE_IND.indd C/M/Y/K Short / Normal / Long DESIGN SERVICES OF S4carlisle Publishing Services 5/8/14 12:28 PM index    537 Beltway snipers, 184 BTK killer, 472 Bundy, Ted, 220 Escobar, Pablo, 276 Green River Killer, 344 Grim Sleeper, 394 Knox, Amanda, 76 Lindbergh baby case, 166 MacDonald, Jeffrey, 248 Napoleon, what killed him, 316 O.J Simpson case, 370 Oklahoma City bombing, 424 Ramsey, JonBenét, 46 Ray, James Earl, 142 Sheppard, Sam, 92 Shipman, Harold, 116 Unabomber, 454 Headspace transfer, 436 Heart malformations, 121 Heat energy, 426 Heat of combustion, 427, 428 Heat transfer, 431–432 Heating fuming cabinet, 157 Heavy metals, 336 Height of victim, 132, 133 Helium, 351 Hemastix strips, 379 Hemoglobin, 398 Henry, Edward Richard, 144 Henry, William, 298 Henry system, 144–145, 151 Henry’s law, 298, 320 Hepatitis B vaccination, 66 Heredity, 382–384 See also DNA evidence Heroin, 222, 280, 281, 283, 308, 310 Heroin molecule, 263 Heroin paraphernalia, 282 Herschel, William, 144 Heterozygous, 383 Hex editors, 486 HFSX, 507 High explosives, 442–444 High-intensity light source, 159 High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), 304, 448 High-velocity spatter, 98 High-voltage electrocution, 126 Hit-and-run cases, 58 fibers, threads, clothing, 259 paint samples, 89, 358, 362, 363 pattern impression (car bumper), 210 standard/reference paint, 64 “Hitler diaries,” 461 Hofmann, Albert, 284 Holmes, Sherlock, 24 Homemade bombs, 442–444 Homicide, 58, 125 Homozygous, 383 Hoover, J Edgar, 27 Horizontal-gaze nystagmus, 325–327 Hoskinson, Vicki Lynn, 363 Hot stage, 237 Hot-stage microscope, 237 HPFS, 479 HPLC, 304, 448 “Huffing,” 288 Hughes, Howard, 458 Human antiserum, 380 Human bite marks, 213, 214 Human genome, 399 Human genome project, 399 Human skin, 147 Hummer forging, 190 Hungarian Red, 522 Hunt, Darryl, 411 HV1, 412 HV2, 412 Hybrid crime assessment, 509–510 Hybridization, 400, 401 Hybridoma cells, 379 Hydrocarbon, 436 Hydrogen, 351, 353, 354 Hyoid bone, 124 Hypervariable region (HV1), 412 Hypervariable region (HV2), 412 I IAFIS, 86, 151 IBIS, 87, 195–196 ICCID, 506 “Ice,” 288 ICP, 352–353, 354 IDE, 477 Identification, 79 Ignitable liquids reference collection (ILRC), 436–437 Igniters, 435 Ignition temperature, 428 IIN, 506 Illicit drugs See Drug use and abuse ILRC, 436–437 Immersion method, 237 Immunoassay, 335, 376 Impact spatter, 97–99, 111 See also Bloodstain evidence Implied consent law, 329 Important contributors to forensic science, 24–27 # 150233   Cust: Pearson   Au: Saferstein  Pg No 537 An Introduction to Forensic Science  Server: Jobs4 Title: 537 Criminalistics: Z02_SAFE2020_11_GE_IND.indd C/M/Y/K Short / Normal / Long DESIGN SERVICES OF S4carlisle Publishing Services 5/8/14 12:28 PM 538    index Impressions, 209–215 casting, 211–212, 214–215 comparisons, 213 lifting, 210 preserving, 209–210 step-by-step procedure, 214–215 IMS, 446, 447 Inch, 227 Incoherent light, 234 Incoherent radiation, 234 1,2-indanedione, 159 Indented writings, 465–466 index.dat file, 490 Indigenous insect, 135 Individual characteristics, 80–81 Inductively coupled plasma (ICP), 352–353, 354 Inductively coupled plasma discharge, 352 Infant hairs, 257 Infrared, 308 Infrared breath-testing instrument, 324, 325 Infrared luminescence, 464 Infrared microspectrophotometer, 176, 266 Infrared photography, 464, 465 Infrared (IR) region, 233 Infrared spectrophotometer, 266, 268, 306 Infrared spectrophotometry, 308, 360 Inhaling automobile fumes, 336 Inheritable traits DNA See DNA evidence genetics, 382–384 