HoChiMinh City- National University University of Social Sciences and Humanities NGUYỄN THỊ HOA A Thesis in Master’s Programs Major: TESOL Code number: 601410 Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of TESOL SUPERVISOR: DENNIS F BERG, Ph.D HoChiMinh City- 2008 CERTIFICATE OF ORIGINALITY I hereby certify my authorship of the thesis submitted today entitled: The Application of Instructional Technology in Teaching Listening and Speaking Skills In term of the statement of Requirement for Theses in Master’s Programs Issued by the Higher Degree Committee Ho Chi Minh City, October 2008 NGUYỄN THỊ HOA RETENTION AND USE OF THE THESIS I hereby state that I, Nguyễn Thị Hoa, being the candidate for the degree of Master of TESOL, accept the requirements of the University relating to the retention and use of Master’s Theses deposited in the Library In terms of these conditions, I agree that the original of my thesis deposited in the Library should be accessible for the purposes of study and research, in accordance with the normal conditions established by the Library for care, loan or reproduction of theses Ho Chi Minh City, September 2008 NGUYỄN THỊ HOA ACKNOWLEDGMENT First of all, I would like to express my deepest gratitude to my course lecturer and supervisor, Dennis F Berg, Ph D, who spent a lot of time reading my draft with great care and giving me valuable advice and guided me to complete my thesis I would also like to show my special thanks to the librarian working at Le Khiet High School and at the University of Social Sciences and Humanities, who helped me a lot during my search for reference materials I am greatly indebted to all the board of director of Le Khiet High School, especially Ms Ho Thi Minh Loan, the leader of English group, who were willing to help me with three regular classes and share my division’s duties to release me more time to fulfill my thesis I took this chance to express my thankfulness to 257 tenth- formed students for their cooperation in taking part the experimental classes and in filling the questionnaire Finally, my special thanks goes to my friends for encouraging me throughout the completion of the research paper ABSTRACTS A persistent problem facing to Quang Ngai provincial leaders and teachers of English is the attempt to stimulate and maintain student’s interest in learning English especially listening and speaking skills for the purposes of working in Dung Quat economic and industrial area How to enhance learning English in general, and listening and speaking skills, in particular, is always a big question The increasingly and drastically impacts of new technology generated an idea of application of technology in teaching.“…Application of instructional technology in teaching and learning…” has become the topic of this school year in the letter from Nguyen Minh Triet, the president of Socialist Republic of Viet Nam on the opening ceremony of the new school year on September 5, 2008 The present research aims at investigating: 1) the available technology support tools that can be used to facilitate students in learning when studying English; 2) whether and how technology may enhance the teaching of speaking and listening skills among High School students; 3) whether or not technology can stimulate and maintain a students’ interest in the learning of English listening and speaking skills; and 4) what are the learners’ attitudes towards instructional technology including computers and other media 257 tenth-formed students of Le Khiet High School participated in the survey and in the experiment course Data were collected by direct observation, attitude questionnaire and the achievement tests from the comparison of two groups: one with regular classes and one with the experiment The findings were consistent with those from prior researches about the enhancement of technology in teaching Although there are barriers to the use of technology, the findings of the research showed that it was worth trying Most of the students participating in the experiment showed their positive attitude towards the course The limitations of small samples and of anonymous questionnaire led to recommendations for further researches to access students’ progress and viability of instructional technology in teaching listening and speaking skills LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS CALL Computer-assisted language learning CMC Computer-mediated communication LCD Liquid crystal display CAD Computer-aided design CD Compact disc CD-ROM Compact disc read-only memory LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1.1 Relationship among learner, teacher, instruction and learning Figure 2.1 The relationship of