semantic, syntactic and pragmatic features of english quotations in linguistics theses

THE UNIVERSITY OF DA NANG UNIVERSITY OF FOREIGN LANGUAGE STUDIES TRIỆU THỊ SÂM SEMANTIC, SYNTACTIC AND PRAGMATIC FEATURES OF ENGLISH QUOTATIONS IN LINGUISTICS THESES MASTER THESIS IN LINGUISTICS AND CULTURAL STUDIES OF FOREIGN COUNTRIES Da Nang, 2020 THE UNIVERSITY OF DA NANG UNIVERSITY OF FOREIGN LANGUAGE STUDIES TRIỆU THỊ SÂM SEMANTIC, SYNTACTIC AND PRAGMATIC FEATURES OF ENGLISH QUOTATIONS IN LINGUISTICS THESES Major: ENGLISH LINGUISTICS Code: 8220201 MASTER THESIS IN LINGUISTICS AND CULTURAL STUDIES OF FOREIGN COUNTRIES SUPERVISOR: Assoc Prof Dr PHAN VĂN HÒA Da Nang, 2020 ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First of all, I would like to express my deepest gratitude to my supervisor, Ph.D Phan Van Hoa.Without his guidance, encouragement and critical comments, my work would have never been completed I am also grateful to all lecturers and staffs at University of Foreign LanguageStudies -The University of Da Nang for their enthusiastic teaching and tremendous knowledge Finally, I would like to dedicate my concluding words to my family and all friends for their help, support and encouragement throughout my study iii ABSTRACT This thesis examines semantic, syntactic and pragmatic features of English Quotations (EQs) in Linguistic Theses (LTs) The data for analysis in this thesis are 617 samples of EQs collected from the linguistic theses and journal articles The study was conducted based on the combination of variety methods such as descriptive, analytic and inductive one The study focuses on analysing linguistic features of EQs in LTs in terms of semantic categories, syntactic structures and pragmatic functions in the light of semantic, syntactic, pragmatic theories; quotation theory and locutionary, illocutionary, cognitive act theories With regard to semantic features, lower-level linguistic (phatic act and rhetic act), illocutionary act and cognitive act were discovered in pure, direct, indirect and mixed quotation In analysing syntactic features, the research shows that pure quotation has only lowerlevel linguistic structure (rhetic structure and phatic structure) in the different plane with the structure of the entire sentence;whereas, direct, indirect, mixed quotations in LSs are simultaneous with LF-structures (entire sentence) and lower-level linguistic structures Finally, the findings in pragmatic functions in EQs in LTs shows that there are main pragmatic categories commonly employed with the highest frequency of Narrative and Grammatical purpose On the basis of the findings, some practical implications for citing references in linguistic studies and scientific studies are suggested It is expected that the findings of this paper will be useful for those who are interested in EQs and academic writing iv TABLE OF CONTENTS Statementof Authorship i Acknowledgements ii Abstract .iii Table Of Contents iv List Of Abbreviations vii List Of Table .viii List Of Figures ix Chapter INTRODUCTION 1.1 RATIONALE 1.2 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES 1.2.1 Aims 1.2.2 Objectives 1.3 RESEARCH QUESTIONS 1.4 SCOPE OF THE STUDY 1.5 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY 1.6 ORGANIZATION OF THE STUDY Chapter LITERATURE REVIEWAND THEORETICAL BACKGROUND6 2.1 THEORETICAL BACKGROUND 2.1.1 Definition of terms and classifications 2.1.1.1 Definition of Quotation 2.1.1.2 Classifications of Quotation 2.1.2 An overview of Quotation Theory 2.1.3 Semantic Features of Quotation 10 2.1.3.1 Standard view of Quotation and Difficulties 10 2.1.3.2 Semantic of Quotation based on Levels of Linguistic Acts 11 2.1.4 Syntactic Features of Quotation 15 2.1.4.1 Syntactic Features of Pure quotation 15 2.1.4.2 Syntactic Features of Mixed quotation 18 v 2.1.5 Pragmatic Features of Quotation 18 2.2 LITERATURE REVIEW 23 2.3 CHAPTER SUMMARY 25 Chapter RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY 26 3.1 RESEARCH DESIGN 26 3.2 RESEARCH METHODS 26 3.3 DESCRIPTION OF SAMPLES 26 3.4 DATA COLLECTION 27 3.5 DATA ANALYSIS 27 3.6 RESEARCH PROCEDURE 27 3.7 RELIABILITY AND VALIDITY 28 3.8 CHAPTER SUMMARY 28 Chapter FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS 29 4.1 SEMANTIC FEATURES OF ENGLISH QUOTATIONS IN LINGUISTIC THESES 29 4.1.1 Semantic Features of Pure Quotation 31 4.1.2 Semantic Features of Direct Quotation 33 4.1.3 Semantic Features of Indirect Quotation 36 4.1.4 Semantic Features of Mixed Quotation 41 4.2 SYNTACTIC FEATURES OF ENGLISH QUOTATIONS IN LINGUISTIC THESES 46 4.2.1 Syntactic features of pure quotation in LTS 46 4.2.3 Syntactic features of indirect quotation in LTs 51 4.2.4 Syntactic features of mixed quotation in LTs 55 4.3 PRAGMATIC FEATURES OF ENGLISH QUOTATIONS IN LINGUISTIC THESES 60 4.3.1 Pragmatic categories 60 