Ink and paper comparison, 467–470 Insect evidence, 135–137 Instant messaging, 493–494 Institute for Transuranium Elements, 357 Institute of Legal Medicine and Police Science (Montreal), 28 Insulator, 432 Integrated automated fingerprint identification system (IAFIS), 86, 151 Integrated ballistic identification system (IBIS), 87, 195–196 Integrated circuit card identifier (ICCID), 506 Integrated drive electronics (IDE), 477 Intensive property, 227 International Association for Identification resolution (1973), 147 International crime labs, 28 International forensic automotive paint data query (PDQ), 87–88, 362 Internet cache, 490 Internet cookies, 490 Internet history, 490–491 Internet protocol (IP) address, 492–493 Internet sites, 41 Intoxilyzer, 32 Inward spiral method, 58 Iodine, 156 Iodine fuming, 156 Iodine spray reagent, 517 Ion, 308 Ion mobility spectrometer (IMS), 446, 447 iOS, 507 IP addresses, 492–493 Irving, Clifford, 458 Isotope, 353 Issuer identification number (IIN), 506 J Jackson, Michael, 332 Jeffreys, Alec, 396 JonBenét Ramsey murder case, 46, 417–419 Judging admissibility of scientific evidence, 35–36 K “K2,” 286 Kaczynski, Ted, 454 Kastle-Meyer color test, 376, 379 Kennedy, Jacqueline, 348 Kennedy assassination, 347–349 Kercher, Meredith, 76 Ketamine, 291 Kieselguhr, 442 kilo-, 225 Kilogram, 227 King, Martin Luther, Jr., 142 Kirk, Paul, 27, 92 Klann, Harry, 259 Knox, Amanda, 76 Koehler, Arthur, 166 Kovtun, Dmitri, 355 Kumho Tire Co Ltd v Carmichael, 35 L Laceration, 122 Laminated glass, 235 Lands, 188 Landsteiner, Karl, 26, 372 Larynx, 321 Laser, 234 Latent data, 486–489 Latent fingerprint, 147, 154 Latent-fingerprint development, 155–160, 517–520 Latent fingerprint unit, 32 Latent print, 86 Latex gloves, 59, 66 Lattes, Leone, 26 # 150233   Cust: Pearson   Au: Saferstein  Pg No 538 An Introduction to Forensic Science  Server: Jobs4 Title: 538 Criminalistics: Z02_SAFE2020_11_GE_IND.indd C/M/Y/K Short / Normal / Long DESIGN SERVICES OF S4carlisle Publishing Services 5/8/14 12:28 PM index    539 Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 357 “Lean” mixture, 441 Leucocrystal Violet, 522 Leucocrystal Violet field kit, 523 Lewinsky, Monica, 401 LGC, 28 Librium, 280, 287 Lie detector, 32 Lifting a fingerprint, 160, 161 Lifting impressions, 210 Ligature pattern, 124 Light, 233–234 Lindbergh baby case, 166 Line search, 57, 58 Line spectrum, 350 Liquid, 225 Liquid explosives, 445 Liquid hashish, 285 Liter, 227 Litvinenko, Alexander V., 355 Live computer acquisition, 481–483 Livescan, 152 Lividity, 127 Livor mortis, 127 Local crime laboratories, 30 Locard, Edmond, 26–27 Locard’s exchange principle, 27 Locus, 383 Log files, 494 Logical extraction, 505 Long gun, 187, 188 Loop, 148, 149 Lopez, Steven, 256 Low copy number, 413 Low explosives, 441 Low-velocity spatter, 98 Low-voltage electrocution, 126 LSD, 280, 284–285 Lugovoi, Andrei, 355 Luminol, 379 Lyocell, 261 Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), 284–285 M MacDonald, Jeffrey, 248, 268, 269 Macromolecule, 263, 264 Madrid bombing investigation, 154 Maggots, 135–137 Magna Brush, 156 Magnification, 84, 85 Magnifying glass, 168 Maize pollen (cornfield), 181 Malone, Michael P., 71 Malvo, Lee Boyd, 184 Mandrel, 190 Mandrel rifling, 190 Manila evidence envelope, 60, 61 Manner of death, 125–126 Manufactured fibers, 260, 264 Marijuana, 280, 283–284, 296, 377 Marijuana cigarettes, 284 Marijuana leaf, 179, 285 Markhasev, Mikail, 259 Marlin rifle, 193 Marquis reagent, 222, 296 Maryland v King, 87 