media and teaching Figure 2.2 Illustration of an online audio graphic conference Figure 4.1 Ownership of media and teaching Figure 4.2 Location where students in the control group use computers Figure 4.3 Number of hours spent on computers (control group) Figure 4.4 Prior experiences in using computer to learn English Figure 4.5 Students opinion of the course Figure 4.6 Teaching techniques LIST OF TABLES Table 3.1 Pre test scores Table Gender Table Age Table How long have you studied English? Table English speaking Table The habit of using computer Table The use of computer at home Table Location where students use computer Table Numbers of hours spent on computers Table Prior experience in using computers to learn English Table 10 Activities on line Table 11 Students’ familiarity with technology-based classroom Table 12 English in the context of Quang Ngai Province Table 13 The necessity of listening and speaking in Quang Ngai Province for High School students Table 14 Media references Table 15 Error correction preferences Table 16 Instruction model Table 17 The reason why to study English Table 18 The impact of technology on learning speaking and listening skills Table 19 The score of the test of the control group Table 20 the scores of the test of the experimental group Table 21 The score of the achievement test of two groups TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER INTRODUCTION 1.1 BACKGROUND .1 1.2 RESEARCH PURPOSES .3 1.3 RESEARCH QUESTIONS .4 1.4 RESEARCH METHOLOLOGY 1.5 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY 1.6 LIMITATIONS .7 1.7 DELIMITATIONS 1.8 DEFINITIONS 1.8.1 Instructional technology 1.8.2 Process and product technology 1.8.3 Instructional and educational technology 1.9 ORGANIZATION .10 CHAPTER LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 THE ENHANCEMENT OF INSTRUCTIONAL TECHNOLOGY 12 2.1.1 The case of motivation and individualization .12 2.1.2 Authentic materials for study 14 2.1.3 Students’ attitudes and reaction 15 2.2 UNIQUE INSTRUCTIONAL CAPACBILITIES .16 2.2.1 Input .16 2.2.2 Display 16 2.2.3 Simulate- ability 17 2.3 USING TECHNOLOGY SUPPORT TOOLS .18 2.3.1 Using multi- media and hypermedia .19 10 ISAAC NEWTON From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search Sir Isaac Newton Godfrey Kneller's 1689 portrait of Isaac Newton aged 46 January 1643 Born OS: 25 December 1642 Woolsthorpe-by-Colsterworth Lincolnshire, England 31 March 1727 (aged 84) Died [OS: 20 March 1726] Kensington, London, England Residence England English Nationality Fields Physics, mathematics, astronomy, natural philosophy, alchemy, theology Institutions University of Cambridge Royal Society Alma mater Trinity College, Cambridge Academic advisors Isaac Barrow Benjamin Pulleyn 129 Notable students William Whiston John Wickins Humphrey Newton Known for Universal gravitation Calculus Optics Influenced John Keill Religious stance Signature Roger Cotes Newtonian mechanics Nicolas Fatio de Duillier Monotheism; for details see article Notes His mother was Hannah Ayscough His half-niece was Catherine Barton Sir Isaac Newton, January 4, 1643 – March 31, 1727 [OS: 25 December 1642 – 20 March 1726]) was an English physicist, mathematician, astronomer, natural philosopher, alchemist and theologian His Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica, published in 1687, is considered to be the most influential book in the history of science In this work, Newton described universal gravitation and the three laws of motion, laying the groundwork for classical mechanics, which dominated the scientific view of the physical universe for the next three centuries and is the basis for modern engineering Newton showed that the motions of objects on Earth and of celestial bodies are governed by the same set of natural laws by demonstrating the consistency between Kepler's laws of planetary motion and his theory of gravitation, thus removing the last doubts about heliocentrism and advancing the scientific revolution In mechanics, Newton enunciated the principles of conservation of momentum and angular momentum In optics, he invented the reflecting telescope and developed a theory of colour based on the observation that a prism decomposes white light into a visible spectrum He also formulated an empirical law of cooling and studied the speed of sound In mathematics, Newton shares the credit with Gottfried Leibniz for the development of the differential and integral calculus He also demonstrated the generalised binomial theorem, developed the so-called "Newton's method" for approximating the zeroes of a function, and contributed to the study of power series Newton was also highly religious (though unorthodox), producing more work on Biblical hermeneutics than the natural science he is remembered for today In a 2005 poll of the Royal Society asking who had the greater effect on the history of science, Newton was deemed much more influential than Albert Einstein 130 GUIDED QUESTIONS 1.When and where was he born? 2.How many people are there in his family? 