L09NAGUML6_i-viii.qxd 11/1/07 7:17 AM Page iii Contents Grammar, Usage, and Mechanics Language Skills Practice USING THIS WORKBOOK vii Chapter THE SENTENCE Sentences and Sentence Fragments A Sentences and Sentence Fragments B Sentences and Sentence Fragments C Simple Subjects and Complete Subjects Simple Predicates and Complete Predicates Verb Phrases Simple and Complete Subjects and Predicates A Simple and Complete Subjects and Predicates B .8 Compound Subjects .9 Compound Verbs 10 Compound Subjects and Compound Verbs 11 Subjects and Verbs A .12 Subjects and Verbs B 13 Sentences Classified by Purpose A 14 Sentences Classified by Purpose B .15 REVIEW A: Sentences and Sentence Fragments 16 REVIEW B: Sentence Parts 17 REVIEW C: Sentence Parts 18 REVIEW D: Kinds of Sentences 19 Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston All rights reserved Chapter PARTS OF SPEECH OVERVIEW: NOUN, PRONOUN, ADJECTIVE The Noun .20 Proper and Common Nouns A 21 Proper and Common Nouns B 22 Pronouns and Antecedents 23 Personal, Reflexive, and Intensive Pronouns 24 Demonstrative Pronouns and Relative Pronouns 25 Indefinite Pronouns and Interrogative Pronouns 26 Identifying Kinds of Pronouns 27 The Adjective 28 Proper Adjectives 29 Demonstrative Adjectives 30 Noun, Pronoun, or Adjective? A 31 Noun, Pronoun, or Adjective? B 32 REVIEW A: Nouns 33 REVIEW B: Pronouns .34 REVIEW C: Nouns, Pronouns, and Adjectives 35 Chapter PARTS OF SPEECH OVERVIEW: VERB, ADVERB, PREPOSITION, CONJUNCTION, INTERJECTION The Verb 36 Main Verbs and Helping Verbs 37 Verb Phrases 38 Action Verbs 39 Linking Verbs 40 Transitive and Intransitive Verbs 41 Kinds of Verbs .42 The Adverb A 43 The Adverb B 44 Adverb or Adjective? 45 The Preposition .46 The Prepositional Phrase 47 Preposition or Adverb? .48 The Conjunction A .49 The Conjunction B 50 The Interjection .51 Determining Parts of Speech .52 REVIEW A: Parts of Speech 53 REVIEW B: Parts of Speech 54 REVIEW C: Parts of Speech 55 Chapter THE PHRASE AND THE CLAUSE Identifying Phrases 56 Prepositional Phrases A 57 Prepositional Phrases B .58 Adjective Phrases 59 Adverb Phrases 60 Adjective and Adverb Phrases A 61 Adjective and Adverb Phrases B 62 The Clause .63 Independent Clauses 64 Subordinate Clauses 65 Adjective Clauses 66 Adverb Clauses 67 Adjective and Adverb Clauses A 68 Adjective and Adverb Clauses B 69 Simple and Compound Sentences .70 Compound and Complex Sentences 71 Complex and Compound-Complex Sentences .72 Identifying Kinds of Sentences 73 REVIEW A: Phrases and Clauses 74 REVIEW B: Phrases and Clauses 75 REVIEW C: Sentences .76 iii L09NAGUML6_i-viii.qxd 11/1/07 7:17 AM Page iv Contents COMPLEMENTS Complements 77 Direct Objects 78 Indirect Objects .79 Direct Objects and Indirect Objects A 80 Direct Objects and Indirect Objects B 81 Subject Complements 82 Predicate Nominatives 83 Predicate Adjectives 84 Predicate Nominatives and Predicate Adjectives A .85 Predicate Nominatives and Predicate Adjectives B .86 REVIEW A: Complements 87 REVIEW B: Complements .88 REVIEW C: Complements .89 Chapter AGREEMENT Number 90 Subject and Verb Agreement A 91 Subject and Verb Agreement B 92 Phrases Between Subject and Verb 93 Agreement with Indefinite Pronouns A 94 Agreement with Indefinite Pronouns B 95 Compound Subjects 96 Subject After the Verb 97 Don’t and Doesn’t 98 Agreement of Pronoun and Antecedent A .99 Agreement of Pronoun and Antecedent B .100 Indefinite Pronouns as Antecedents 101 Antecedents Joined by Or, Nor, or And 102 REVIEW A: Subject-Verb Agreement 103 REVIEW B: Pronoun-Antecedent Agreement 104 REVIEW C: Agreement 105 REVIEW D: Agreement 