Mass, 228–229, 230 Mass disaster, 135 Mass spectrometer, 311 Mass spectrometry, 308–311 Master file table (MFT), 479 Match point, 237 Matter, 222–225 Mayfield, Brandon, 154 MB, 458n McCrone, Walter C., 26 McVeigh, Timothy, 424 MD5/SHA, 483 MDMA, 290–291 MDPV, 290 Mechanical energy, 426 Medical examiner, 94, 118 Medium-range photograph, 52 Medium-velocity spatter, 98 Medulla, 250, 251–252 Medulla patterns, 252 Medullary index, 251–252 mega-, 225 Megabyte (MB), 458n Megapixels, 51 Melamine, 262 Melendez-Diaz v Massachusetts, 37 Men vs women See Gender Mephidrone, 290 Meprobamate, 280, 287 Mercury, 336 Mercury-in-glass thermometer, 228 Mescaline, 284 Message Digest (MD5)/Secure Hash Algorithm (SHA), 483 Metabolism, 318 Metal pillbox, 60, 61 Metals, paint, and soil paint, 356–364 soil, 364–367 trace elements, 346–356 # 150233   Cust: Pearson   Au: Saferstein  Pg No 539 An Introduction to Forensic Science  Server: Jobs4 Title: 539 Criminalistics: Z02_SAFE2020_11_GE_IND.indd C/M/Y/K Short / Normal / Long DESIGN SERVICES OF S4carlisle Publishing Services 5/8/14 12:28 PM 540    index Meter, 227 Methadone, 280, 282, 377 Methamphetamine, 288 Methane, 426 Methaqualone, 280, 287 Methyl ethyl ketone (antifreeze), 288 4-methyl umbelliferyl phosphate (MUP), 385 Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), 290–291 3,4-methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MDPV), 290 Metric conversion, 227 Metric system, 225–227 MFT, 479 Michelson interferometer, 306 Michigan v Tyler, 49, 415n micro-, 225 Microballoons, 443 Microcrystalline test, 296–297 Microcrystalline tests, 380 Microgrooving, 193 Microscope and forensic applications, 167–183 basic principles, 168–169 comparison, 171–173 compound, 169–171 microspectrophotometer, 175–176 objective/eyepiece lens, 168 polarizing, 174–175 SEM, 176–180 stereoscopic, 173, 174 virtual/real image, 168 Microsoft Money, 484 Microsoft Outlook, 493 Microspectrophotometer, 175–176 Microspheres, 443 Military high explosives, 443–444 Miller, Mark, 366 milli-, 225 Miltown, 280, 287 Mincey v Arizona, 67 Minerals, 364, 365 MiniSTRs, 409 Minutiae, 145 mIRC, 494 Missouri v McNeely, 330 Mitochondria, 410, 412 Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), 257, 258, 410–411, 412 mL, 227 MMS, 495 Mobile crime laboratory, 59, 60 Mobile device forensics, 495–496, 501–512 artifacts, 508–509 extracting useful data, 505–506 file system analysis, 507 hybrid crime assessment, 509–510 SD cards, 506 SIM cards, 506–507 Mobile device logs, 510 Modacrylic, 262, 269 Modus operandi, 426 Molecule, 224, 263, 264 Molotov cocktail, 435 Mongoloid skeleton, 132, 133 Monochromatic light, 305, 306 Monochromator, 305, 306 Monoclonal antibodies, 379 Monocular, 171 Monomer, 263, 264 Morphine, 280, 281 Motherboard, 475 Motorola Droid, 496 Mouse hair, 253 MRM 10, 159 MRM 10 Combination Enhancer, 520 MS exFAT, 507 mtDNA, 257, 258, 410–411, 412 Muhammad, John Allen, 184 Multimedia message service (MMS), 495 Multiplexing, 404–405 MUP, 385 Muzzle (weapon), 102 Muzzle-to-target distance, 198–200 N NAD, 327 NADH, 327 nano-, 225 Naphtha, 288 Napoleon, what killed him, 316 Narcotic, 280 Narcotic drugs, 280–282 Nasal cavity, 321 National DNA Data Bank (Canada), 87 National DNA Database (U.K.), 87 National integrated ballistics information network (NIBIN), 87, 196–198 Natural death, 126 Natural fibers, 260–261 Natural variations, 459 Necrophilious insect, 135 Negroid hairs, 256 Negroid skeleton, 132, 133 Network interface card (NIC), 478 Ne’urim Declaration, 147 Neutron, 350 