3.Where did he get general education? 4.How well did he learn in the local schools? 5.Did he have any books to publish in 1687? 6.What you learn in the book published in 1687? 7.What fields did he study? 8.Where did he settled down? 9.Was Newton a religious man? 10.When and where did he die? 131 APPENDIX C LISTENING Before you listen Ö Answer the questions Do you often go for a picnic? When is the best time for a picnic? Why people go for a picnic? ÖListen and repeat Glorious Spacious destination guitar tour left-over delicious Botanical Garden While you listen (Task 1: Listen and number the pictures in the order you hear ( F:\Track19.cda click here for the sound) (CD Tieng Anh 10 Bo Giao Duc Dao Tao) (Task 2: Listen again and fill in the blanks with the exact words you hear The weekend picnic I enjoy most weeks ago My class decided _to the Botanical garden We met _ on time We made round the garden In the afternoon, we went on games (Task 3: Answer the questions What was the weather like that day? Was the Botanical Garden far from the school? How was the garden? Why did some of the students sleep soundly? What did the students in the garden? After you listen 132 Work in groups: If your class could go for a picnic this weekend, what would your plan be? APPENDIX ☺D:\APPENDIX 6\election-10nov08_.mp3 (Please click here for the sound) Listen to the text about Barack Hussein Obama and answer some questions What’s this text about? How did he win to become a president? Were there many people outside of Illinois had known of him several years before? Who were his father and his mother? How old is he? What happened to him in 2004? How long did his campaign for the White House last? What did he decide against? How much did he raise? What did Barack Obama promise? 10 What was Obama hope about the America in his victory speech? 11 Did he win Virginia and Indiana? What was the special with the two states? 12 Did Obama want to require large employers to either offer insurance or pay into a government plan to cover uninsurance people? 13 Does he want to require insurance company to offer coverage event to people who already have health problems? 133 APPENDIX Sugarloaf Mountain, Maryland National Natural Landmark Sugarloaf Mountain, Maryland Country State County Established Owner IUCN category Nearest city United States Maryland Frederick County, Maryland June 1969 Private property ? Barnesville, Maryland 134 Taj Mahal, Agra, India 135 Dr A Zahoor and Dr Z Haq (Copyright 1990, 1997, All Rights Reserved) Text Source: Taj Mahal, Mausoleum of Mumtaz Mahal Taj Mahal is regarded as one of the eight wonders of the world, and some Western historians have noted that its architectural beauty has never been surpassed The Taj is the most beautiful monument built by the Mughals, the Muslim rulers of India Taj Mahal is built entirely of white marble Its stunning architectural beauty is beyond adequate description, particularly at dawn and sunset The Taj seems to glow in the light of the full moon On a foggy morning, the visitors experience the Taj as if suspended when viewed from across the Jamuna river Taj Mahal was built by a Muslim, Emperor Shah Jahan (died 1666 C.E.) in the memory of his dear wife and queen Mumtaz Mahal at Agra, India It is an "elegy in marble" or some say an expression of a "dream." Taj Mahal (meaning Crown Palace) is a Mausoleum that houses the grave of queen Mumtaz Mahal at the lower chamber The grave of Shah Jahan was added to it later The queen’s real name was Arjumand Banu In the tradition of the Mughals, important ladies of the royal family were given another name at their marriage or at some other significant event in their lives, and that new name was commonly used by the public Shah Jahan's real name was Shahab-ud-din, and he was known as Prince Khurram before ascending to the throne in 1628 Taj Mahal was constructed over a period of twenty-two years, employing twenty thousand workers It was completed in 1648 C.E at a cost of 32 Million Rupees The construction documents show that its master architect was Ustad ‘Isa, the renowned Islamic architect of his time The documents contain names of those employed and the inventory of construction materials and their origin Expert craftsmen from Delhi, Qannauj, Lahore, and Multan were employed In addition, many renowned Muslim craftsmen from Baghdad, Shiraz and Bukhara worked on many specialized tasks The Taj stands on a raised, square platform (186 x 186 feet) with its four corners truncated, forming an unequal octagon The architectural design uses the interlocking arabesque concept, in which each element stands on its own and perfectly integrates with the main structure It uses the principles of self-replicating geometry and a symmetry of architectural elements Its central dome is fifty-eight feet in diameter and rises to a height of 213 feet It is flanked by four subsidiary domed chambers The four graceful, slender minarets are 162.5 feet each The entire mausoleum (inside as well as outside) is decorated with inlaid design of flowers and calligraphy using precious gems such as agate and jasper The main archways, chiseled with passages from the Holy Qur’an and the bold scroll work of flowery pattern, give a captivating charm to its beauty The central domed chamber and four adjoining chambers include many walls and panels of Islamic decoration 136 The mausoleum is a part of a vast complex comprising of a main gateway, an elaborate garden, a mosque (to the left), a guest house (to the right), and several other palatial buildings The Taj is at the farthest end of this complex, with the river Jamuna behind it The large garden contains four reflecting pools dividing it at the center Each of these four sections is further subdivided into four sections and then each into yet another four sections Like the Taj, the garden elements serve like Arabesque, standing on their own and also constituting the whole Pyramids The ancient Egyptians built pyramids as tombs for the pharaohs and their queens The pharaohs were buried in pyramids of many different shapes and sizes from before the beginning of the Old Kingdom to the end of the Middle Kingdom There are about eighty pyramids known today from ancient Egypt The three largest and best-preserved of these were built at Giza at the beginning of the Old Kingdom The most well-known of these pyramids was built for the pharaoh Khufu It is known as the 'Great Pyramid' This article is about pyramid-shaped buildings For the geometric term, see pyramid (geometry) For other uses, see Pyramid (disambiguation) Khafre's Pyramid A pyramid is a building where the upper surfaces are triangular and converge on one point The base of pyramids are usually quadrilateral or trilateral (but generally may be of any polygon shape), meaning that a pyramid usually has three or four sides 137 A pyramid's design, with the majority of the weight closer to the ground, means that less material higher up on the pyramid will be pushing down from above This allowed early civilizations to create stable monumental structures For thousands of years, the largest structures on Earth were pyramids: first the Red Pyramid in the Dashur Necropolis and then the Great Pyramid of Khufu, the only remaining Wonder of the World The largest pyramid ever built, by volume, is the Great Pyramid of Cholula, in the Mexican state of Puebla This pyramid is considered the largest monument ever constructed anywhere in the world, and is still being excavated WOMAD Look at the pictures and the text More infofrom the festival markets The Cosy Camper Store Tents, sleeping bags, Accessories,Camping Packages,Wellies, chairs UK's leading festival and outdoor camping specialist You can find all the equipment that will keep you out there this season in our on line store Order your festival camping gear online and pick it up when you arrive at the festival from one o more >> © 1998-2008 eFestivals.co.uk From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia 138 World of Music, Arts and Dance (WOMAD) is a festival started in Shepton Mallet, England in 1982 The festival was pioneered by Peter Gabriel and various others including Stephen Pritchard, through their interest in sharing and celebrating world music, arts and dance A typical festival will include varied live musical performances, workshops, stalls and events for children WOMAD currently holds festivals in over 20 countries, including Australia, New Zealand, Japan, UK, U.S and many European countries The last USA concert was held on July 27 - 29, 2001 in Redmond, Washington The 2002 and 2003 USA concerts were cancelled due to the financial consequences of 9/11 and difficulties in obtaining visas for international performers WOMAD has pioneered the growing acceptance and enjoyment of World music by western society The festival now draws crowds of over 80,000 people per event, and competes on equal terms with other mainstream western festivals globally Over the years, WOMAD has helped launch, boost or revive the careers of many world music (and other) artists, including