A study of compound synonyms and synonymous substitutions in duong thuy‟s stories and their english translational equivalents

THE UNIVERSITY OF DANANG UNIVERSITY OF FOREIGN LANGUAGE STUDIES Y THỊ THÚY NGÀ A STUDY OF COMPOUND SYNONYMS AND SYNONYMOUS SUBSTITUTIONS IN DUONG THUY'S STORIES AND THEIR ENGLISH TRANSLATIONAL EQUIVALENTS MASTER THESIS IN LINGUISTICS AND CULTURAL STUDIES OF FOREIGN COUNTRIES Da Nang, 2020 THE UNIVERSIT Y OF DANANG UNIVERSITY OF FOREIGN LANGUAGE STUDIES Y THỊ THÚY NGÀ • A STUDY OF COMPOUND SYNONYMS AND SYNONYMOUS SUBSTITUTIONS IN DUONG THUY'S STORIES AND THEIR ENGLISH TRANSLATIONAL EQUIVALENTS Major : ENGLISH LINGUISTICS Code : 822.02.01 MASTER THESIS IN LINGUISTICS AND CULTURAL STUDIES OF FOREIGN COUNTRIES Supervisor: NGUYỄN HỮU QUÝ, Ph.D LÊ TẤN THI, Ph.D Da Nang, 2020 STATEMENT OF AUTHORSHIP It is true that this thesis “A study of compound synonyms and synonymous substitutions in Duong Thuy’s stories and their English translational equivalents” contains no material published elsewhere or extracted in whole, or in part from a thesis by which I have been entitled to or being awarded another degree or diploma except for where reference is made in the text of the thesis No other person’s work has been used without due acknowledgement in the thesis This thesis has not been submitted for the award of any degree of diploma in any other tertiary institutions I hereby certify that this thesis is original and is my own work Danang, 2020 Y Thi Thuy Nga ABSTRACT The investigation aims at finding out procedures for translating Vietnamese compound synonyms and synonymous substitutions in Duong Thuy’s stories into English for the purpose of implication in translating as well as teaching, learning English The data for the research are collected from the five stories written Duong Thuy and English translational versions by the native translator, Elbert Bloom The main methods applied for the study are qualitative and quantitative ones as well In respect of the finding and discussion, we refer to the viewpoints of translation theories by Armstrong N (2005) and Newmark P (1988), linguistic features by Dinh Trong Lac (2012: 134 -137) and Halliday M.A.K & Hasan R (1994) so as to describe, analyze and find out the procedures in the translation process of compound synonyms and synonymous substitutions in source language and their English translational equivalent in the target one on the basis of syntactic and structural features The quantitative results of the translation procedures of Vietnamese compound synonyms and synonymous substitutions into English have been taken into careful consideration We have simultaneously discussed and found the result in both qualitative and quantitative research so as to enhance the reliability and validity of the study In findings and discussion, translation procedures of Vietnamese compound synomyms and Vietnamese synomymous substitution into English have been thoroughly analyzed and discussed in both qualitative and quantitative approaches It is hopeful that the result of the study will make a practical contribution to translation as well as teaching and learning English language skills related compound synonyms and synonymous substitutions TABLE OF CONTENTS 4.2.5 Summary .66 4.3 TRANSLATION PROCEDURES OF VIETNAMESE MIXED STYLISTIC DEVICES INTO ENGLISH 68 4.4 SUMMARY 71 Chapter Five CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS 74 5.1 CONCLUSIONS 74 5.2 IMPLICATIONS FOR TEACHING AND LEARNING .75 5.3 LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY 76 5.4 SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER RESEARCHES .77 REFERENCES QUYẾT ĐỊNH GIAO ĐỀ TÀI LUẬN VĂN (Bản sao) LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS Abbreviations Full Forms Ad Adjunct Cadj Adjective complement Co Objective complement Cprep Prepositional complement Cs Subjective complement Od Direct object Oi Indirect object S Subject Vi Intransitive verb Vint Intensive verb Vtcomp Complex-transitive verb Vtmono Mono-transitive verb LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS LIST OF TABLES Number Name of Tables of Tables 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 Procedures of translating Vietnamese compound synonyms into English Procedures of translating Vietnamese synonymous substitutions into English Procedures of translating Vietnamese mixed types into English