Neutron activation analysis, 354–356 # 150233   Cust: Pearson   Au: Saferstein  Pg No 540 An Introduction to Forensic Science  Server: Jobs4 Title: 540 Criminalistics: Z02_SAFE2020_11_GE_IND.indd C/M/Y/K Short / Normal / Long DESIGN SERVICES OF S4carlisle Publishing Services 5/8/14 12:28 PM index    541 NIBIN, 87, 196–198 NIC, 478 Nicotin-amide-adenine dinucleotide (NAD), 327 Nicotine, 280 Night Stalker, 153, 410 1973 International Association for Identification resolution, 147 Ninhydrin, 156, 518 Nitrite gloves, 66 Nitrites, 200 Nobel, Alfred, 442 Nonalcoholic disinfectant, 327 Nondrug poisons, 336–337 Note-taking (crime-scene), 50 NTFS, 479 Nuclear DNA, 257, 258 Nuclear forensics, 357 Nuclear power plant, 357 Nuclear reactor, 354 Nucleotides, 396 Nucleus, 350 Nylon, 262, 266–268 Nystagmus, 326 Nystagmus onset angle, 327 O O J Simpson case, 82, 216, 370 Objective lens, 168 Obliterations, 464–465 Offender index, 87 Officer.com, 41 Oklahoma City bombing, 424 Olefin, 262, 265 Oligospermia, 385 Omnivore insect, 135 One-leg stand, 327 Operating system (OS), 479, 503 Opiates, 281–282 Opium, 281 Orfila, Mathieu, 24 Organized Crime Control Act (1970), 29 Organs and physiological fluids, 78 OS, 479, 503 Osborn, Albert S., 26 Oswald, Lee Harvey, 347–349 Otero, Joseph and Julie, 472 Other forensic science services, 39–40 Outward spiral method, 58 Overview photograph, 51, 52 Oxidation, 319, 426 Oxidizing agents, 440 OxyContin, 282 P Packaging evidence, 60–61 Packed column, 297 pagefile.sys, 489 Paint, 356–364 characterization of paint binders, 360 characterization of pigments, 360–361 collection and preservation of evidence, 363–364 composition, 358 microscopic examination, 358–359 significance of paint evidence, 361–362 standard/reference samples, 363, 364 Paint data query (PDQ) database, 87–88, 362 Paint pyrograms, 361 Paint transfer evidence, 62 Palmer handwriting, 456, 457 Panoramic view of crime scene, 51, 52 Papaver somniferium, 281 Paper bags, 62 Paper examination, 469–470 Paper packaging, 61 Papillae, 147 Parfocal, 171 Partition, 479 Partitioning the HDD, 479 Patent Blue, 523 Paternity case, 384 PBI, 262 PCMCIA, 478 PCP, 280, 285–287 PCR, 399, 400 PDQ database, 87–88, 362 Peachtree accounting software, 484 Pelvis, 130 Pentaerythritol tetranitrate (PETN), 444 Pentobarbital, 287 Percent saturation, 336 Percent weight per volume (% w/v), 322 Perimeter ruler method, 109 Periodic table, 222, 224 Peroxidases, 376, 379 Peroxide-based explosives, 445 Petechiae, 124 PETN, 444 Petroleum products, 78 pH scale, 334 Phase, 225 Phencyclidine (PCP), 280, 285–287 Phenobarbital, 287 Phenotype, 384 Phenylalanine, 398 Photocopiers, 461–462 # 150233   Cust: Pearson   Au: Saferstein  Pg No 541 An Introduction to Forensic Science  Server: Jobs4 Title: 541 Criminalistics: Z02_SAFE2020_11_GE_IND.indd C/M/Y/K Short / Normal / Long DESIGN SERVICES OF S4carlisle Publishing Services 5/8/14 12:28 PM 542    index Photographic laboratory, 31 Photographs autopsy, 119–120 bloodstain patterns, 109 crime scene, 50–53, 118–119 fingerprints, 160 impression, 209 powder residue, 200, 201 Photon, 234 Physical dependence, 278, 279 Physical Developer, 156, 518–519 Physical evidence, 77–84 See also Evidence cautions/limitations, 84 class characteristics, 81–82 common types, 78–79 comparison, 79–80 defined, 48 excluding/exonerating person from suspicion, 84 identification, 79 importance, 32–34 individual characteristics, 80–81 rape, 388–389 significance, 82–83 value, 83–84 Physical extraction, 505 Physical property, 222 