the Master Drummers of Burundi, the Afro Celt Sound System, the Dhol Foundation, Ozomatli and the late Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan A feature of all the festivals are the flags, which are made especially for Womad, with designs being loaned to such festivals as the Glastonbury Festival, and such places as the Eden Project There are a number of regular festivals that WOMAD holds, such as (as of 2007): • WOMADelaide – South Australia • WOMAD New Zealand • WOMAD Cáceres – Spain • WOMAD Taormina – Sicily • WOMAD Charlton Park – United Kingdom (which replaced Womad Reading) • WOMAD Canarias – Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (Spain) They also hold one off festivals, such as Live Africa Calling, part of the Live concerts, and the Sri Lankan Festival of the Drum in 2005 What you think WOMAD stands for? click here for the sound Listen to the conversation and answer the questions Where was the festival? Where was Karen’s favorite bank from? What kinds of food does she mention? How many people were there? What was the weather like in the festival? What was the weather like on Sunday? Where were they at that time? Were there any problems with them? How long were they there? 139 10 What does she think of that festival? 140 APPENDIX ACHIEVEMENT TESTS A SPEAKING Using the mini-presentation with limited preparation time Do you agree that Marie Curie was a strong-willed, ambitious, hardworking, intelligent and humane woman at that time? Why? What are the uses of the computers in our daily line? Do you think it is a miraculous device? Why or why not? Topic and situations Imagine you have just come back from a trip to Dalat city One of your classmates wants to know about your trip Ask and answer about the trip to know more clearly about it Talk about the background of some famous persons: Michael Faraday, Isaac Newton, Marie Curie, Earnest Hemmingway Talk about your trip to somewhere in your country Talk about your daily routine Make a conversation and talk about your friend’s daily routine Talk about your school Talk about your hometown Identifying a topic of personal interest at a previous stage - What you usually in your free time? - What kind of book you like reading? - Did you have a nice weekend? - What did you on your last holiday? - Do you enjoy traveling? Where to? Why? - If you could live anywhere in the world, where would you choose? - What’s your hobby? - What you want to be in the future? 141 B LISTENING Test Listen to the conversations and answer the questions ( CD lifeline elementary- Extention Unit 9&10 Which places did the people visit? Look at the chart.Listen and complete it Julia click here for the sound) David Where? How long? Weather? Transport? Journey time? Stay? Do? Get back? 3.Discribe the two holidays a Complete the description of Julia’s holiday Julia and her husband went It rained .They went by and the journey took -.They stayed -.While they were there they They got back - b Describe David’s holiday What questions did the speakers ask to get the information Test ( click here for the sound) –CD lifeline Pre intermediate-Unit 7) Martin works for a travel company He is meeting a foreign visitor at the airport Look at the list of names Tick the names you hear Why is each name mentioned in the conversations London Inge Lindstrom The Lake District The Park Maria Lomas Manchester the Grovenor the Bombay Windor Castle William Wordsworth 2.Mark these sentences True (3) or False (×) a Martin is at the airport when Inge arrives b He has come to the airport by car c He offer to carry Inge’s suitcase d Inge has never been to the north of England e She spent a holiday in London five years ago f Martin waits at the hotel for her g Inge has eaten Indian food before h Martin has never been to the Bombay before 142 i Inge hasn’t seen the program for her visit yet j They are going to the Lake District on Saturday Can you remember what expressions Martin uses to say these things Was the airplane journey all right? I’ll carry the luggage for you Are you hungry? Is the hotel room all right? Did you like the food? 143 ... toward learning speaking and listening skills? B What is the impact of instructional technology in learning speaking and listening skills? The study will include an observation of whether there might... application of technology in teaching and learning speaking and listening skills, especially in the tenth-formed students, who has just applied the new material of the innovation of the Ministry of Training... TEACHING LISTENING AND SPEAKING SKILLS 2.4.1 How to teach listening and speaking skills 27 2.4.2 Factors affecting the development of speaking and listening ability 28 2.4.3 Speaking