106 Chapter USING VERBS CORRECTLY Identifying the Principal Parts of Verbs 107 Using Regular Verbs 108 Using Irregular Verbs A 109 Using Irregular Verbs B 110 Using Irregular Verbs C 111 Using Irregular Verbs D .112 Using Irregular Verbs E 113 iv Identifying Tense 114 Using Tense Consistently 115 Using Sit and Set 116 Using Rise and Raise 117 Using Lie and Lay .118 Six Confusing Verbs 119 REVIEW A: Using Regular and Irregular Verb Forms .120 REVIEW B: Tense 121 REVIEW C: Writing Correct Verb Forms 122 REVIEW D: Using Correct Verb Forms 123 Chapter USING PRONOUNS CORRECTLY Forms of Personal Pronouns .124 Using the Subject Form A 125 Using the Subject Form B 126 Using the Object Form A 127 Using the Object Form B 128 Subject Form and Object Form Pronouns A 129 Subject Form and Object Form Pronouns B 130 Who and Whom 131 Pronouns with Appositives .132 REVIEW A: Using Pronouns Correctly 133 REVIEW B: Using Pronouns Correctly .134 REVIEW C: Using Pronouns Correctly 135 Chapter USING MODIFIERS CORRECTLY One-Word Modifiers 136 Phrases Used as Modifiers .137 Clauses Used as Modifiers .138 Words, Phrases, and Clauses Used as Modifiers .139 Regular Comparisons 140 Irregular Comparisons .141 Regular and Irregular Comparisons A 142 Regular and Irregular Comparisons B 143 Use of Comparative and Superlative Forms A .144 Use of Comparative and Superlative Forms B 145 Good and Well .146 Adjective or Adverb? 147 Double Comparisons 148 Double Negatives 149 Misplaced One-Word Modifiers .150 Misplaced Prepositional Phrases 151 Misplaced Adjective Clauses 152 Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston All rights reserved Chapter L09NAGUML6_i-viii.qxd 11/1/07 7:17 AM Page v Contents Placement of Modifiers A 153 Placement of Modifiers B 154 REVIEW A: Forms and Comparisons .155 REVIEW B: Special Problems and Double Negatives 156 REVIEW C: Misplaced Modifiers 157 REVIEW D: All Types of Problems 158 Chapter 10 A GLOSSARY OF USAGE Avoiding Usage Problems A .159 Avoiding Usage Problems B 160 Avoiding Usage Problems C .161 Avoiding Usage Problems D .162 Avoiding Usage Problems E 163 REVIEW A: Common Usage Problems 164 REVIEW B: Common Usage Problems 165 REVIEW C: Common Usage Problems 166 Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston All rights reserved Chapter 11 CAPITAL LETTERS First Words and I 167 Proper Nouns A 168 Proper Nouns B 169 Proper Nouns C 170 Proper Nouns D 171 Proper Nouns E 172 Proper Nouns F 173 Proper Nouns G 174 School Subjects and Proper Adjectives 175 Proper Nouns and Proper Adjectives A 176 Proper Nouns and Proper Adjectives B 177 Abbreviations .178 Personal Titles and Familial Titles 179 Titles of Books and Other Works 180 Abbreviations and Titles A 181 Abbreviations and Titles B .182 REVIEW A: Capital Letters 183 REVIEW B: Capital Letters 184 REVIEW C: Capital Letters 185 Commas in Compound Sentences 190 Commas with Interrupters 191 Commas with Introductory Elements 192 Commas A 193 Commas B .194 Conventional Uses of Commas 195 Comma Review A .196 Comma Review B 197 Semicolons 198 Colons 199 REVIEW A: End Marks and Abbreviations .200 REVIEW B: Commas 201 REVIEW C: Semicolons and Colons 202 REVIEW D: End Marks, Commas, Semicolons, and Colons 203 Chapter 13 PUNCTUATION: UNDERLINING (ITALICS), QUOTATION MARKS, APOSTROPHES, HYPHENS Underlining (Italics) A 204 Underlining (Italics) B .205 Quotation Marks with Direct Quotations .206 Quotation Marks in Dialogue 207 Quotation Marks with Titles .208 Quotation Marks 209 Underlining (Italics) and Quotation Marks A .210 Underlining (Italics) and Quotation Marks B 211 Apostrophes with Possessives 