Physical science unit, 30–31 Physical state, 225 Picogram, 413 Pinkish discoloration, 122 Pistol, 186 Pixels, 161, 465 Plain arch, 149 Plain whorl, 148, 149 Planck’s constant, 234 Plane-polarized light, 174 Plants (pollen and spores), 178–181 Plasma, 372 Plastic, rubber and other polymers, 78 Plastic bags, 78 Plastic print, 154 Poison, 122, 336–337 Polarization of light, 174–175 Polarizer, 174 Polarizing microscope, 174–175 Pollen and spores, 178–181 Pollen fingerprint, 181 Pollen rain, 181 Polonium-210, 354, 355 Polyclonal antibodies, 378, 379 Polyester, 261, 262, 268 Polygraph unit, 32 Polymer, 263, 264, 396 Polymerase chain reaction (PCR), 399, 400 Pool of blood, 106 Portable hydrocarbon detector, 434 Portrait parlé, 144 POST, 477 Post-ninhydrin treatment (zinc chloride solution), 518 Postmortem interval (PMI), 135 Postmortem redistribution, 122 Potassium chlorate, 441 Potassium eye levels, 128 Potassium oxalate, 327 Pound, 227 Povidone-iodine, 327 Powder residue, 198–201 Power-on self test (POST), 477 Precipitin, 380 Precipitin test, 380–381 Precursor chemicals, 294 Predator insect, 135 Preservative, 327 Primacord, 444 Primary explosive, 442 Primer, 400, 401, 442 Primer residue, 201–204 Primer surfacer, 358 Printers, 462–463 Product rule, 82, 405 Properties, 222 Propofol, 332 Prostate specific antigen (PSA), 386, 387, 390 Protective footwear, 66 Proteins, 398 Proton, 350 PSA, 386, 387, 390 Psilocybin, 284 Psychological dependence, 278–279 Pubic hair, 256 Pulmonary artery, 320 Pulmonary edema, 121 Pulmonary vein, 320 Pulp dynamite, 442 Puncture-resistant container, 66 Punnett square, 384 Purple discoloration, 128 Putrefaction, 128 Pyrex, 346 Pyrolysis, 360, 429 Pyrolysis gas chromatography, 360 # 150233   Cust: Pearson   Au: Saferstein  Pg No 542 An Introduction to Forensic Science  Server: Jobs4 Title: 542 Criminalistics: Z02_SAFE2020_11_GE_IND.indd C/M/Y/K Short / Normal / Long DESIGN SERVICES OF S4carlisle Publishing Services 5/8/14 12:28 PM index    543 Q Quaalude, 280, 287 Quadrant or zone search, 57, 58 Qualitative determination, 295 Quantitative determination, 295 Questioned document, 456 Questioned-Document Examination, 41 Questioned Documents (Osborn), 26 QuickBooks, 484 Quicken, 484 Quinine, 283 R R350, 508 Rabbit hair, 253, 254 Race and ethnicity decedent, 132, 133 hair, 256 Rader, Dennis, 472 Radial fracture, 241, 242 Radial loop, 148 Radiant heat, 432 Radiation, 432 Radiation poisoning, 355 Radium, 354 Ragweed pollen, 181 RAM, 159, 476, 494 RAM combination enhancer, 519 RAM slack, 487 Ramirez, Richard, 153 Ramsey, JonBenét, 46, 417–419 Random-access memory (RAM), 476, 494 Rape evidence, 387–390 Rapid DNA, 87 Rave scene, 289 RAY, 159 Ray, James Earl, 142 RAY combination enhancer, 520 Ray search, 57, 58 Rayon, 261, 268 RDX, 444, 449 Read-only memory (ROM), 476 Real image, 168 Recessive gene, 383 Reconstructing the crime See Crime-scene reconstruction Recording the crime scene, 49–54 Recycle Bin, 489 Red blood cells, 373 Reddy’s Forensic Home Page, 41 Redmond, Alice, 366 “Reds,” 287 Reflected illumination, 169 Reflected ultraviolet imaging system (RUVIS), 155 Refraction, 230, 231 Refractive index, 231, 237, 240, 268 Regenerated fibers, 264 Regional laboratories, 30 Reid, Richard, 445 Reinsch test, 336 Repeating long gun, 187 Repetitive transfer impression pattern, 111 Replication, 399 Research-grade mass spectrometer, 310 Resolution, 51, 161 Respiratory mask, 66 Respiratory system, 321 Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP), 401 Retention time, 299 