4.3.1.1 Narrative 60 4.3.1.2 Grammaticality 61 vi 4.3.1.3 Emphasis 62 4.3.1.4 Idiolect 62 4.3.1.5 Collective Knowledge 63 4.3.1.6 Non-standardness 63 4.3.1.7 Non- literacy 64 4.3.2 Pragmatic categories frequency 64 4.4 CHAPTER SUMMARY 66 Chapter CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS 68 5.1 CONCLUSIONS 68 5.2 IMPLICATIONS 70 5.2.1 To Learners 70 5.2.2 To Teachers 70 5.3 LIMITATIONS 71 5.4 SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER RESEARCH 72 REFERENCES 73 SOURCES OF DATA 76 QUYẾT ĐỊNH GIAO ĐỀ TÀI (bản sao) vii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS EQs English Quotations LTs Linguistic Studies NP Noun Phrase VP Verb Phrase AdjP Adjective Phrase AdvP Adverb Phrase CP Complement Phrase LF Logical Form OED Oxford English Dictionary OALD Oxford Advanced Learner‘s Dictionary viii LIST OF TABLE Table 1.1.Quantity of main groups of Linguistics Studies Table 2.1 Locutionary act types 11 Table.2.2 Cognitive Verbs Example of Bloom‘s Taxonomy (Bloom,1956) 13 Table 4.1.Distribution of all quotations in main groups of LTs 29 Table 4.2.Distribution of pure, direct, indirect and mixed quotations in LTs 30 Table 4.3.Distribution of Locutionary act product in pure quotation in LTs 31 Table 4.4.Distribution of Locutionary product in direct quotation in LTs 33 Table 4.5 Distribution of Illocutionary product in direct quotation in LTs 33 Table 4.6 Distribution of Cognitive product in direct quotation in LTs 33 Table 4.7.Distribution of Locutionary product in indirect quotation in LTs 37 Table 4.8.Distribution of Illocutionary product in indirect quotation in LTs 38 Table 4.9.Distribution of Cognitive product in indirect quotation in LTs 39 Table 4.10 Distribution of Locutionary product in mixed quotation in LTs 42 Table 4.11.Distribution of Illocutionary product in mixed quotation in LTs 43 Table 4.12.Distribution of Cognitive product in mixed quotation in LTs 44 Table 4.13.Syntactic Functions of Rhetic act and Phatic act in pure quotation in LTs 47 Table 4.14.Distribution of LF structure of direct quotation in LTs 48 Table 4.15.Distribution of Syntactic Analysis of Indirect Quotation in LTs 51 Table 4.16.Distribution of Syntactic features of mixed quotations in LTs 56 Table 4.17.Distribution of pragmatic categories of pure, direct and indirect quotation in LTs 64 Table 4.18.Distribution of pragmatic categories of Mixed Quotation in LTs 65 65 Pragmatic Pure quotation categories Direct quotation Indirect quotation Occurrence Rate Occurrence Rate Occurrence Rate 15 12.3% 0% 0% 2.4% 0% 0% 2.4% 0% 0% 0.8% 0% 0% 1.6% 0% 0% 123 100% 66 100% 254 100% Emphasis Collective knowledge Idiolect Nonstandardness Non- literacy Total The table below reveals that Narrative pragmatic function are used in absolute occurrence in direct and indirect quotations in LTs accounting for 100% By contrast, Narrative category is not employed in pure quotations The use of pure quotation with Grammaticality category is the most frequently taking up 80.5%.Emphasis, Collective Knowledge, Idiolect, Non-literacy and Non- standardness take up the lower percentage with 12.3%, 2.4%, 2.4%, 1.6% and 0.8% respectively Table 4.18.Distribution of pragmatic categories of Mixed Quotation in LTs Mixed quotation Direct quotation Pragmatic categories Occurrence Rate Narrative 64 36.8% Narrative Narrative + + other Grammaticality category Narrative + Emphasis Narrative + Idiolect 96 55.2% 12 6.9% 1.1% 174 100% +Indirect quotation Pure quotation + Direct/ Indirect quotation Total 66 As can be seen from the table 4.18, Narrative category is only employed in mixed of direct and indirect type with the low frequency, accounting for 36.8% The authors of LTs have a strong tendency of using Narrative +other category in mixed of pure and direct or indirect quotation (63.2%) Among them, Narrative + Grammaticality subcategory appears with the highest proportion, taking up 55.2%; Narrative + Emphasis and Narrative + Idiolect are used with the lower frequency (6.9% and 1.1% respectively) In conclusion, the data analysis resulted in the discovery of seven pragmatic categories: Narrative, Grammaticality, Emphasis, Idiolect, Collective Knowledge, Non-standardness and Non-literacy Among them, the Narrative pragmatic category is mainly used in direct quotation, indirect quotation and mixed quotation with the high frequency; Grammaticality, Emphasis and Idiolect pragmatic functions are dominantly employed in pure quotation and mixed quotation; Collective Knowledge, Non-standardness and Non-literacy are discovered with the lowest frequency, accounting of 2.4%, 0.8% and 1.6% respectively 4.4 CHAPTER SUMMARY In short, the linguistic features of EQs in LTs, which are semantic features, syntactic structures and pragmatic categories are examined and presented through the analysis of 617 samples