Ecophysiological characteristics of ectomycorrhizal ammonia fungi in hebelomatoid clade

Ecophysiological characteristics of ectomycorrhizal ammonia fungi in Hebelomatoid clade January 2013 Ho Bao Thuy Quyen Graduate School of Horticulture CHIBA UNIVERSITY (千葉大学学位申請論文) 千葉大学学位申請論文) Ecophysiological characteristics of ectomycorrhizal ammonia fungi in Hebelomatoid clade 2013 年 月 千葉大学大学院園芸学研究科 環境園芸学専攻生物資源科学コース 環境園芸学専攻生物資源科学コース Ho Bao Thuy Quyen Contents Page Contents I List of Tables IV List of Figures .V Acknowledgements VII Abstract IX General Introduction Chapter The first record of Hebeloma vinosophyllum (Strophariaceae) in Southeast Asia Introduction Materials and Methods Collection Observation Phylogenetic analysis Mating tests Results 10 Taxonomy 10 Phylogenetic analysis 13 Mating tests 14 Discussions 15 Chapter Ability of ectomycorrhization of late phase fungi in Hebelomatoid clade 17 Introduction 17 Materials and Methods 18 Organisms 18 Mycorrhizal colonization 19 Results 21 Fungal growth and fruiting ability 21 I Growth of seedlings 21 Ectomycorrhization 21 Discussions 27 Chapter Photo-response of fruit body formation in ectomycorrhizal ammonia fungi Alnicola lactariolens and Hebeloma vinosophyllum 28 Introduction 28 Materials and Methods 29 Pre-cultivation 29 Effect of light on fruit body formation of Alnicola lactariolens and Hebeloma vinosophyllum 29 Statistical analysis 30 Results and Discussions 30 Responses of fruit body formation in Alnicola lactariolens to different light intensities 30 Responses of fruit body formation in Hebeloma vinosophyllum to different light intensities 33 Responses of fruit body formation in Alnicola lactariolens and Hebeloma vinosophyllum to different light periods 36 Chapter The effects of ammonium-nitrogen and nitrate-nitrogen concentrations on fruit body formation in ectomycorrhizal ammonia fungi Alnicola lactariolens and Hebeloma vinosophyllum 38 Introduction 38 Materials and Methods 39 Pre-cultivation 39 Effect of ammonium-nitrogen and nitrate-nitrogen concentrations on fruit body formation of Alnicola lactariolens and Hebeloma vinosophyllum 39 Results and Discussions 40 Growth and reproductive responses of Alnicola lactariolens to ammonium-nitrogen and nitrate-nitrogen concentrations 40 II Growth and reproductive responses of Hebeloma vinosophyllum to ammonium-nitrogen and nitrate-nitrogen concentrations 42 Chapter The absorbing abilities of cesium and coexisting elements in an ectomycorrhizal ammonia fungus Hebeloma vinosophyllum 44 Introduction 44 Materials and Methods 45 Results and Discussions 47 The uptake of cesium and coexisting elements by Hebeloma vinosophyllum 47 The effect of NH4+ concentrations on the cesium, potassium and phosphorus uptake by Hebeloma vinosophyllum 50 General Discussions 55 Literature Cites 60 III List of Tables Page Table Collection details of specimens and cultures in the phylogenetic analysis Table Published sequences in the phylogenetic analysis 10 Table Dikaryon-monokaryon mating tests between dikaryotic stock cultures of Japanese Hebeloma vinosophyllum and monokaryotic strains of Vietnamese Hebeloma sp 15 Table Fungal isolates of LP hebelomatoid fungi used to investigate ECM association 19 Table Responses of fruiting in Alnicola lactariolens to different light intensities 31 Table Responses of fruiting in Hebeloma vinosophyllum to different light intensities 34 Table Days required for fruit body formation of Alnicola lactariolens and Hebeloma vinosophyllum to different light exposure periods per day 37 Table Days required for the fruit body initiation of Anicola lactariolens and final pH of media after harvesting fungal biomass 40 Table Days required for the fruit body initiation of Hebeloma vinosophyllum and final pH of media after harvesting fungal biomass 42 Table 10 Concentrations and chemical forms of Cs and coexisting elements (K, Ca, Mg, Zn, Cu, Fe and P) in the medium 46 Table 11 Concentrations of K in media added different concentrations of NH4+ 46 Table 12 Concentration (mg/kg dry sample) of Cs, K, Ca, Mg, Zn, Cu, Fe and P in mycelium and fruit bodies of Hebeloma vinosophyllum 48 Table 13 Translocation of Cs, K, P, Ca, Mg, Fe, Zn and Cu in Hebeloma vinosophyllum from mycelium to fruit bodies 49 IV List of Figures Page Fig Hebeloma vinosophyllum 12 Fig Hebeloma vinosophyllum from the urea plot in Vietnam 12 Fig Biogeographic