Revolver, 186, 199 Reyes, Matias, 256 Rf value, 304 RFLP, 401 RFLP DNA typing, 401 Rh factor, 373 Rh negative, 373 Rh positive, 373 Rhodamine 6G, 519 “Rich” mixture, 441 Richard I, 118 Ridge characteristics, 145–146 Ridge comparisons, 146–147 Ridgway, Gary, 344 Rifle, 187, 198–199 Rifled barrel, 190 Rifling, 188 Rifling methods, 189–190 Right atrium, 320 Right ventricle, 320 Rigor mortis, 127–128 Rituxin, 379 Roadside breath tester, 325, 326 Rocks, 364, 365 Rohypnol, 290 ROM, 476 “Roofies,” 289, 290 Root banding, 258 Rough sketch, 53–54, 55 Royal Canadian Mounted Police regional laboratories, 28 RUVIS, 155 # 150233   Cust: Pearson   Au: Saferstein  Pg No 543 An Introduction to Forensic Science  Server: Jobs4 Title: 543 Criminalistics: Z02_SAFE2020_11_GE_IND.indd C/M/Y/K Short / Normal / Long DESIGN SERVICES OF S4carlisle Publishing Services 5/8/14 12:28 PM 544    index S Sacco, Nicola, 195 Sacco and Vanzetti, 195 Sacrum, 129 Safety fuse, 441 Saliva, 78 SATA, 477 Satellite spatter, 96 Sawdust, 79 Scalp hairs, 256 Scanning electron microscope (SEM), 176–180, 203–204 Schedule I drugs, 293 Schedule II drugs, 293 Schedule III drugs, 293 Schedule IV drugs, 293 Schedule V drugs, 293 Scher, Stephen, 102 Schieber, Shannon, 88 Schmerber v California, 330 Scientific method, 34 Scott Test, 296 Screening test, 295 SCSI, 477 Sculpturing (pollen), 181 SD cards, 506 SDRAM, 476 Sealable plastic evidence bag, 60, 61 Search and seizure, 66–67 Search patterns, 56–58 Search warrant, 66, 67 Searching for evidence, 54–58 Secobarbital, 287 Secondary explosive, 442 Sector, 479 Securing and isolating the crime scene, 48–49 Self-incrimination, 329 SEM, 176–180 SEM approach (primer residue detection), 203–204 Semen, 78 Semen/seminal stains, 384–387, 390 Semiautomatic long gun, 188 Semiautomatic pistol, 187 Semiautomatic rifle, 187 Sequencing, 411, 412 Serial ATA (SATA), 477 Serial number restoration (firearms), 204–205 Serology, 374 See also Forensic serology Serum, 372, 373 Sex identification, 406–407 Sex of decedent, 129 Sexual assault (rape), 387–390 Sharp-force injury, 123 Sharp objects, 66 Shavings, 79 Sheppard, Sam, 92 Shipman, Harold, 116 Shoe print, 88, 89, 214–215 See also Impressions Shoeprint image capture and retrieval (SICAR), 88, 89, 213 Short message service (SMS), 495, 508 Short tandem repeat (STR), 401, 404 Short tandem repeat (STR) DNA typing, 212, 405–407 Shotgun, 187, 193, 200 SICAR, 88, 89, 213 Sickle-cell hemoglobin, 398 Side-by-side comparison fibers, 83 fingerprints, 152, 161, 162 hairs, 80 Signature exemplars, 461 Signatures, 357 SIM cards, 506–507 SIMMs, 476 Simpson, Nicole Brown, 82, 216, 370 Simpson, O J., 82, 216, 370 Single-action firearm, 186 Single-base smokeless powder, 441 Single-pan analytical balance, 229 Single-shot pistol, 186 Sinsemilla, 283 Skeletal remains See Forensic anthropology Skeleton size, 144 Skeletonization, 106, 107 Sketching kit, 54 Sketching the crime scene, 53–54 Skin, 147 Skull, 130–132 Slack space, 486–488 Slippage, 128 Slope detector, 323 Small computer system interface (SCSI), 477 SMART, 483, 486 Smart media cards, 478 Smith, Anna Nicole, 331, 333 Smokeless powder, 441 Smoldering, 430 Smothering, 124 SMS, 495, 508 “Sniffer,” 434 Sniffing (solvents), 288 Snow, Clyde, 134 Snow Impression Wax, 212 # 150233   Cust: Pearson   Au: Saferstein  Pg No 544 An Introduction to Forensic Science  Server: Jobs4 Title: 544 Criminalistics: Z02_SAFE2020_11_GE_IND.indd C/M/Y/K Short / Normal / Long DESIGN SERVICES OF S4carlisle Publishing Services 5/8/14 12:28 PM