Procedures of translating Vietnamese compound synonyms and synonymous substitutions into English Page 45 67 71 72 This study consists of main chapters as follows: - Chapter 1:“Introduction” includes the rationale, aims and objectives, the research questions, the scope of the study and organization of the study - Chapter 2: “Literature review” presents the previous studies related to the thesis Theoretical background dealt with and provides us with fundamental knowledge of compound synonyms and synonymous substitutions, translation procedures, the overview about the author and the English translator - Chapter 3: “Methodology and Procedures”states the methods and procedures of the study Methodology and Procedures - Chapter 4: “Findings and Discussion” deals with the translation procedures of Vietnamese compound synonyms and synonymous substitutions found in Duong Thuy’s stories and their English translational versions - Chapter 5: “Conclusion and Implications” gives the main points discussed in chapter 4, provides some implications for teaching, learning and translating; simultaneously, shows the limitations and suggestions for further study Table 4.2 Procedures of translating Vietnamese synonymous substitutions into English Translation Examples Procedures Adjective Class shift Structure shift Literal Verb Adverb Noun Total 10 Reduction 3 Addition 1 Translation label 1 Transposition 1 structure shift & translation label Couplet 1 class shift & compensation class shift & transference class shift & expansion class shift & synonym structure shift, Triplet class shift & reduction Total 1 21 30 The most significant rate of 33.3% is the translation procedure class shift The second highest figure of 20% can be found at literal The third highest figure of 16.7% is related to couplet that include structure shift and translation label, class shift and compensation, class shift and transference, class shift and expansion, class shift & and synonym The lowest rate 3.3% for each translation procedure can be seen at transposition, addition, translation label and triplet (that includes structure shift, class shift and reduction) The second lowest percentage in terms of structure shift has the proportion of 6.7% Finally, a little bit higher percentage of 10% is for reduction 4.3 TRANSLATION PROCEDURES OF VIETNAMESE MIXED STYLISTIC DEVICES INTO ENGLISH In reality, compound synonyms can occur with synonymous substitutions to express certain nuances Source Language Target Language 67a Tôi thích tính chân thật r A /V /V /V 1 1'11 cơ, sống khơng cầu kì, không che 67b I very much like your honest đậy Ý là, cô không giả dối Nhắm mắt thấy Paris, p 48 character, and you don't live in a formal manner, don't hide your feelings I believe that you are not insincere Paris through closed eyes, p 57 In the above examples, the negative synonyms as adjectives “không cầu kì, khơng che đậy khơng giả dối” are not only used as negative synonymous substitutions for the adjective “chân thật” but also perform as a chain of synonyms or near synonyms On the basis of their different syntactic functions but similar in structural features, the translation procedure in this case is class shift The next mixed type is the combination of negative synonym as nouns with a chain of synonyms or near synonyms Source Language Target Language 68a Môi trường công ty 68b The company environment certainly nơi kết bạn thâm giao, wasn't a place to make close friends nụ cười giả tạo, bắt tay hờ There were only a few fake smiles, limp hững, hôn má giả vờ handshakes, and some brief sarcastic kisses Nhắm mắt thấy Paris, p.13 Paris through closed eyes, p.17 The synonyms “những nụ cười giả tạo, bắt tay hờ hững, hôn má giả vờ” are both a chain of synonyms or near synonyms and synonyms of the negative synonymous substitution “không phải nơi kết bạn thâm giao” Syntactically, Vietnamese chain of synonyms or near synonyms function as Cs but their English equivalents “fake smiles, limp handshakes, and some brief sarcastic kisses” function as S in the existential sentence Structurally, chain of synonyms or near synonyms in the source language are linked by only commas; otherwise, their English equivalents are linked by both commas and the coordinator and The translation procedure in this context is the combination of class shift and structure shift, namely couplet Occasionally, temporary synonymous substitution