distribution of Hebeloma vinosophyllum in Japan (Honshu: Saitama, Tochigi, Tokyo, Chiba, Shiga, Shizuoka, Kyoto, Tottori; Shikoku: Kochi and Kyushu: Oita, Miyazaki), South Korea, China (Fujian Province) and Vietnam (Da Lat) 13 Fig The maximum likelihood phylogenetic tree based on ITS data set (A) and LSU data set (B) of Hebeloma vinosophyllum and allied species 14 Fig The fruit body formation of LP hebelomatoid fungi in the association with Pinus densiflora 22 Fig The fruit body formation of LP hebelomatoid fungi in the association with Quercus serrata 22 Fig The hyphal colonization of LP hebelomatoid fungi in roots of Pinus densiflora 23 Fig ECM between Alnicola lactariolens and Quercus serrata 24 Fig ECM between Hebeloma vinosophyllum and Quercus serrata 25 Fig 10 ECM between Hebeloma aminophilum and Quercus serrata 26 Fig 11 Effect of light intensity on the morphology of mature fruit bodies in Alnicola lactariolens 32 Fig 12 Effect of light intensities on fruit body formation in Alnicola lactariolens 33 Fig 13 Effect of light intensity on the morphology of mature fruit bodies in Hebeloma vinosophyllum 35 Fig 14 Effect of light intensities on fruit body formation in Hebeloma vinosophyllum 36 V Fig 15 Effect of different concentrations of diammonium sulfate on vegetative growth and fruit body formation of Alnicola lactariolens 41 Fig 16 Effect of different concentration of potassium nitrate on vegetative growth and fruit body formation of Anicola lactariolens 41 Fig 17 Effect of different concentration of diammonium sulfate on vegetative growth and fruit body formation of Hebeloma vinosophyllum 43 Fig 18 Effect of different concentration of potassium nitrate on vegetative growth and fruit body formation of Hebeloma vinosophyllum 43 Fig 19 The transfer factors of Cs, K, P, Ca, Mg, Fe, Zn and Cu in Hebeloma vinosophyllum biomass (mycelium and fruit bodies) 48 Fig 20 The transfer factors of Cs, K and P in Hebeloma vinosophyllum biomass (mycelium and fruit bodies) under different NH4+ concentrations 50 Fig 21 Fruit body formation of Hebeloma vinosophyllum in different NH4+ concentrations 51 Fig 22 Dry biomas of Hebeloma vinosophyllum (mycelium and fruit bodies) in different NH4+ concentrations 52 Fig 23 The ratios of Cs and K concentrations in mycelium and fruit bodies of Hebeloma vinosophyllum in different NH4+concentrations 53 Fig 24 The supposed successive occurrence in the field of LP hebelomatoid fungi 57 Fig 25 The potential application of Hebeloma vinosophyllum as bioremediation in the control of radiocessium in forest systems 58 VI Acknowledgements I would like to send the deepest gratitude to Prof Akira Suzuki, Graduate School of Horticulture, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan, my supervisor, for the best support to my scientific ideas and works He and his wife, Ms Tomoko Suzuki, also helped me so much for adapting with life in Japan I would like to send a deep gratitude to • Dr Kiminori Shimizu (Medical Mycology Research Center, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan) who is always kind with me and taught a lot of knowledge about biomolecular works to me • Dr Satoshi Yoshida (National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Chiba, Japan) who provided the facilities and taught methods of element measurement in mushroom samples to me • Dr Toshimitsu Fukiharu (Natural History Museum and Institute, Chiba, Japan) who helped and taught the fungal morphology in this research to me • Dr Takashi Yamanaka (Forest and Forest Products Research Institute, Tsukuba, Japan) who provided seeds and seedlings of oaks • Dr Hisayasu Kobayashi (Ibaraki Prefectural Forestry Research Institute, Ibaraki, Japan) who provided seeds of pines • Dr Naohiko Sagara (Prof Emeritus of Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan) who provided the fungal isolate The other deep gratitude would like to be sent to • Medical Mycology Research Center, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan • National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Chiba, Japan • Natural History Museum and Institute, Chiba, Japan • Forest and Forest Products Research Institute, Tsukuba, Japan and • Prof Susumu Kawamoto, Medical Mycology Research Center, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan • Prof Ken-ichi Tozaki, Faculty of Education, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan VII • Prof Hiromi Hamada, Faculty of Education, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan • Prof Chihiro Tanaka, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan for the help to develop my research in doctoral dissertation I also want to send the thanks to Prof Tatsuaki Kobayashi, Prof Kazunori Sakamoto, Dr Seigo Amachi for their suggestions to improve my doctoral dissertation My doctoral dissertation was also supported by the below budgets • The doctoral fellowship of Ministry of Education and Training, Vietnamese Government, Vietnam in fiscal year 2009 – 2012 • The AGGST program for students, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan in fiscal year 2011 – 2012 and fiscal year 2012 – 2013 for expanding my research In the end, I want to send the deepest gratitude to my parents, my husband, my son, my great family and all of my friends in Vietnam, in America and in Japan who always was behind and encouraged me in any time VIII Literature Cites Boyle H, Zimdars B, Renker C and Buscot F 2006 A molecular phylogeny of Hebeloma species from Europe Mycological Research 110: 369-380 Bresadola J 1981 Iconographia Mycologia, Vol I Mediolani MCMLXXXI, Italia, pp 718 Brückmann A and Wolters V 1994 Microbial immobilization and recycling of 137Cs in the organics layers of forest ecosystems: relationship to environmental conditions, humidification and invertebrate Science of the Total Environment 157: 249-256 Byrne A R 1988 Radioactivity in fungi in Slovenia, Yugoslavia, following the Chernobyl accident Journal of Environmental Radioactivity 6: 177-183 Chalupa V 1984 In vitro propagation of oak (Quercus robur L.) and linden (Tilia cordata Mill.) Biologia Plantarum (Praha) 26: 374−377 Couvy, J 1974 La fructification d’Agaricus arvensis Fries Schaeffer enculture pure Action de la température et de la lumière Bulletin de la Société Mycologique de France 90: 81-88 Clộmeỗon H and Hongo T 1994 Notes on three Japanese Agaricales Mycoscience 35: 21-27 Davis EE and Jong SC 1976 Basidiocarp formation by Laccaria laccata in agar culture Mycologia 68: 211-214 Deng Z, Suzuki A 2008a Effects of pH, NH4-N concentration, temperature, and storage period on basidiospore germination in an ectomycorrhizal ammonia fungus Hebeloma vinosophyllum Mycoscience 49:178–184 Deng Z, Suzuki A 2008b Homokaryotic fruiting of an ectomycorrhizal ammonia fungi, Hebeloma vinosophyllum Mushroom Science and Biotechnology 16: 73 – 79 Dighton J, Clint GM and Poskitt J 1991 Uptake and accumulation of 137Cs by upland grassland soil fungi: a potential pool of Cs immobilization Mycological Research 95: 1052-1056 Duff MC and Ramsey ML 2008 Accumulation of radiocesium by mushrooms in the environment: a literature review Journal of Environmental Radioactivity 99: 912-932 61 Literature Cites Durand R and Furuya M 1985 Action spectra for stimulatory and inhibitory effects of UV and blue light on fruit-body formation in Coprinus congregatus Plant and Cell Physiology 276: 1175-1183 Eger G, Gottwald HD and Netzer U von 1976 The action of light and other factors on sporophore initiation in Pleurotus ostreatus Mushroom Science 9: 575-583 Enokibara S, Suzuki A, Fujita C, Kashiwagi M, Mori N, Kitamoto Y 1993 Diversity of pH spectra of cellulolytic enzymes in Basidiomycetes (in Japanese with English summary) Transactions of the Mycological Society of Japan 34: 221228 Felsenstein J 1981 Evolutionary trees from DNA sequences: a maximum likelihood approach Journal of Molecular Evolution 17: 368-376 Fujimoto H, Yamazaki M and Suzuki A 1982 Survey of the toxic Hebeloma and isolation of the toxic principle of H vinosophyllum(in Japanese with English summary) Transactions of the Mycological Society of Japan 23: 405-412 Fukiharu T 1991 Study on community structure of ectomycorrhizal basidiomycetes in Castanopsis forest (in Japanese) PhD dissertation, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan Fukiharu T, Hattori T, Koshino F, Osaku K, Nomura M 1995 Fungal flora in Chiba Pref., Central Japan (I) List of macro-basidiomycetes (in Japanese) Journal of the Natural History Museum and Institute, Chiba, Special Issue 2: 125-155 Fukiharu T, Hongo T 1995 Ammonia fungi of Iriomote Island in the southern Ryukyus, Japan and a new ammonia fungus, Hebeloma luchuense Mycoscience 36: 425-430 Fukiharu T, Horigome R 1996 Ammonia fungi in