index    545 Soda-lime glass, 235 Sodium chloride, 231 Sodium fluoride, 327, 328 Sodium vapor, 350 Software, 474 Soil, 364–367 Solid, 225 Solid-frame revolver, 187 Solid-state storage devices, 478 Sollecito, Raffaele, 76 Solvent inhalation, 288 Spandex, 261 Spatial filtering, 161 Spectrophometer, 305, 306–307 Spectrophotometry, 305–308 “Speed,” 288 “Speed binge,” 288 Speed of deflagration, 440–441 Sperm, 382 Spermatozoa, 384–386 “Spice,” 286 Spider, 135 Spiral search pattern, 57, 58 Spontaneous combustion, 430–431 Spores (plants), 178–181 SQL Lite (SQLite), 507 Stab, 123 Standard/reference sample, 64 Staple hole exam, 464 Starch, 263 State and local crime laboratories, 30 States of matter, 224–225 Stereoscopic microscope, 173, 174 Steroids, 291–292 Stimulants, 280, 288–289 Stippling, 121 Stomach contents, 128 STR, 401, 404 STR Blue Kit, 405 STR DNA typing, 212, 405–407 Straight dynamite, 442 Strangulation, 124 Striations, 190 String method, 100, 101 Strip or line search, 57, 58 Structural fire, 431–432 Subatomic particles, 350 Sublimation, 156, 225 Submitting evidence to laboratory, 64–65 Substrate control, 64, 414, 435 Suicide, 124, 125 Superglue, 157 Superglue fuming, 157 Surface texture, 95–96 Swab box, 414 Swabbing, 202–203 Swap file, 485 Swap file data, 485 Swing-out revolver, 186 Swipe pattern, 105, 106 Sykes, Deborah, 411 Symphysis pubis, 132 Synthetic cannabinoids, 286 Synthetic fibers, 264, 265 Synthetic opiates, 282 System bus, 476 System ROM, 476 System unit, 475 T Table mass spectrometer, 311 Takayama test, 380 Tandem repeats, 399–401 Target distance, 198–200 Tartrazine, 523 TATP, 443, 445 TATP-based bomb, 444 Tattooing, 121 Teeth, 40 Teichmann test, 380 Telogen phase, 253, 254 Temperature, 228 Tempered glass, 235 Temporal chain of evidence, 509 Temporary files, 485–486 Tented arch, 149 Test powder patterns (revolver), 199 Testosterone, 291 Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), 283, 377 Textile chemists, 266 Textile fibers, 268 TH01, 404 Thallium, 336 THC, 283, 377 THC-9-carboxylic acid, 377 The Fugitive (TV), 92 Theory of light, 233–234 Thermometer, 228 Thin-layer chromatography (TLC), 300–304, 335, 467, 469 Thorium, 354 Three-dimensional crime-scene imaging, 53 3-D panoramic view of crime scene, 51, 52 3R rule, 241 # 150233   Cust: Pearson   Au: Saferstein  Pg No 545 An Introduction to Forensic Science  Server: Jobs4 Title: 545 Criminalistics: Z02_SAFE2020_11_GE_IND.indd C/M/Y/K Short / Normal / Long DESIGN SERVICES OF S4carlisle Publishing Services 5/8/14 12:28 PM 546    index Thyroid cartilage, 124 Time of death, 126–128 Timeline, 509 Tin, 354 Tire impressions, 214–215 See also Impressions TLC, 300–304, 335, 467, 469 TNT, 444 Toluene, 288 “Tomb” site, 129 TomTom, 504 Toner, 463 Tool marks, 206–209 Top-loading balance, 229 Toxicologist, 331 Toxicology See Forensic toxicology Toxicology unit, 32 Trace elements, 346–356 atomic structure, 350–352 emission spectrum of elements, 349–350 glass, 346–347 ICP, 352–353 isotopes and radioactivity, 353–354 neutron activation analysis, 354–356 Trachea, 321 Track, 479, 480 Training of police officers, 38–39 Transfer pattern, 105 Transmitted illumination, 168 Transmitting terminal identifier (TTI), 462 TreadMate, 88 Triacetate, 268 Triacetone triperoxide (TATP), 443, 445 Trial judge, “gatekeeping” role, 35 Trichloroethylene, 288 Triketohydrindene hydrate (ninhydrin), 156 2,4,6-trinitrophenylmethylnitramine, 442 Trinitrotoluene (TNT), 444 Triplexing, 405, 408 Tritium, 353 TTI, 462 Type A blood, 373, 374 Type