212 Possessive Pronouns 213 Apostrophes in Possessives .214 Apostrophes in Contractions 215 Apostrophes in Plurals 216 Apostrophes Review 217 Hyphens 218 REVIEW A: Underlining (Italics) and Quotation Marks 219 REVIEW B: Apostrophes .220 REVIEW C: Hyphens .221 REVIEW D: Underlining (Italics), Quotation Marks, Apostrophes, Hyphens 222 Chapter 12 PUNCTUATION: END MARKS, SEMICOLONS, COLONS, COMMAS End Marks 186 Abbreviations .187 End Marks and Abbreviations 188 Commas with Items in a Series 189 Chapter 14 SPELLING Good Spelling Habits 223 ie and ei 224 Prefixes 225 Adding –ness and –ly 226 v L09NAGUML6_i-viii.qxd 11/1/07 7:17 AM Page vi Contents Adding Suffixes to Words Ending in Silent e .227 Adding Suffixes to Words Ending in y 228 Doubling Final Consonants When Adding Suffixes 229 Suffixes 230 Forming the Plurals of Nouns A 231 Forming the Plurals of Nouns B .232 Forming the Plurals of Nouns C 233 Forming Plurals: Review 234 Words Often Confused A 235 Words Often Confused B 236 Words Often Confused C 237 Words Often Confused D 238 REVIEW A: Spelling Rules 239 REVIEW B: Words Often Confused 240 REVIEW C: Spelling Rules and Words Often Confused .241 REVIEW D: Spelling Rules and Words Often Confused .242 Chapter 15 Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston All rights reserved CORRECTING COMMON ERRORS Sentence Fragments 243 Run-on Sentences 244 Sentence Fragments and Run-on Sentences 245 Subject-Verb Agreement A .246 Subject-Verb Agreement B 247 Pronoun-Antecedent Agreement A 248 Pronoun-Antecedent Agreement B 249 Verb Forms A 250 Verb Forms B 251 Pronoun Forms A 252 Pronoun Forms B .253 Comparative and Superlative Forms of Modifiers 254 Misplaced Modifiers 255 Double Comparisons and Double Negatives 256 Standard Usage A 257 Standard Usage B .258 Capitalization A 259 Capitalization B 260 Commas A 261 Commas B .262 Semicolons and Colons .263 Quotation Marks and Other Punctuation A 264 Quotation Marks and Other Punctuation B 265 Apostrophes 266 All Marks of Punctuation A 267 All Marks of Punctuation B .268 Spelling A 269 Spelling B .270 Words Often Confused .271 Spelling and Words Often Confused .272 REVIEW A: Usage 273 REVIEW B: Mechanics 274 REVIEW C: Usage and Mechanics 275 vi L09NAGUML6_i-viii.qxd 11/12/07 3:34 PM Page vii Using This Workbook The worksheets in this workbook provide practice, reinforcement, and extension for Chapters 1–15 of Elements of Language Most of the worksheets you will find in this workbook are traditional worksheets providing practice and reinforcement activities on every rule and on all major instructional topics in the grammar, usage, and mechanics chapters in Elements of Language Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston All rights reserved The Teaching Resources include the Answer Key, which is located on the Teacher One Stop Grammar, Usage, and Mechanics: Language Skills Practice vii L09NAGUML6_001-019.qxd 11/1/07 8:44 AM Page NAME CLASS GRAMMAR for CHAPTER 1: THE SENTENCE DATE pages 50–51 Sentences and Sentence Fragments A 1a A sentence is a word group that contains a subject and a verb and that expresses a complete thought EXAMPLE The American bison is brown and black A sentence fragment is a word group that looks like a sentence but either does not contain both a subject and a verb or does not express a complete thought SENTENCE FRAGMENT SENTENCE Graze on the plain The bison graze on the plain EXERCISE Decide whether each group of words is a sentence or a sentence fragment Write S for sentence or SF for sentence fragment on the line provided Example SF Has a large head and humped shoulders Zoologists call the American buffalo a bison May weigh up to three thousand pounds Live in herds and feed on grass Once roamed across North America In 1850, there were still about twenty million bison By 1890, bison were almost extinct Didn’t kill all those bison Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston All rights reserved Now, more than thirty thousand Bison were difficult to hunt on foot 10 The horse and the gun changed Plains Indian life 11 Moved from camp to camp 12 Plains Indians began to use horses about 1600 13 Brought to America by the Spanish 14 Wild herds of mustangs in the American West 15 Mustang may come from a Spanish word meaning “ownerless horses.” 16 Bronco another Spanish word 17 Some people call any bad-tempered horse a bronco 18 Also another word for mustang 19 Descendants of wild mustangs are still used to herd cattle 20 Broncos, or broncs, in rodeo competitions Grammar, Usage, and Mechanics: Language Skills Practice L09NAGUML6_001-019.qxd 11/1/07 8:44 AM Page NAME CLASS pages 50–51 Sentences and Sentence Fragments B 1a A sentence is a word group that contains a subject and a verb and that expresses a complete thought EXAMPLES Didn’t a picture of that headdress appear on a United States stamp? What a beautiful arrangement of feathers it is! A sentence fragment is a word group that looks like a sentence but either does not contain both a subject and a verb or does not express a complete thought SENTENCE FRAGMENT SENTENCE Brown feathers of the golden eagle Brown feathers of the golden eagle adorn the headdress EXERCISE A Decide whether each group of words is a sentence or a sentence fragment Write S for sentence or SF for sentence fragment on the line provided Example SF When we entered the museum’s exhibit area No two headdresses of the Plains Indians The feathers of the male golden eagle are a sign of bravery and speed Have you ever seen a real Plains Indian headdress? At the famous Battle of the Little Bighorn, General George Custer! What a fierce battle that was! Lived in earth lodges or tepees Villages along rivers and streams As they followed herds of buffalo across the vast plains Buffalo meat a main part of their diet 10 The skins of the buffalo were used for bedding, clothing, and tepees EXERCISE B On each line below, write a sentence that includes each sentence fragment Add punctuation and change capitalization as needed for your sentence Example Hissing, the cat Hissing, the cat swatted at the unfamiliar dog 11 After the football game 12 Gave the school a donation 13 Standing by the mailbox 14 Will become a firefighter 15 Jumping up and down ELEMENTS OF LANGUAGE Introductory Course Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston All rights reserved GRAMMAR for CHAPTER 1: THE SENTENCE DATE L09NAGUML6_001-019.qxd 11/1/07 8:44 AM Page NAME CLASS GRAMMAR for CHAPTER 1: THE SENTENCE DATE pages 50–51 Sentences and Sentence Fragments C 1a A sentence is a word group that contains a subject and a verb and that expresses a complete thought A sentence fragment is a word group that looks like a sentence but either does not contain both a subject and a verb or does not express a complete thought SENTENCE FRAGMENT SENTENCE Because we were tired We left early because we were tired EXERCISE Each item below shows one way a sentence fragment can be corrected Study each correction Then, on the line provided, show another way each fragment can be corrected Example Fragment: Studying the solar system Correction: Kim is studying the solar system The class was studying the solar system Fragment: My neighbor Flo Correction: My