the Abukuma Mountains and its biogeographical distribution around Japan (in Japanese with English summary) Memoirs of the National Science Museum, Tokyo 29: 105-112 Fukiharu T, Wenneng C, Songpo L, Horigome R 1997a Ammonia fungi in Taiwan and in Okinawa, Japan – New record of ammonia fungi from Taiwan, new species from Okinawa and its biogeographic distribution in east Asia In: Luo X et al (eds.), Abstracts of China-Japan International Symposium on Mycology Wuhan, Printery in Central China Agriculture University P 14 Fukiharu T, Sato Y and Suzuki A 1997b The occurrence of ammonia fungi, and 62 Literature Cites changes in soil conditions and decay rate of bamboo in response to application of a large amount of urea in a bamboo grove in Chiba Prefecture, Central Japan Bulletion of the Faculty of Education Chiba University (III Nat Sci) 45: 61-67 Fukiharu T, Osaku K, Iguchi K, Asada M 2000a Occurrence of ammonia fungi on the forest ground after decomposition of a dog carcass Natural History Research 6: 9-14 Fukiharu T, Yokoyama G, Oba T 2000b Occurrence of Hebeloma vinosophyllum on the forest ground after decomposition of crow carcass Mycoscience 41: 401402 Fukiharu T, Bougher NL, Buchanan PK, Suzuki A, Tanaka C and Sagara N 2011 Coprinopsis austrophlyctidospora sp nov., an agaric ammonia fungus from Southern Hemisphere plantations and natural forests Mycoscience 52: 137-142 Fukiharu T, Shimizu K, Li R, Raut JK, Yamakoshi, Horie Y and Kinjo N 2012 Coprinopsis novorugosobispora sp nov., an agaric ammonia fungus from Beijing, China Mycoscience, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.myc.2012.09.014 Guillitte O, Melin J and Wallberg L 1994 Biological pathways of radionuclides originating from the Chernobyl fallout in boreal forest system Science of the Total Environment 157: 207-215 Harbhajan S 2006 Mycoremediation: Fungal Bioremediation John Wiley & Son, Inc, Hoboken, New Jersey, pp 533-572 Harmaja H 2002 Alciphila vulgaris, a new genus and species of Deuteromycetes Karstenia 42: 33-38 Hasegawa M, Kishino H and Yano TA 1985 Dating of the human-ape splitting by a molecular clock of mitochondrial DNA Journal of Molecular Evolution 22: 160-174 Haselwandter K 1978 Accumulation of the radioactive nuclide 137 Cs in fruit bodies of basidiomycetes Health Physics 34: 713-715 Haselwandter K, Berreck M and Brunner P 1988 Fungi as bioindicators of radiocesium contamination: pre- and post- Chernobyl activies Transactions of the Bristish Mycological Society 90: 171-174 Hawker, L E 1950 Physiology of Fungi University of London Press: London 63 Literature Cites He XM and Suzuki A 2003 Effect of nitrogen resources and pH on growth and fruit body formation of Coprinops phlyctidospora Fungal Diversity 12: 35-44 He XM ans Suzuki A 2004 Effect of urea treatment on litter decomposition in Pasania edulis forest soil Journal of Wood Science 50: 266-270 Heinrich G 1992 Uptake and transfer factor of 137 Cs by mushrooms Radiation and Environmental Biophysics 31: 39-49 Hilton RN 1978 The ghoul fungus, Hebeloma sp ined Transactions of the Mycological Society of Japan 19: 418 Ho BTQ, Pham NDH, Shimuzu K, Fukiharu T, Truong BN and Suzuki, A 2012 The first record of Hebeloma vinosophyllum (Strophariaceae) in Southeast Asia Mycotaxon (submitted) Hongo T 1965 Notes on Japanese larger fungi (17) The Journal of Japanese Botany 40: 311-318 Hongo T, Kinjho N, Taketomo N, Huang NL, Wu JL and Lin JT 1996 Agaricales in evergreen oak forests in East-Asia (in Japanese) Nippon Kingakukai Kaiho 37: 63-64 Horikoshi T, Kitamoto Y and Kasai Z 1974 Effect of light on the initiation of pileus formation in a basidiomycetes, Favlus arcularius Plant and Cell Physiology 15: 903-911 Imamura A 2001 Report on Laccaria amethystina newly confirmed as an ammonia fungus Mycoscience 42: 623-625 Imamura A, Yumoto T 2004 The time of urea treatment and its effects on the succession of ammonia fungi in two warm temperature forests in Japan Mycoscience 45: 123-130 Imamura A, Yumoto and Yamai J 2006 Urease activity in soil as a factor affecting the succession of ammonia fungi Journal of Forest Research 11: 131-135 Imamura A, Yumoto T 2008 Dynamics of fruit-body production and mycorrhiza formation of ectomycorrhizal ammonia fungi in warm temperate forests in Japan Mycoscience 49: 42-55 Jeannmougin F, Thompson JD, Gouy M, Higgins DG, Gibson TJ 1998 Multiple sequence alignment