can be combined with descriptive synonymous substitution and a chain of synonym or near synonyms as follows Source Language Target Language 69a Có người Việt Nam nhìn lạ 69b There is one Vietnamese girl that lạ Nàng xinh theo mắt appears very strange She looks người châu Á, tức da trắng, mắt beautiful in the eyes of Asian, for she hai mí, mũi cao has white skin, double eyelids, and a high nose Nhắm mắt thấy Paris, p.17 Paris through closed eyes, p 22 Vietnamese temporary synonymous substitution “cô nàng” and their English equivalent “girl she” have the different syntactic function because of the dissimilarity of existential sentence structure in the two languages Descriptive synonymous substitution in the source language “xinh da trắng, mắt hai mí, mũi cao” and chain of synonym or near synonyms “da trắng, mắt hai mí, mũi cao” and their English equivalents share the same structural features Thus, class shift is the translation procedure in this case The last mixture is also the combination of temporary synonymous substitution with descriptive synonymous substitution Source Language Target Language 70a Mai nghiêng đầu ngó anh đồng 70b Mai bent her head to look at her nghiệp Anh ba mươi, dáng colleague He was thirties something, thư sinh, mắt to, miệng nhỏ xíu, with the appearance of a student, hai gị má phính phính Thật chẳng large eyes, a small mouth, and two khác búp bê trai plump cheekbones, really looking not at all unlike a boy doll Nhắm mắt thấy Paris, p.10 Paris through closed eyes, p.14 Temporary synonymous substitution in Vietnamese “anh đồng nghiệp búp bê trai” and their English translational equivalents “colleague a boy doll” are syntactically similar with the functions as Od, Cadj, respectively By contrast, descriptive synonymous substitutions in the source language function as appositions to the preceding noun, Quirk et al (1988: 382) Otherwise, the English equivalents function as complement to the preposition in their structure Therefore, they are different in structure as well Then procedure of translation is couplet, the combination of class shift and structure shift Beside the two Vietnamese stylistic devices, i.e compound synonyms and synonymous substitution introduced by Dinh Trong Lac (1996); in reality, in texts there exist mixed types of compound synonyms and synonymous substitution, such as the mixture of negative synonymous substitutions (Negative SS) and a chain of synonyms or near synonyms (Chain of S & NS), the mixture of negative synonymous substitutions and temporary synonymous substitutions (Temporary SS) or the combination of three types, i.e negative synonymous substitutions, temporary synonymous substitutions and a chain of synonyms or near synonyms The information about the translation procedures of examples of the mixed type from 67 to 70 can be seen in the Table underneath Table 4.3 Procedures of translating Vietnamese mixed types into English Mixed Types Translation Procedures Class shift Couplet Class shift & Structure shift Total Negative SS Negative SS & Chain of &Temporary S & NS SS 1 Negative SS, Temporary SS, Total & Chain of S & NS 2 4.4 SUMMARY According to Table 4.3 and Table 4.4 below, among 70 samples to be researched in the thesis, there are 36 examples of compound synonyms (51.4 %), 30 instances of synonymous substitutions (42.9 %) and of mixed types (5.7 %) Concerning the translation procedures, class shift expresses the highest proportion; otherwise transposition, provisional translation, addition, translation label, couplet (namely, structure shift and translation label, class shift and compensation, class shift and transference, class shift and expansion, class shift and synonym) or triplet (i.e structure shift, class shift & reduction) share the same lowest rates In relation to compound synonyms, class shift and structure shift (as couplet) scores the most dominant figure, by contrast provisional translation and reduction have the similar lowest quantity With reference to synonymous substitutions, class shift indicates the highest figure and the lowest figures include transposition, addition, translation label, and some couplets, such as structure shift and translation label, class shift and compensation, class shift and transference, class shift & expansion, class shift and synonym) or structure shift, class shift and reduction as triplet With regards to syntactic categories, one