neighbor Flo is a dancer Fragment: Waiting for the bus Correction: Mr Bossio is waiting for the bus Fragment: Cutting the apple into four pieces Correction: Cut the apple into four pieces Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston All rights reserved Fragment: Len’s new puppy Correction: Have you seen Len’s new puppy? Fragment: After the soccer match Correction: I spoke to Kara after the soccer match Fragment: Sent the postcards yesterday Correction: Walt sent the postcards yesterday Fragment: Both hamsters Correction: Both hamsters seem sick Fragment: Jogging in the park Correction: The sisters were jogging in the park Fragment: Beneath the surface Correction: What mysteries lie beneath the surface? 10 Fragment: Before she left Correction: Janet called me before she left Grammar, Usage, and Mechanics: Language Skills Practice L09NAGUML6_001-019.qxd 11/1/07 8:44 AM Page NAME CLASS pages 53–54 Simple Subjects and Complete Subjects 1b The subject tells whom or what the sentence is about The complete subject consists of all the words needed to tell whom or what the sentence is about 1c The simple subject is the main word or word group that tells whom or what the sentence is about COMPLETE SUBJECT SIMPLE SUBJECT The English reports are due on Tuesday The English reports are due on Tuesday EXERCISE A The complete subject is underlined in the following sentences Circle the simple subject Example Has anyone in the class seen The Miracle Worker? Young Helen Keller could not see, hear, or speak Didn’t a serious illness cause her disabilities? Helen’s father hired Anne Sullivan, a teacher from Boston Ms Sullivan used the sense of touch to communicate with Helen The Miracle Worker was a play and movie about Anne Sullivan and Helen Keller In 1904, Keller graduated from Radcliffe College Her college classes were interpreted for her by Anne Sullivan The problems of sightless people were a concern to Keller After college she worked for the American Foundation for the Blind 10 Many people with disabilities have been inspired by Helen Keller’s achievements EXERCISE B Underline the complete subject in the following sentences Then, circle the simple subject Example In the 1820s, Louis Braille devised a way for sightless people to read 11 At first Louis Braille’s dot system was not officially accepted 12 Eventually Braille’s system won acceptance all over the world 13 Braille is a code of raised dots on paper 14 Different arrangements of dots stand for the alphabet, punctuation marks, and numbers 15 Sightless people can run their fingers along the dots 16 Since the early 1960s, the process of making braille books has been improved with computers 17 First, the text is typed into a computer 18 The computer automatically translates the words into braille 19 Then the raised braille figures are transferred onto metal plates or paper 20 Have you ever seen a braille book? ELEMENTS OF LANGUAGE Introductory Course Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston All rights reserved GRAMMAR for CHAPTER 1: THE SENTENCE DATE ... 160 Avoiding Usage Problems C . 161 Avoiding Usage Problems D . 162 Avoiding Usage Problems E 163 REVIEW A: Common Usage Problems 164 REVIEW B: Common Usage Problems 165 REVIEW... 260 Commas A 261 Commas B . 262 Semicolons and Colons . 263 Quotation Marks and Other Punctuation A 264 Quotation Marks and Other Punctuation B 265 Apostrophes 266 ... followed and used during the development of the city 20 His plan included parks and wide streets and provided for many grand public buildings Grammar, Usage, and Mechanics: Language Skills Practice