AB blood, 373, 374 Type B blood, 373, 374 Type O blood, 373, 374 Type line, 148, 149 Typescript comparisons, 461–463 Tyvek protective suit, 66 U UFED, 505, 507, 508 Ulnar loop, 148 Ultraviolet, 305 Ultraviolet (UV) region, 233 Ultraviolet (UV) spectrophotometry, 305 Ultraviolet spectrum, 308 Unabomber, 454 Unallocated space, 488 Undetermined death, 126 United States v Byron C Mitchell, 145 United States v Mara, 460 Units of measurement, 225–227 Unreasonable search and seizure, 66–67 “Uppers,” 288 Uranium, 354, 357 Urine testing for drugs, 335 U.S Postal Inspection Service laboratories, 29 USB thumb drives, 478 UV spectrophotometry, 305 V Vacuum sweeper, 59 Valium, 280, 287 Van Dam, Danielle, 136 Van Urk, 296 Vanzetti, Bartolomeo, 195 Vapor (gas), 225 Vapor concentration, 436–437 Vehicle headlights, 178, 179 Vehicle search, 58 Vehicular homicide, 126 Vein, 320, 322 Vertical flow pattern, 111 Vertical illumination, 168 Victim characteristics, 129–133 Victim rape collection kit, 388 Video recording the crime scene, 53 Vignettes See Case files; Headline news Violent explosion, 440 Virtual image, 168 Visible data, 484–486 Visible light, 232, 234 Visible-light microspectrophotometer, 176, 264 Visible microspectrophotometer, 467 Visible print, 154 Visible spectrophotometry, 305 Vitreous humor, 128 Voiceprint, 32 Voiceprint analysis unit, 32 Void pattern, 104, 105 Volatile memory, 476 Vollmer, August, 27 Volume, 227 Vucetich, Juan, 144 # 150233   Cust: Pearson   Au: Saferstein  Pg No 546 An Introduction to Forensic Science  Server: Jobs4 Title: 546 Criminalistics: Z02_SAFE2020_11_GE_IND.indd C/M/Y/K Short / Normal / Long DESIGN SERVICES OF S4carlisle Publishing Services 5/8/14 12:28 PM index    547 W Walk and turn, 327 Walk-through, 50, 94 Wallace, Gerald, 88 Wallner lines, 241 Warrantless search, 66 Warren Commission, 347–349 Wasps, 135 Water gels (explosives), 442 Watson, James, 396 Wavelength, 233 Web sites, 41 Weighing, 229 Weight, 228–229, 230 Weights, 229 West, William, 145 Westerfield, David, 136 Wheel/ray search, 57, 58 White light, 232 Whorl, 148–149 Wi-Fi, 502 Williams, Wayne, 84, 264, 266 Window glass, 346 Windowpane, 78 WIN386.swp, 489 Withdrawal sickness, 279 Women vs men See Gender Wood and other vegetative matter, 79 Woodruff, Angela, 116 Wound track, 124 X X chromosome, 382 X-ray, 233 Xanax, 287 XX fertilized egg, 382 XY fertilized egg, 383 Y Y chromosome, 382 Y-STR, 407 YAFFS, 507 Yahoo! Messenger, 494 “Yellow jackets,” 287 Z Zaner-Bloser handwriting, 456, 457 Zavala, Alfredo, 71 Zeno’s Forensic Site, 41 Zepiran, 327 Zinc chloride solution (post-ninhydrin treatment), 518 Zone search, 57, 58 Zygote, 382 # 150233   Cust: Pearson   Au: Saferstein  Pg No 547 An Introduction to Forensic Science  Server: Jobs4 Title: 547 Criminalistics: Z02_SAFE2020_11_GE_IND.indd C/M/Y/K Short / Normal / Long DESIGN SERVICES OF S4carlisle Publishing Services 5/8/14 12:28 PM ...>>>>>>>>>>>> edition 11 Criminalistics An Introduction to? ?Forensic Science Global Edition Richard Saferstein, Ph.D Forensic Science Consultant, Mt Laurel, New Jersey Boston Columbus Indianapolis... (Pearson, 2015) to be used in conjunction with this text He is also the author of Forensic Science: An Introduction (Pearson, 2008 and 2 011) and Forensic Science: From the Crime Scene to the Crime... >>>>>>>>>>>> edition 11 Criminalistics An Introduction to Forensic Science Global Edition # 150233   Cust: Pearson   Au: Saferstein? ?? Pg No 19 An Introduction to Forensic Science? ?? Server: Jobs4 Title:19 Criminalistics: