Evolve Student Resources for Nelson: Wheeler’s Dental Anatomy, Physiology, and Occlusion, 10th Edition, include the following: • Flash Cards • Labeling Exercises • Animations • Videos • Virtual Reality 3-D Tooth ID Quiz • Static Tooth ID Quiz • Appendices from the book Activate the complete learning experience that comes with each textbook purchase by registering at http://evolve.elsevier.com/Nelson/dentalanatomy www.ajlobby.com WHEELER’S Dental Anatomy, Physiology, and Occlusion www.ajlobby.com This page intentionally left blank www.ajlobby.com TENTH EDITION WHEELER’S Dental Anatomy, Physiology, and Occlusion S T A N L E Y J N E L S O N , D D S , MS Professor School of Dental Medicine University of Nevada Las Vegas, Nevada www.ajlobby.com 3251 Riverport Lane St Louis, Missouri 63043 WHEELER’S DENTAL ANATOMY, PHYSIOLOGY, AND OCCLUSION, TENTH EDITION ISBN: 978-0-323-26323-8 Copyright © 2015, 2010, 2003, 1993, 1984, 1974, 1965, 1958, 1950, 1940, by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher Details on how to seek permission, further information about the Publisher’s permissions policies and our arrangements with organizations such as the Copyright Clearance Center and the Copyright Licensing Agency, can be found at our website: www.elsevier.com/permissions This book and the individual contributions contained in it are protected under copyright by the Publisher (other than as may be noted herein) Notices Knowledge and best practice in this field are constantly changing As new research and experience broaden our understanding, changes in research methods, professional practices, or medical treatment may become necessary Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge in evaluating and using any information, methods, compounds, or experiments described herein In using such information or methods they should be mindful of their own safety and the safety of others, including parties for whom they have a professional responsibility With respect to any drug or pharmaceutical products identified, readers are advised to check the most current information provided (i) on procedures featured or (ii) by the manufacturer of each product to be administered, to verify the recommended dose or formula, the method and duration of administration, and contraindications It is the responsibility of practitioners, relying on their own experience and knowledge of their patients, to make diagnoses, to determine dosages and the best treatment for each individual patient, and to take all appropriate safety precautions To the fullest extent of the law, neither the Publisher nor the authors, contributors, or editors, assume any liability for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions, or ideas contained in the material herein Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Nelson, Stanley J., author Wheeler's dental anatomy, physiology, and occlusion / Stanley J Nelson – Tenth edition p ; cm Dental anatomy, physiology, and occlusion Includes bibliographical references and index ISBN 978-0-323-26323-8 (paperback) I Title II Title: Dental anatomy, physiology, and occlusion [DNLM: Tooth–anatomy & histology Dental Occlusion Tooth–physiology WU 101] RK280 611'.314–dc23 2014022015 Executive Content Strategist: Kathy Falk Senior Content Development Specialist: Brian Loehr Publishing Services Manager: Hemamalini Rajendrababu Project Manager: Kiruthiga Kasthuriswamy Designer: Amy Buxton Printed in China Last digit is the print number: www.ajlobby.com This edition is dedicated to Professor Doctor Major McKinley Ash www.ajlobby.com This page intentionally left blank www.ajlobby.com Preface It is with my great amazement that this work becomes part of the 75-year history of Wheeler’s Dental Anatomy, Physiology, and Occlusion The first edition was titled Textbook of Dental Anatomy and Physiology, published in 1940 by Dr Russell C Wheeler and remained under this title until the fifth edition, published in 1974, when it became Dental Anatomy, Physiology, and Occlusion The fifth edition of this book holds a very special place in my personal development because this was the text I studied as a freshman dental student The sixth edition was published by Dr Major M Ash Jr in 1984 under the title of Wheeler’s Dental Anatomy, Physiology, and Occlusion, which continues through this latest edition I joined Dr Ash as a co-author in the eighth edition, which was first published in 2003 Looking back over the long history of this textbook, it is very apparent that this, now the 10th edition of Wheeler’s Dental Anatomy, Physiology, and Occlusion, is the result of the collective work of a great many people As this edition reflects a change in authorship, I believe it is appropriate that the past and present contributors be remembered and once again recognized What follows is my attempt to include the names of all contributors as published by edition My apologies if I have overlooked anyone First Edition: Dr G V Black, Dr Martin Dewey, Dr Moses Diamond, Dr Edgar H Keys, Dr Jesse D White, Dr Clarence O Simpson, Dr George B.W Winter, Ms Catherine McKenzie, Dean Thomas Purcell and the faculty of the St Louis University School of Dentistry, Dr William Bauer, Dr Ross Bleiker, Dr Ruth Martin, Dr Geneve Riefling, Dr Thomas Knox, Mr Yandell Johnson, Mr J Wade McCarty, Lucille Wengler Wheeler Second Edition: Dr John T Bird with acknowledgment to those others who contributed material throughout this book Third Edition: Contributors from editions and 2, Ms Dorothy Permar, Dr Carmen M Nolla, Dean Leroy R Boling Fourth Edition: None listed in the preface Fifth Edition: Mr Spencer T Olin Sixth Edition: Dr George M Ash, Dr Jeffrey L Ash, Dr Christian S Stohler, Ms Sally Holden, Dr Richard E Charlick, Dr Richard A Reed, Dr Jose dos Santos, Ms Marian Brockie, Ms Donna Schimelfening, Per Kjeldon, Kaery Campbell, Thomas Oliver, Ellen Quinn, Carol Robins Wolf, Robert W Reinhardt, Ms Sue Seger, Ms Ruth Cressmann, Dr J Henry Clarke, Professor William Brudon Seventh Edition: Dr George M Ash, Dr Jeffrey L Ash, Dr Carolyn M Ash, Ms Sally Holden, Dr Hans Graf, Dr Jose dos Santos, Dr Stanley J Nelson, Dr E.M Wilkins, Professor William Brudon, Per Kjeldsen, Kaery Campbell, Joanne Kazlauskas Eighth Edition: Dr Jeffrey L Ash, Dr Carolyn M Ash, Dr George M Ash, Pat Anderson, Dr Jose dos Santos, Dr Tom Nowlin, Professor William Brudon, David Baker, Travis Lippert, Lester Rosebrock, Fayola Ash, Kym Nelson Ninth Edition: Dr Edward Herschaft, Dr David Ord, Dr Bill Dahlke, David Baker, Sam Newman, Lee Bennack, Dr George Ash and the Ash family, University of Los Vegas School of Dental Medicine dental students, Mary Sarah Brady, Dr Charles S Nelson And finally, to acknowledge the contributors for this new 10th edition of Wheeler’s Dental Anatomy, Physiology, and Occlusion I thank my colleague Dr Wendy Woodall for taking the lead in the development of Chapter 17, clinical application of dental anatomy, physiology, and occlusion This chapter is new to this edition and represents our attempt to help the student understand the importance of developing a strong foundation in this topic To Dr Edward Herschaft for his revisions to Chapter in Forensic Odontology To Dr Bill Dalhke, Dr Cody C Hughes, Dr Matthew Herring, Dr Jarod Johnson, Dr Amy Rusinoski, Dr Levi Sorenson, Dr Emily Whipple, Dr Vikram Tiku of the University of Nevada Las Vegas program in Pediatric Dentistry for their review and revisions in Chapter 2, Development and Eruption of the Teeth, and Chapter 3, The Primary (Deciduous) Teeth To Dr Elena Farfel for her documentation of mamelons on primary teeth To Dr Lawrence Zoller for his helpful review and edits of the head and neck anatomy material To the students of the University of Nevada School of Dental Medicine for their suggestions and feedback, with special thanks extended to student doctors Sarah Liu and Colleen Schook To Kathy Falk, Brian Loehr, and the staff of Elsevier Science; and lastly, to my wife Mary Sarah Brady for all her help and support To quote Dr Wheeler from the first edition preface: “No successful practitioner fails to recognize the importance of the fundamental form of the teeth, their alignment and their occlusion, as a basic subject serving as a background for all phases of dental practice.” Thanks to all who contributed to this textbook Thanks to all for helping improve dentistry SJN vii www.ajlobby.com This page intentionally left blank www.ajlobby.com FLASH CARD 40 FLASH CARD 39 FLASH CARD 38 FLASH CARD 37 MMR MLF MCR BR BC DCR DLF LR DCR MDD BCR CL MCA MMDG LC DLF DBCR DMR DTF DLCR DMR MLF C LR MBCR MMR MTF CDG MLCR Copyright © 2015, 2010, 2003, 1993, 1984, 1974, 1965, 1958, 1950, 1940, by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc All rights reserved MCR Copyright © 2015, 2010, 2003, 1993, 1984, 1974, 1965, 1958, 1950, 1940, by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc All rights reserved CL C DMR CL C MCR LR MMR MLF C CL LF IR MMR DLF MCR DMR C DCR DMR DCR C Copyright © 2015, 2010, 2003, 1993, 1984, 1974, 1965, 1958, 1950, 1940, by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc All rights reserved MMR Copyright © 2015, 2010, 2003, 1993, 1984, 1974, 1965, 1958, 1950, 1940, by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc All rights reserved IR FLASH CARD 44 FLASH CARD 43 FLASH CARD 42 FLASH CARD 41 MMR BTR LC MCA BCR MLDG CP TGOR LG CL MLDG MBCR DBCR MMR DMR BTR CDG LC BG BGCF CGCF DOG FCG Copyright © 2015, 2010, 2003, 1993, 1984, 1974, 1965, 1958, 1950, 1940, by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc All rights reserved BC Copyright © 2015, 2010, 2003, 1993, 1984, 1974, 1965, 1958, 1950, 1940, by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc All rights reserved BC D B DBCR MBCR DMR DTF MTF MMR CF DF MLCR DLCR OR Copyright © 2015, 2010, 2003, 1993, 1984, 1974, 1965, 1958, 1950, 1940, by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc All rights reserved C Copyright © 2015, 2010, 2003, 1993, 1984, 1974, 1965, 1958, 1950, 1940, by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc All rights reserved A FLASH CARD 48 FLASH CARD 47 FLASH CARD 46 FLASH CARD 45 CL FC LDG MLC DLC LR DBR MBR CL DCA BDG DLC DBC DMR Copyright © 2015, 2010, 2003, 1993, 1984, 1974, 1965, 1958, 1950, 1940, by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc All rights reserved DBR LR Copyright © 2015, 2010, 2003, 1993, 1984, 1974, 1965, 1958, 1950, 1940, by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc All rights reserved MBR DBR Root trunk CL BDG DBC MLC MBC MBR LR Root trunk CR MCA FC MBC MLC MMR Copyright © 2015, 2010, 2003, 1993, 1984, 1974, 1965, 1958, 1950, 1940, by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc All rights reserved MBR Copyright © 2015, 2010, 2003, 1993, 1984, 1974, 1965, 1958, 1950, 1940, by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc All rights reserved LR FLASH CARD 52 FLASH CARD 51 FLASH CARD 50 FLASH CARD 49 Buccal Lingual MLC Apex MP CDG DLC LDG CL Root trunk Apex DMR DP Copyright © 2015, 2010, 2003, 1993, 1984, 1974, 1965, 1958, 1950, 1940, by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc All rights reserved CP Copyright © 2015, 2010, 2003, 1993, 1984, 1974, 1965, 1958, 1950, 1940, by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc All rights reserved Distal Mesial MMR MBDG MBCR SG MTF DBDG DCR MLCR DLCR DLC DC DBDG DR LDG DBC MLC MBC MBDG CL MR Copyright © 2015, 2010, 2003, 1993, 1984, 1974, 1965, 1958, 1950, 1940, by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc All rights reserved DTF Copyright © 2015, 2010, 2003, 1993, 1984, 1974, 1965, 1958, 1950, 1940, by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc All rights reserved DBCR FLASH CARD 56 FLASH CARD 55 FLASH CARD 54 FLASH CARD 53 Incisive fossa Body of mandible Angle Facial notch DLC DMR DCA CL Mesial root Distal root Copyright © 2015, 2010, 2003, 1993, 1984, 1974, 1965, 1958, 1950, 1940, by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc All rights reserved MBC DBC DC DBDG Copyright © 2015, 2010, 2003, 1993, 1984, 1974, 1965, 1958, 1950, 1940, by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc All rights reserved Mental foramen Ramus Oblique ridge Neck of condyle Coronoid process Mandibular notch Condyle condyloid process MLC MMR Pulp or root canals Pulp chamber Enamel MCA CR CL DD Mesial root Cementum Dentin Pulp horns Copyright © 2015, 2010, 2003, 1993, 1984, 1974, 1965, 1958, 1950, 1940, by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc All rights reserved MLC Copyright © 2015, 2010, 2003, 1993, 1984, 1974, 1965, 1958, 1950, 1940, by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc All rights reserved MBC APICAL FORAMEN MMR FLASH CARD 60 FLASH CARD 59 FLASH CARD 58 FLASH CARD 57 Anterior temporalis muscle External auditory meatus Lateral pterygoid muscle Styloid process Medial pterygoid muscle Occipital condyles Copyright © 2015, 2010, 2003, 1993, 1984, 1974, 1965, 1958, 1950, 1940, by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc All rights reserved Zygomatic arch Temporalis muscle Bregma Central sulcus Superior-parietal lobule Anterior branch Superior frontal gyrus Lambda Posterior branch Superficial temporal artery Middle temporal gyrus Lateral cerebral fissure Nasion Inion Infraorbitala Middle meningeal artery Internal maxillary artery Posterior superioris alveolar artery Inferior alveolar artery External carotid artery Internal carotid artery Common carotid artery Copyright © 2015, 2010, 2003, 1993, 1984, 1974, 1965, 1958, 1950, 1940, by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc All rights reserved Temporal bone articulating surface Superior cavity Articular surface of condyle Avascular part of meniscus Synovial membrane Synovial membrane Lateral pterygoid muscle: Superior head Posterior capsule Copyright © 2015, 2010, 2003, 1993, 1984, 1974, 1965, 1958, 1950, 1940, by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc All rights reserved Inferior head Mylohyoid line External oblique ridge Incisive fossa Canine eminence of mandible Mental foramen Mental protuberance Symphysis Mental tubercles Copyright © 2015, 2010, 2003, 1993, 1984, 1974, 1965, 1958, 1950, 1940, by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc All rights reserved FLASH CARD 64 FLASH CARD 63 FLASH CARD 62 FLASH CARD 61 Buccal Lingual CP DMR DP Distal Copyright © 2015, 2010, 2003, 1993, 1984, 1974, 1965, 1958, 1950, 1940, by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc All rights reserved MMR MP CDG Mesial Arcus dentalis superior Expansion of the levator veli palatini Palatum durum Veli palatina major artery Hamulus pterygoideus Pharyngopalatinus muscle Palatum molle Arcus glossopalatinus Raphe pterygomandibularis Uvula (palatina) Arcus pharyngopalatinus Buccopharyngeus muscle Buccinator muscle Tonsilla palatina Glossopalatinus muscle Tonsilla palatina Palatina descendens artery Maxillaris interna artery Tonsillaris artery A To Palatina ascendens artery Pharyngea ascendens artery Pharyngea Constrictor pharyngis superior muscle Lateral band of lymphoid tissue e ngu B Buccopharyngeus muscle Pharyngopalatinus muscle Maxillaris externa artery Carotis externa artery Lingualis artery Ramus dorsalis linguae Tonsilla palatina Glossopalatinus muscle Copyright © 2015, 2010, 2003, 1993, 1984, 1974, 1965, 1958, 1950, 1940, by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc All rights reserved DBCR DMR DF DTF DLCR OR MBCR CF MTF MMR MLCR Copyright © 2015, 2010, 2003, 1993, 1984, 1974, 1965, 1958, 1950, 1940, by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc All rights reserved Orbicularis oculi muscle Temporalis muscle Zygomatic major muscle Parotid duct Levator labii sup muscle Styloglossus muscle Orbicularis oris muscle Pterygomandibular raphe Masseter muscle (cut) Platysma muscle Nasalis proc alaris muscle Buccinator muscle Depressor angularis oris muscle Risorius muscle Copyright © 2015, 2010, 2003, 1993, 1984, 1974, 1965, 1958, 1950, 1940, by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc All rights reserved ... http://evolve.elsevier.com/Nelson/dentalanatomy www.ajlobby.com WHEELER’S Dental Anatomy, Physiology, and Occlusion www.ajlobby.com This page intentionally left blank www.ajlobby.com TENTH EDITION WHEELER’S Dental Anatomy, Physiology, ... author Wheeler's dental anatomy, physiology, and occlusion / Stanley J Nelson – Tenth edition p ; cm Dental anatomy, physiology, and occlusion Includes bibliographical references and index ISBN... 75-year history of Wheeler’s Dental Anatomy, Physiology, and Occlusion The first edition was titled Textbook of Dental Anatomy and Physiology, published in 1940 by Dr Russell C Wheeler and remained