with Clustal X Trends in Biochemical Science 23: 403–405 64 Literature Cites Kamada T, Kurita R and Takemaru T 1978 Effect of light on basidiocarp maturation in Coprinopsis macrorhizus Plant and Cell Physiology 19: 263-275 Kaneko A and Sagara N 2002 Response of Hebeloma radicosum fruit bodies to light and gravatiy: negatively gravitropic and nonphototropic growth Mycoscience 43: 7-13 Kasuya T 2002 Reports on fruiting of ammonia fungi on the ground after decomposition of animal wastes (in Japanese with English summary) Transaction of the Mycological Society of Japan 43: 99-104 Kitamoto Y, Takahashi M and Kasai Z 1968 Light-induced formation of fruit-bodies in a basidiomycete, Favolus arcularius (Fr) Ames Plant and Cell Physiology 9: 797-805 Komatsu M 1963 Morphogenesis of gill and sporulation in Lentinus edodes (Berk.) Sing., with special reference to those influenced by light and temperature conditions (in Japanese) Report of the Tottori Mycological Institute 3: 6-17 Kornerup A, Wanscher JH 1981 Methuen Handbook of Colour, 3rd edition Erye Methuen, London, UK Kuwahara C, Fukumoto A, Ohsone A, Furuya N, Shibata H, Sugiyama H and Kato F 2005 Accumulation of radiocesium in wild mushrooms collected from a Japanese forest and cesium uptake by microorganism isolated from the mushroom-growing soils Science of the Total Environment 245: 165-173 Lee TS 2011 Rearrangement List of Korean Recorded Mushrooms Josoop Publishing Co., Korea Licyayo DC and Suzuki A 2006 Growth responses of ammonia fungi to different concentrations of ammonium-nitrogen Mushroom Science and Biotechnology 14: 145-156 Licyayo DCM, Suzuki A and Matsumoto M 2007 Interactions among ammonia fungi on MY agar medium with varying pH Mycoscience 48: 20-28 Liily VG and Barnett HL 1951 Physiology of The Fungi McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York May TW, Wood AE 1997 Fungi of Australia, Vol 2A Catalogue and bibliography of Australian macro fungi Basidiomycota p p Canberra, CSIRO, Australia Marx DH 1969 The influence of ectotrophic mycorrhizal fungi on the resistence of 65 Literature Cites pines roots to pathogenic infections I Antagonism of mycorrhizal fungi to root pathogenic fungi and soil bacteria Phytopathology 59: 153-163 McLaughlin DJ 1970 Environmental control of fruitbody development in Boletus rubinellus in axenic culture Mycologia 62: 307-331 Miller OKJr and Hilton RN 1986 New and interesting agarics from Western Australia Sydowia 39: 126-137 Moncalvo JM, Vilgalys R, Readhead SR, Jonhson JE, James TY, Aime MC, Hofstetter V, Verduin SJW, Larsson E, Baroni TJ, Thorn RG, Jacobsson S, Clộmenỗon H and Miller OKJr 2002 One hundred and seventeen clades of euagarics Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 23: 357–400 Moore D 1998 Fungal Morphogenesis In: Bard JBL et al (eds.), Developmental and Cell Biology Series Cambridge University Press, New York, USA, pp 176-190 Morimoto N, Suda S and Sagara N 1981 Effect of ammonia on fruit-body induction of Coprinus cinereus in dark ness Plant and Cell Physiology 22: 247-254 Morimoto N, Suda S and Sagara N 1982 The effects of urea on the vegetative and reproductive growth of Coprinus stercorarius in pure culture Transactions of the Mycological Society of Japan 23: 79-83 Muramatsu Y, Yoshida S and Sumiya M 1991 Concentrations of radiocesium and potassium in basidiomycetes collected in Japan Science of the Total Environment 105: 29-39 Murashige T and Skooge F 1962 A revised medium for rapid growth and bioassays with tobacco cultures Physiologia plantarum 15: 473-497 Nagao H, Udagawa S, Bougher NL, Suzuki A, Tommerup IC 2003 The genus Thecotheus (Pezizales) in Australia T urinamans sp nov from urea-treated jarrah (Eucalyptus marginata) forest Mycologia 95: 688-693 Ohta A 1990 A new medium for mycelial growth of mycorrhizal fungi Transaction of the Mycological Society of Japan 31: 323-334 Perkins JH and Gordon SA 1969 Morphogenesis in Schizophyllum commune II Effect of mono-chromatic light Plant Physiology 44: 1712-1716 Raut JK, Suzuki A, Fukiharu T, Shimizu K, Kawamoto S and Tanaka C 2011 Coprinopsis neophlyctidospora sp nov., a new ammonia fungus from boreal forests in Canada Mycotaxon 115: 227-238 66 Literature Cites Rühm W, Yoshida S, Muramatsu Y, Steiner M and Wirth E 1999 Distribution patterns for stable 133Cs and their implications with respect to the long-term fate of radioactive 134 Cs and 137 Cs in a semi-natural ecosystem Journal of Environmental Radioactivity 45: 253-270 Sagara N 1973 Proteophilous fungi and fire place fungi (a preliminary report) Transactions of the Mycological Society of Japan 14: 41-46 Sagara N 1975 Ammonia fungi – a chemoecological grouping of terrestrial fungi Contributions from the Biological Laboratory, Kyoto University 24: 205-276 Sagara N 1976a Presence of a buried mammalian carcass indicated by fungal fruiting bodies Nature 262: 816 Sagara N 1976b Growth and Reproduction of the Ammonia Fungi (in Japanese) In: Biseibutsu-seitai Kunkyukai (ed.), Ecology of Microorganisms, Vol University of Tokyo Press, Tokyo, pp: 153-178 Sagara N 1976c Supplement to the studies of ammonia fungi (I) (in Japanese with English summary) Transactions of the Mycological Society of Japan 17: 418428 Sagara N 1981 Occurrence of Laccaria proxima in the grave site of a cat Transactions of the Mycological Society of Japan 17: 418-428 Sagara N 1984 On “corpse finder” Mcllvainea 6: 7-9 Sagara N 1992 Experimental Disturbances and Epigeous fungi In: Carroll GC, Wicklow DT (eds.), The Fungal Community – Its Organization and Role in the Ecosystem, 2nd edition Marcel Dekker, New York, pp 427-454 Sagara N 1995 Association of ectomycorrhizal fungi with decomposed animal wastes in forest habitats: a cleaning symbiosis? Canadian Journal of Botany 73 (S1): S1423-S1433 Sagara N, Hamada M 1965: Responses of higher fungi to some chemical treatments of forest ground Transactions of the Mycological Society of Japan 6: 72-74 Sagara N, Kobayashi T 1979 Hebeloma spoliatum from abandoned nest-chambers of Vespula lewisi a groud wasp (in Japanese) Transactions of the Mycological Society of Japan 20: 266-267 Sagara N, Matsuda I, Kareki K and Ako S 1978 Habitats of Hebeloma spoliatum Transactions of the Mycological Society of Japan 19: 20 67 Literature Cites Sagara N, Honda S, Kuroyanagi E and Takayama S 1981 The occurrence of Hebeloma spoliatum and Hebeloma radicosum on the dung-deposited burrows of Urotrichus talpoides (shrew mole) Transactions of the Mycological Society of Japan 22: 441-455 Sagara N, Buchanan PK, Suzuki A, Segedin B, Tsuda M 1993 Species composition of the ammonia fungi in New Zealand Abstracts of the 37th Annual Meeting of the Mycological Society of Japan P 36 Sagara N, Hongo T, Mukarami Y, Hashimoto T, Nagamatsu H, Fukiharu T and Asakawa Y 2000 Hebeloma radicosoides sp nov., an agaric belonging to the chemoecological group ammonia fungi Mycological Research 104: 1017-1024 Sagara N, Yamanaka K, Tibbett M 2008 Soil Fungi Associated with Graves and Latrines: Toward a Forensic Mycology In: Tibbett M, Carter DO (eds.), Soil Analysis in Forensic Taphonomy: Chemical and Biological Effect of Buried Human Remains CRC Press, Boca Raton, pp 67-107 Sakamoto Y, Tamai Y and Yajima T 2004 Influence of light on the morphological changes that take place during the development of the Falmmulina velutipes fruit body Mycoscience 45: 333-339 Sato Y and Suzuki A 1997 The occurrence of ammonia fungi, and changes in soil conditions and decay rate of bamboo in response to application of a large amount of urea in a Quercus serrata dominated mixed forest in Merugo, Tokyo Bulletin of the Faculty of Education Chiba University (III Nat Sci) 45: 53-59 Schmidt HA, Strimmer K, Vingron M, Haeseler AV 2002 TREE-PUZZLE: maximum likelihood phylogenetic analysis using quartets and parallel computing Bioinformatics 18: 502-504 Shimabukuro M 2000 Agaricales basidiomycetes in Castanopsis forest in the island of Okinawa Unpublished MSc Thesis, The University of Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan Singer R 1986 The Agaricales in Modern Taxonomy Köenigstein, Koeltz Scientific Books Soponsathien S 1998a Some characteristics of ammonia fungi In relation to their ligninolytic enzyme activies Journal of General and Applied Microbiology 44: 337-345 68 Literature Cites Soponsathien S 1998b Study on the production of acetyl esterase and side-group cleaving glycosidase of ammonia fungi Journal of General and Applied Microbiology 44: 389-397 Steiner M, Linkov I and Yoshida S 2002 The role of fungi in the transfer and cycling of radionuclides in forest ecosystems Journal of Environmental Radioactivity 58: 217-241 Strimmer K, Haeseler A V 1996 Quartet puzzling: a quartet maximum likelihood method for reconstructing tree