of the important criteria in order to identify syntactic features of compound synonyms and synonymous substitutions and their translation procedures, adjectives are most used; on the other hand, adverb is minimally shown For each stylistic device, adverb is the least figure in compound synonyms; however, it cannot be found in synonymous substitutions Furthermore, adjectives reach the most significant rate in compound synonyms Otherwise, nouns are maximal in synonymous substitutions Table 4.4 Procedures of translating Vietnamese compound synonyms and synonymous substitutions into English Compound Synonymous Translation Procedures Synonyms Adj V Class shift Structure shift 3 Literal Adv Substitutions N V N 16 14 Transposition Provisional translation Adj Total 1 Addition 1 Translation lable 1 Reduction Couple t 1 Structure shift & translation lable 1 Translation Procedures Adj Compound Synonymous Synonyms Substitutions V Adv N Adj V Class shift & Class shift & structure shift N compensation 1 1 Transference & expansion Class shift & synomym 11 Class shift & Class shift Total 1 1 1 structure shift, Triplet class shift & reduction Total 20 10 21 66 Chapter Five CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS 5.1 CONCLUSIONS Throughout the investigation of the translation procedures of Vietnamese compound synonyms and synonymous substitutions in Duong Thuy’s five stories into English by Elbert Bloom, we come to conclusion as follows Translation procedures are based on the linguistic features, syntactic and structural features of these two stylistic devices With reference to classification, Vietnamese compound synonyms are classified into two sub-types; namely pairs of synonyms and chains of synonyms and near synonyms The highest figure of compound synonyms in terms of the translation procedure is couplet; otherwise, provisional translation and reduction have the same lowest rate Synonymous substitutions are categorized as four minor kinds; viz dictionary synonymous substitution, descriptive synonymous substitution, negative synonymous substitution and temporary synonymous substitution In isolation from translation procedures, class shift is the most significant proportion By contrast, the lowest figures include transposition, addition, translation label and triplet Apart from the two Vietnamese stylistic devices, i.e compound synonyms and synonymous substitution; in reality, there are also mixed types of compound synonyms and synonymous substitution can be seen in Duong Thuy’s stories They are the mixture of negative synonymous substitutions and a chain of synonyms or near synonyms, that of negative synonymous substitutions and temporary synonymous substitutions or the combination of three types, i.e negative synonymous substitutions, temporary synonymous substitutions and a chain of synonyms or near synonyms There are totally 70 samples used for compound synonyms, synonymous substitution and mixed type Among them, there are 36 examples of compound synonyms, 30 instances of synonymous substitutions and of mixed types (5.7 %) In respect of translation procedures, class shift shows the highest rate of three types; on the other hand, the lowest rates that share the similar figures comprise transposition, provisional translation, addition, translation label, couplet or triplet In association with syntactic categories, the most important criterion so as to find out syntactic features of compound synonyms and synonymous substitutions and their translation procedures, adjectives are most used; while adverb is least employed For each type, adverb is the least proportion in compound synonyms; otherwise, it cannot be found in synonymous substitutions Moreover, adjectives show the most significant figure in compound synonyms By contrast, nouns indicate the highest rate in synonymous substitutions 5.2 IMPLICATIONS FOR TEACHING AND LEARNING Compound synonyms and synonymous substitutions are popularly used in texts types of source language as well as target one; therefore, learners of English language who are interested in the translation procedures of these two stylistic devices can find the result of this study beneficial Understanding the translation procedures of compound synonyms and synonymous substitutions source and target one may help students in their study of Vietnamese - English translation or vice versa When dealing with