of LTs There are 123 pure quotations, 66 direct quotations, 254 indirect quotations and 174 mixed quotations found in data In term of semantic features, pure quotation only convey meaning based on lower-linguistic level such as phatic act and rhetic act; whereas direct indirect and mixed quotation express both properties of lower-level linguistic products and locutionary, illocutionary, or cognitive products Regarding to syntactic structure, pure quotation has only lower-level linguistic structures and does not have a syntactic structure on the same plane as the LF-structure of the entire sentence while direct, indirect and mixed quotation direct quotation have a lower level structure (on a different plane) and a structure on the same plane as the LF structure of the entire sentence Finally, 67 pragmatic categories named Narrative, Grammaticality, Emphasis, Idiolect, Collective Knowledge, Non-standardness and Non-literacy play an important role in supporting, clarifying, describing, explaining, stressing main theses in Literature Review and Theoretical Background of LTs Moreover, these pragmatic categories also act as key elements to make EQs in LTs more impressive and persuasive 68 CHAPTER CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS 5.1 CONCLUSIONS This study examined the linguistic features of EQs in 23 LTs belong to main groups: Linguistic Features in general, Discourse Analysis, Functional Grammar, Stylistic Features, Language Learning and Teaching, Comparative and Historical Linguistics and Others.617 samples including pure, direct, indirect and mixed quotations were analysed in terms of their semantic, syntactic and pragmatic features Among them, indirect quotations are dominantly employed and account for nearly 41 %, mixed quotations appear with the lower frequency, taking up over 28%, pure quotations are used with the number of nearly 20% and finally, direct quotations are chosen with the lowest frequency (over 10%) In term of semantic features, pure quotation only convey meaning based on lower-linguistic level such as phatic act, rhetic act and mixed act.Rhetic products are dominantly employed with the much higher frequency (92%); whereas, Phatic products and mixed locutionary products are found in only cases and cases and occupy the low proportion (5% and over 3%) Especially, there is no phonetic act product in data of LTs From accounting semantic products of pure quotation based on linguistic levels above, the researcher continues to make the extension to direct, indirect and mixed quotation straightforward and found that they express both properties of lower-level linguistic products and locutionary, illocutionary, or cognitive products Firstly, in lower-level linguistic product, phatic act product was found in all direct quotation, taking up 100% ; rhetic act product was found in all indirect quotation, also counting for 100%; both rhetic act product and phatic act product were explored in mixed quotation with the highest proportion (70.1%) of rhetic product and the lower one (24.1%) of phatic product Secondly, in illocutionary act product, the subcategory Representative are dominantly employed and account for 66.7% in direct quotation, 40.1% in indirect quotation and 51.7% in mixed quotation 69 Thirdly, in cognitive act product, Knowledge product is dominantly employed with the proportion of 25.8% in pure quotation, 19.5% in mixed quotation With regard to syntactic features, the lower-level linguistic structure and LF structure were examined Firstly, in pure quotation,the use of rhetic act and phatic act as a NP in LTs occupies the highest percentage with 91.1% This is followed by the frequency of AdjP, accounting for 7.3% The use of lower-level linguistic act as a VP and AdvP appear with the lowest with 0.8% Secondly, in direct quotation, SOC structure is used in the highest occurrence, accounting for 69.7% SVOC structure, (head,phatic act) and (phatic) structure take up the lower percentage with 10.6%, 15,2% and 4.5% respectively Thirdly, in indirect quotation, ―S+V (illocutionary) + C‖ structure are dominantly employed with the highest frequency (37.8%) and ―S+V(illocutionary) + O + C‖ are found in 45 cases, taking up 17.7% The structure without illocutionary verb expressing only lower level linguistic structure appear with relatively high frequency, counting for 22% (rhetic act) and 20.5% (head, rhetic act) The use of ―S+V(illocutionary)-passive +C‖ occupies the lowest proportion (2%) Finally, in mixed quotation, the pattern ―S+V (illocutionary) +C‖ are employed to make mixed quotations in LTs taking up with the highest proportion (41.4%) ―S+V (illocutionary)+O+C‖ structure appear with the lower frequency, accounting for 24.7% Besides, the writers have the tendency to use mixed quotation with only Lower-level linguistic