topologies Molecular Biology and Evolution 13: 964-969 Sugiyama H, Shibata H, Isomura K and Iwashima K 1994 Concentration of radiocesium in mushroom and subtrates in the sub-alpine forest of Mt Fuji Japan Journal of Food Hygienic Society of Japan 35: 13-22 Suzuki A 1978 Basidiospore germination by aqua ammonia in Hebeloma vinosophyllum Transactions of the Mycological Society of Japan 19: 362 Suzuki A 1979 General review on environmetal factors affecting primordium formation in Homobasidiae (in Japanese) Transactions of the Mycological Society of Japan 20: 253-265 Suzuki A 1987 Ammonia fungi (in Japanese) The Mycological Society of Japan News 8: 13-18 Suzuki A 1988 Environments and fruit body development (in Japanese) Iden 42(9): 9-14 Suzuki A 1989 Analyses factors affecting the occurrence and succession of the ammonia fungi In: Hattori T et al (eds.), Proceedings of the 5th International Symposium on Microbial Ecology (ISME 5) Japan Scientific Society Press, Tokyo, pp 275-279 Suzuki A 1992 Physiological characteristics of the ammonia fungi and their role in bioscience Proceedings of the Asian Mycological Symposium, Seoul, ROK, pp 238-247 Suzuki A 2000 A survey of species assemblage of ammonia fungi (in Japanese) Natural History Plant (Planta) 68: 26-35 Suzuki A 2006 Experimental and physiological ecology of ammonia fungi: studies using natural substrates and artificial media Mycoscience 47:3–17 69 Literature Cites Suzuki A 2009a Fungi from High Nitrogen Environments-Ammonia fungi: Ecophysiological Aspects In: Misra JK, Deshmukh SK (eds), Fungi from Different Environments Scientific Publisher, Enfield, pp 189-218 Suzuki A 2009b Propagation strategy of ammonia fungi Mycoscience 50:39–51 Suzuki A 2012a Basic research in the production of basidiomycetous mushrooms focusing on the standpoint of environmental control - (in Japanese with English summary) Mushroom Science and Biotechnology 19: 155-166 Suzuki A 2012b Physiological Factors Favoring Morphogenesis in Agaricomycetous Mushrooms In: Zhang J et al (eds.), Mushroom Science, Vol XVIII China Agricultural Press, Beijing, pp 125-130 Suzuki A, Tommerup IC, Bougher NL 1998 Ammonia fungi in the Jarrah forest of Western Australia and parallelism with other geographic regions of the world Proceedings of Biodiversity, Biotechnology & Biobusiness 2nd Asia-Pacific Conference on Biotechnology (Sheraton Perth Hotel), 23-27 November, 1998 P.127 Suzuki A, Tanaka C, Bougher NL, Tommerup IC, Bachanan PK, Fukiharu T, Tsuchida S, Tsuda M, Oda T, Fukada J, Sagara N 2002a ITS rDNA variation of the Coprinopsis phlyctidospora (Syn.: Coprinus phlyctidosporus) complex in the Northern and the Southern Hemispheres Mycoscience 43: 229-238 Suzuki A, Uchida M and Kita Y 2002b Experimental analyses of successive occurrence of ammonia fungi in the field In: Hyde KD, Jones EBG (eds.), Fungal Succession Fungal Diversity 10: 141-165 Suzuki A, Fukiharu T, Tanaka C, Ohono T and Buchanan PK 2003 Saprobic and ectomycorrhizal ammonia fungi in the Southern Hemisphere New Zealand Journal of Botany 41: 391-406 Takayama S, Sagara N 1981 The occurrence of Hebeloma vinosophyllum on soil after decomposition of the corpse of domestic rabbit (in Japanese) Transaction of the Mycological Society of Japan 22: 475-477 Tedersoo L, May TW and Smith ME 2010 Ectomycorrhizal lifestyle in fungi: global diversity, distribution, and evolution of phylogenetic lineages Mycorrhiza 20: 217-263 70 Literature Cites Teherani DK 1987 Accumulation of 103Ru, 137Cs and 134Cs in fruit bodies of various mushrooms from Austria after the Chernobyl incident Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry Letters 117: 69-74 Terada H, Shibata H, Kato F and Shigiyama H 1998 Influence of alkali elements on the accumulation of radiocesium by mushrooms Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry 235: 195-200 Tsukuda H, Shibata H and Sugiyama H 1998 Transfer of radiocaesium and stable cesium from substrata to mushrooms in a pine forest in Rokkasho-mura, Aomori, Japan Journal of Environmental Radioactivity 39: 149-160 Tibbette M and Carter D 2003 Mushrooms and taphonomy: the fungi that mark woodland graves Mycologist 17: 20-24 Vesterholt J 2005 The Genus Hebeloma (Fungi of Northern Europe - Vol.3) Narayana Press, Gylling, Denmark Vilgalys R and Hester M 1990 Rapid genetic identification and mapping of enzymatically amplified