teaching translation of compound synonyms and synonymous substitutions, their linguistic features, such syntactic, structural, cohesive or even morphological features play an important role in identifying translation procedures This could help learners of English experience how to recognize procedures in the translation process in order to decode the meaning in target texts Furthermore, the result of the study can be useful for language skills Students who understand the use of compound synonyms and synonymous substitutions in text can apply for decoding reading, listening tasks then apply to both writing and speaking skills More specifically, in Vietnamese the “negative synonymous substitution” can be identified by negative word “không” By contrast, English equivalent of Vietnamese negative word “không” is the negative word “not” as shown in the examples 44a,b Sometimes, the negative word “not” can be written in short form like “n’t” as seen in the examples 47a,b Second, The English equivalent of Vietnamese negative word “không” is the negative suffix „-less’ as found in the following examples 45a,b Third, the English equivalent of Vietnamese negative word “không” is the negative prefix “im-” Please refer to the examples 49a,b Last but not least, the English equivalent of Vietnamese negative word “không” is not the negative word or morpheme, but the word of opposite meaning Please refer to the examples 48a,b Therefore, foreigners who learn Vietnamese language should be aware of these differences in terms of grammatical, i.e syntactic as well as morphological features between the two languages in translation of Vietnamese negative synonymous substitution into English or vice versa so that they can avoid making mistakes in practicing language skills or translation Thanks to compound synonym and synonymous substitutions, users or communicators can avoid reiteration; simultaneously provide readers with an amount of new information and evaluation about the mentioned object Furthermore, these two stylistic devices can send their messages to recipients in an attractive and effective way In particular, they are regarded as a special code which has to be wellknown to the reader in order to be deciphered easily Last but not least, speaking people are conscious of choosing the most expressive language tools to achieve maximum benefit and enhance expressiveness In general these synonyms are used in the same sequence of words to further correct the content of the speech and enhance its emotion 5.3 LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY Due to the obstacle in seeking for books about translation theories and materials related to these two stylistic devices, compound synonyms and synonymous substitutions in both languages, we have a lot of difficulties in analyzing them, in terms of translation procedures Moreover, the researches on the two stylistic devices concerning translation procedures cannot be found, it is troublesome for us to implement our study 5.4 SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER RESEARCHES In terms of suggestions for further study, if it is possible, we would like to invest time focusing on the following topic: - An investigation into procedures for translating English compound synonyms into Vietnamese ones - A study on synonymous substitutions in English and their Vietnamese translational equivalents REFERENCES PUBLICATIONS Armstrong N (2005) Translation, Linguistics, Culture: A French-English Handbook UK: The Cromwell Press Ltd Elbert Bloom (2013) Paris Through Closed Eyes Ho Chi Minh City: Nxb Trẻ Elbert Bloom (2011) Beloved Oxford Ho Chi Minh City: Nxb Trẻ Elbert Bloom (2016) In the Golden Sun Ho Chi Minh City: Nxb Trẻ Elbert Bloom (2017) Across America Ho Chi Minh City: Nxb Trẻ Elbert Bloom (2018) We’ll meet again in San Francisco Ho Chi Minh City: Nxb Trẻ Crytal David (1992), An Encyclopedic Dictionary of Language and Languages, USA: Blackwell Publishers Diệp Quang Ban (2005) Ngữ pháp tiếng Việt Huế: Nxb Giáo Dục Dương Thụy (2007) Oxford yêu thương Ho Chi Minh City: Nxb Trẻ Dương Thụy (2010) Nhắm mắt thấy Paris Ho Chi Minh City: Nxb Trẻ Dương Thụy (2012) Cung đường vàng nắng Ho Chi Minh City: Nxb Trẻ Dương Thụy (2014) Chờ em đến San Francisco Ho Chi Minh City: Nxb Trẻ Dương Thụy (2016) Tôi nghĩ tơi thích nước Mỹ Ho Chi Minh City: Nxb Trẻ Đinh Trọng Lạc (1996), 99 phương tiện biện pháp