structure such as:(phatic act/rhetic act) and(head, phatic act/rhetic act), taking up 17.8% and 12.1% respectively In addition, passive forms are employed to make mixed quotation with the lowest proportion: ―S+V (illocutionary)-passive +C” (2.3%) and ―S+V (illocutionary)-passive +C” (1.7%) Lastly, with regard to pragmatic features, pragmatic categories were discovered in 617 EQs of LTs: Narrative, Grammaticality, Emphasis, Idiolect, Collective Knowledge, Non-standardness and Non-literacy Among them, Narrative pragmatic function is used with the highest frequency, taking up 100% in direct, indirect and 36.8% in mixed quotation Taking up 80.5%, Grammaticality 70 pragmatic category is employed with appearing of proper noun, tile, specific term and appositive Especially, in mixed quotation, 36.8% quotations are used for Narrative purpose whereas 63.2% of them are employed for Narrative +other pragmatic category 5.2 IMPLICATIONS This study solely focuses on the analysis of EQs types and some linguistic features in LTs From the findings discussed above, it is hoped that the thesis will make the considerable contribution to the task of writing effective LSs as well as teaching and learning English 5.2.1 To Learners Based on differences between lower-level linguistic act, locutionary act and illocutionary act, cognitive act, the present study clarified the linguistic items and their syntactic and semantic features of EQs in LTs Therefore, firstly, the findings of this study enable language learners develop or strengthen their theoretical knowledge of locutionary, illocutionary and cognitive act Secondly, this research will be also beneficial to learners of English, especially to those who specialize not only in LTs and other kind of dissertations writing but also in academic writing in general It provides learners with the knowledge of linguistic features in term of semantic product, syntactic structure and pragmatic function in EQs Mastering these features, learners and writers can improve their linguistic background and discover the effective way to write a good quotation, to increase the credibility and validity of argument, to make writing appear more professional and thoughtful Moreover, they know how to avoid unintended plagiarism because of the lack of quotation knowledge 5.2.2 To Teachers This study is theoretically and practically significant to language teachers It firstly strengthens their awareness of the important role of quotation in academic writing Thank to quotation, teachers can inspire their students use good quotations to make Literature Review and Theoretical Background in their dissertations The 71 findings of the research will provide teachers with general knowledge of linguistic features of EQs, especially the quotation in term of semantic features, syntactic structures and pragmatic functions As a result, teachers can design the lessons relating to the way to quote effectively something which a person, an author, a writer, a poet, a linguist wrote or thought on different ways In additional, teachers can instruct their students use the expression in quotation mark to make up a good quotation without plagiarism Finally, the data of EQs in LTs will also be a huge reference including great examples for teaching plans in English classes 5.3 LIMITATIONS Despite great efforts have been made in the process the research carried this research, the study cannot avoid certain limitations resulting from lack of materials and time budget, knowledge as well as other hidden factors Firstly, linguistic features are complicated and abstract problems and there are many different views on quotation, this thesis is limited to certain linguistic features in term of semantic features, syntactic structures and pragmatic functions The researcher would like to employ the most appreciated theory that can cover all 617 samples in data Secondly, when analysing pragmatic functions of EQs in LTs, the researcher has no official theoretical background to following The researcher only based on Predelli‘s examples of pragmatic features in quotation in general to find out some pragmatic categories that are similar to those examples After that the researcher herself named and defined these pragmatic categories There are some difficulties in analysing pragmatic categories because few items are relatively abstract Therefore, the findings in this thesis are limited With those difficulties and limitations of personal ability, sources of materials relating to the problem under investigation and outside factors, the study has got unavoidable shortcomings I would be very grateful to those who take interest in the topic and this work 72 Any comment, advice and adjustment are valuable to make this thesis more fulfilled, 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