ribosomal DNA from several Cryptococcus species Journal of Bacteriology 172: 4238–4246 Vinichuk M, Martenson A, Ericsson T and Rosen K 2013 Effect of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi on 137 Cs uptake by plants grown on different soils Journal of Environmental Radioactivity 115: 151-156 Volz PA and Bekene ES 1969 Nutrional regulation of basidiocarp formation and mycelial growth of Agaricales Mycopathologia et mycologia applicata 37: 225253 Wang YZ, Sagara N 1997 Peziza urinophila, a new ammonophilic discomycete Mycotaxon 65: 447-452 White TJ, Bruns T, Lee S, Taylor JW 1990 Amplification and Direct Sequencing of Fungal Ribosomal RNA Genes for Phylogenetics In: Innis MA et al (eds.), PCR Protocols: A Guide to Methods and Applications Academic Press, New York, pp 315–322 Yamada A and Katsuya K 1995 Mycorrhizal association of isolates from sporocarps and ectomycorrhizas with Pinus densiflora seedlings Mycoscience s: 315-323 Yamagata N, Matsuda S and Chiba M 1969 Radioecology of cesium-137 and strontium-90 in a forest Journal of Radiation Research 10:107-112 71 Literature Cites Yamanaka T 1995a Changes in organic matter composition of forest soil treated with a large amount of urea to promote ammonia fungi and the abilities of these fungi to decompose organic matter Mycoscience 36: 17-23 Yamanaka T 1995b Nitrification in a Japanese pine forest soil treated with a large amount of urea Journal of Japan Forestry Society 77: 232-238 Yamanaka T 1995c Changes in soil conditions following treatment with a large amount of urea to enhance fungal fruiting-body production in a Japanese red pine forest Bulletin of Japanese Society of Microbial Ecology 10: 67-72 Yamanaka T 1999 Utilization of inorganic and organic nitrogen in pure cultures by a saprotrophic and ectomycorrhizal fungi producing sporophores on urea-treated forest floor Mycological Research 103: 811-816 Yamanaka T 2003 The effect of pH on the growth of saprotrophic and ectomycorrhizal ammonia fungi in vitro Mycologia 95: 584-589 Yang ZL, Matheny PB, Ge ZE, Slot JC, Hibbett D 2005 New Asian species of the genus Anamika (euagarics, hebelomatoid clade) based on morphology and ribosomal DNA sequences Mycological Research 109: 1259-1267 Young AM 2002 Brief notes on Hebeloma aminophilum R.N Hilton & O.K Miller (‘Ghoul fungus’) from Northern Queensland and Tasmania Australasian Mycologist 21: 79-80 Yoshida S and Muramatsu Y 1994 Accumulation of radiocesium in basidiomycetes collected from Japanese forest Science of the Total Environment 157: 197-205 Yoshida S and Muramatsu Y 1997 Determination of major and trace elements in mushroom, plant and soil samples collected form Japanese forests International Journal of Environmental Analytical Chemistry 67: 49-58 Yoshida S and Muramatsu Y 1998 Concentration of alkali and alkaline earth elements in mushrooms and plants collected in Japanese pine forest, and their relationship with 137Cs Journal of Environmental Radioactivity 41: 183-205 Yoshida S, Muramatsu Y and Ogawa M 1994 Radiocesium concentrations in mushrooms collected in Japan Journal of Environmental Radioactivity 22: 141154 Yoshida S, Muramatsu Y, Steiner M, Belli M, Pasquale A, Rafferty B, Ruhm W, Rantavaara A, Linkov I, Dvornik A and Zhuchenko T 2001 Stable elements – 72 Literature Cites as a key to predict radionuclide transport in forest ecosystems Radioprotection – Colloques 37: C1-391 – C1-396 Yoshida S, Muramatsu Y, Dvornik A, Zhuchenko T and Linkov I 2004 Equilibrium of radiocesium with stable cesium within the biological cycle of contaminated forest ecosystems Journal of Environmental Radioactivity 75: 301-313 Zonneveld MV, Koskela J, Vinceti B, Jarvis A 2009 Impact of climate change on distribution of tropical pines in Southeast Asia Unasylva 60:24-28 73 ... uptake of P The addition of NH4+ affected more the uptake of Cs than that of K In conclusion, some ecophysiological characteristics of ectomycorrhizal ammonia fungi in Hebelomatoid clade providing... discoveries of the ecophysiological characteristics of ectomycorrhizal ammonia fungi would be obtained and help us in more understanding the mechanism of the successive occurrence of ammonia fungi in. .. H3BO3, 42 mg of Fe-EDTA, 0.5 mg of 18 Chapter nicotinic acid, 0.5 mg of pyridoxine•HCl, mg of thiamine•HCl, mg of L-glycine, mg of L-glutamine, 100 mg of myo-inositol, 0.1 mg of 3-indolebutyric