tu từ tiếng việt, Nxb Giáo dục, Hà Nội Đinh Trọng Lạc, Nguyễn Thái Hòa, (2004), Phong cách học tiếng việt, Nxb Giáo Dục, Hà Nội Halliday M.A.K & Hasan R (1994) Cohesion in English London and New York: Longman Group Limited Hoàng Phê (1995) Tự điển tiếng Việt Đà Nẵng: Nxb Đà Nẵng Hornby A S (2006), Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary Oxford: Oxford University Press Newmark P (1985), The Translation of Metaphor, Amsterdam: Benjamine Newmark P (1988), A Textbook of Translation, New York: Prentice-Hall International Nguyễn Quốc Hùng (2005), Guiding English-Vietnamese Translation technique, E.J Brill, Leiden Nguyen Thi Huyen Ngoc (2017), An Investigation into Translating Stylistic Devices in “Cung đường vàng nắng”by Duong Thuy into English in “In the golden sun” by Elbert Bloom in terms of Translation procedures, M.A Thesis, University of Danang Quirk et al (1998) A Student’s Grammar of the English Language England: Longman Group Limited Richards et al (1999) Longman Dictionary of language Teaching & Applied Linguistics England: Longman Group Limited Trần Hữu Mạnh (2007) Ngôn ngữ học đối chiếu - Cú pháp tiếng Anh - tiếng Việt Hà Nội: Nxb Đại học Quốc gia Hà Nội Vendonk P (2003) Stylistics Oxford: Oxford University Press WEBSITES http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Figure_of_speech http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhetorical_device http://literarydevices.com/content/simile http://literarydevices.net/simile http://literaryterms.net/hyperbole http://literaryterms net/simile CỘNG HÒA XÃ HỘI CHỦ NGHĨA VIỆT ĐẠI HỌC ĐÀ NẴNG NAM TRƯỜNG ĐẠI HỌC NGOẠI NGỮ Số: /QĐ-ĐHNN Độc lập - Tự - Hạnh phúc Đà Nang, ngày 0'2 thảng năm 2019 QUYẾT ĐỊNH việc giao đề tài trách nhiệm người hướng dẫn luận văn thạc sĩ HIỆU TRƯỞNG TRƯỜNG ĐẠI HỌC NGOẠI NGƯ Căn Nghị định số 32/CP ngày 04 tháng năm 1994 Chính phủ việc thành lập Đại học Đà Nằng; Căn Quyết định số 709/QĐ - TTg ngày 26 tháng năm 2002 Chính phủ việc thành lập Trường Đại học Ngoại Ngữ - Đại học Đà Nang; Căn Thông tư số 08/2014/TT-BGDĐT ngày 20 tháng năm 2014 Bộ trưởng Bộ Giáo dục Đào tạo việc ban hành Quy chế tổ chức hoạt động Đại học vùng sở giáo dục đại học thành viên; Căn Quy định nhiệm vụ, quyền hạn Đại học Đà Nằng, sở giáo dục đại học thành viên đơn vị trực thuộc ban hành kèm theo Quyết định số 6950/QĐ-ĐHĐN ngày 01 tháng 12 năm 2014 Giám đốc Đại học Đà Nang; Căn Thông tư số 15/2014/TT-BGDĐT ngày 15 tháng năm 2014 Bộ trưởng Bộ Giáo dục Đào tạo việc ban hành Quy chế đào tạo trình độ thạc sĩ; Căn Quyết định số 975/QĐ-ĐHNN ngày 04 tháng 11 năm 2016 Hiệu trưởng Trường Đại học Ngoại ngữ -Đại học Đà Nằng việc ban hành Quy định Đào tạo trình độ thạc sĩ; Căn Biến họp hội đồng bảo vệ đề cương chi tiết luận văn tốt nghiệp thạc sĩ chuyên ngành Ngơn ngữ Anh khóa 35; Theo đề nghị Trưởng phòng Phòng Đào tạo, QUYÉT ĐỊNH: Điều Giao cho học viên cao học Y Thị Thúy Ngà, lớp K35.NNA.ĐN, chuyên ngành Ngôn ngữ Anh, thực đề tài luận văn A Study of Compound Synonyms and Synonymous Substitutions in Duong Thuy’s Stories and Their English Translational Equivalents, hướng dẫn TS Nguyễn Hữu Quý (hướng dẫn 1) TS Lê Tấn Thi (hướng dẫn 2), Trường Đại học Ngoại ngữ - Đại học Đà Nang Điều Học viên cao học người hướng dẫn có tên Điều hưởng quyền lợi thực nhiệm vụ theo Quy chế đào tạo trình độ thạc sĩ Bộ Giáo dục Đào tạo ban hành Quy định đào tạo trình độ thạc sĩ Trường Đại học Ngoại ngữ - Đại học Đà Nang Điều Các ơng, bà Trưởng phịng Phịng Tổ chức - Hành chính, Trường phịng Phịng Đào tạo, Trưởng phịng Phịng Kế hoạch -Tài chính, Trưởng khoa Khoa tiếng Anh, Thù trưởng đơn vị có liên quan, người hướng dẫn luận văn học viên có tên Điều Quyết định thi hành./ Nơi nhận: - Hiệu trường (để b/c); - Như Điều 3; - Lưu: VT, p ĐT TRƯỜ NG BOX NGOẬI NG ÊƯ TRƯỞNG u TRƯỞNG ỉ , vv»»A guyễn Văn Long ... chains of synonym and their English equivalents in this situation These are the next examples of Vietnamese chains of synonym and near synonym as verbs and their English translational equivalents. .. Couplets of Vietnamese chains of synonym and near synonym and their English equivalents Chains of synonym and near synonym as adjectives in Vietnamese and their English equivalents can be found in. .. structural features in terms of Vietnamese chains of synonym and near synonym as verbs and their English translational equivalents can be also seen underneath Source Language Target Language 3 1a Hãy