Corrective feedback on efl high school students’ speaking performance a comparison between recast and repetition

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING VINH UNIVERSITY LE THI KIEU DUONG CORRECTIVE FEEDBACK ON EFL HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS’ SPEAKING PERFORMANCE: A COMPARISON BETWEEN RECAST AND REPETITION MASTER’S THESIS IN EDUCATION NGHE AN, 2018 MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING VINH UNIVERSITY LE THI KIEU DUONG CORRECTIVE FEEDBACK ON EFL HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS’ SPEAKING PERFORMANCE: A COMPARISON BETWEEN RECAST AND REPETITION FIELD: THEORY AND METHODS OF TEACHING ENGLISH Code: 8.14.01.11 MASTER’S THESIS IN EDUCATION Supervisor: Dr Tran Thi Ngoc Yen Nghe An, 2018 i STATEMENT OF ORIGINALITY This work has not previously been submitted for a degree or diploma in any university To the best of my knowledge and belief, the thesis contains no material previously published or written by another person except where due reference is made in the thesis itself AUTHOR’S SIGNATURE Le Thi Kieu Duong i ii ABSTRACT The main goal in this study is to find out if using corrective feedback, Recast or Repetition has any effect on EFL learners‘ speaking ability through In order to achieve the mentioned goal, a study was carried out among eighty four students of graders 10 at Le Quy Don High school in Quang Binh The participants were divided into two groups, each of which had 42 students One served the Recast group and the other Repetition group Before the treatment, all participants in two groups did a General English test Then both groups were asked to sit the pre-test before participating in the speaking sessions A post-test was administered after the treatment to measure the participant‘s speaking fluency and accuracy The collected data were analyzed in terms of fluency (number of words per minute) and accuracy (number of errors per 100 words) The data indicated which one in two groups‘ speaking fluency and accuracy improved to a great extent than other group when using Recast for Recast group and Repetition for Repetition group Based on the findings, some implications for teaching English speaking were proposed Limitations of the study were also pointed out and further research was suggested ii iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First of all, I would like to express my deep gratitude to Dr Tran Thi Ngoc Yen, who directly supported and stimulated me during the preparation of this study I am truly grateful to her for her suggestions, support and guidance she offered to help me carry out the study Hereby, I wish to sincerely thank all the teachers who taught me during the two-year course for their precious lectures, instructions and useful suggestions which have helped in the clarification of my points My grateful thanks are also extended to all my friends and my students who helped me in different ways I would also like to thank thanks to the students of the two classes I worked with in order to gather data for my study In my work, it is inevitable that the ideas of many other writers in this field will be reflected and developed Their ideas have inspired me to choose this topic My debt to the authors of the books listed in the bibliography is in my cases equally great To all these scholars, I offer my gratitude Finally and always, my heartfelt thanks go to my family, my friends whose support is indispensible for the fulfillment, unceasing support, patience and understanding I could not have been able to complete my thesis iii iv TABLE OF CONTENTS Page STATEMENT OF ORIGINALITY i ABSTRACT ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS iii TABLE OF CONTENTS iv LIST OF TABLES vii LIST OF FIGURES ix Chapter INTRODUCTION 1.1 Rationale .1 1.2 Aims of the study 1.3 Significance of the study .4 1.4 Research questions 1.5 Scope of study .4 1.6 Organization of the thesis Chapter LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Speaking ability .6 2.1.1 Definition 2.1.2 Functions of speaking .6 2.1.3 The nature of speaking ability 2.1.4 Micro and macro skill of speaking ability 2.1.5 The aspects of speaking ability .8 2.2 speaking ability .8 2.2.1 Indicators of speaking ability .10 2.2.2 Fluency, accuracy and complexity .10 2.2.3 Marking criteria for assessing speaking ability 13 2.2.4 Methods to assess speaking ability .14 2.3 Teaching speaking to EFL learners .20 2.3.1 EFL learners‘ difficulties in learning to speak English 21 iv v 2.3.2 Factors affecting EFL learners‘ speaking ability 22 2.3.3 Methods and activities to improve speaking ability .25 2.4 Feedback in language teaching 26 2.4.1 The role of feedback in language teaching 27 2.4.2 Types of feedback in language teaching 27 2.5 Corrective feedback 30 2.5.1 Definition 30 2.5.2 Types of corrective feedback 31 2.5.3 Recast feedback 32 2.5.4 Repetition feedback 33 2.5.5 Recast feedback vs repetition feedback in teaching speaking .34 Chapter METHODOLOGY 35 3.1 Materials 35 3.2 Participants 37 3.3 Procedures 38 Chapter FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION .40 4.1 Results 40 4.1.1 General English test results 40 4.1.2 Pre-test and post-test results 44 4.1.3 The increases 72 4.2 Discussion 76 4.2.1The effects of Recast and Repetition technique on EFL learners‘ speaking accuracy 76 4.2.2 The effects of Recast and Repetition techniques on EFL learners‘ speaking fluency 76 Chapter CONCLUSION 79 5.1 Summary of findings 79 5.2 Implications 80 5.3 Limitations and suggestions for further research 80 v vi 5.3.1 Limitations 80 5.3.2 Suggestions for further research 81 REFERENCES 83 APPENDIX A 88 APPENDIX B 92 APPENDIX C 93 APPENDIX D 93 APPENDIX E 94 APPENDIX F 104 APPENDIX M 112 vi vii TABLE OF TABLES Page Table 3.1 Speaking marking criteria 35 Table 3.2 The speaking topics of sixteen units in TiengAnh 10 36 Table 4.1 The Recast group‘s and Repetition group‘s Score in general English test 40 Table 4.2 The Recast group‘s and Repetition group‘s marks in general English test 42 Table 4.3 The average total scores and standard deviations of general English test in the Recast group and the Repetition group 42 Table 4.4 The total of errors of Recast group in Pre-test about accuracy 46 Table 4.5 The total of errors of Repetition group in Pre-test about accuracy 47 Table 4.6 The total number of errors about accuracy in Word choice, Grammatical and Pronunciation per 100 words of the Recast group and Repetition group in the pre test 47 Table 4.7 The average total errors and standard deviations about accuracy of Recast group and Repetition group in the Pre-test Table 4.8 The total errors of Recast group in Pre-test about fluency 51 Table 4.9 The total of errors of Repetition group in Pre-test about fluency 52 Table 4.10 The total number of errors about fluency about error number of pause and error number of repeat per 100 words of the Recast group and Repetition group in the pre test 52 Table 4.11 The average total scores of errors and standard deviations about fluency of Recast group and Repetition group in the Pre-test 55 Table 4.12 Total number of words per minute of the Recast and Repetition groups vii viii in the Pre-test .57 Table 4.13 The total of errors of Recast group in Post-test about accuracy 58 Table 4.14 The total of errors of Repetition group in Post-test about accuracy 59 Table 4.15 The total number of errors about accuracy in Word choice, Grammatical and Pronunciation per 100 words of the Recast group and Repetition group in the post test .60 Table 4.16 The average total scores and standard deviations of accuracy of Recast group and Repetition group in the Post-test Table 4.17 The total of errors of Recast group in Post-test about fluency 63 Table 4.18 The total of errors of Repetition group in Post-test about fluency 65 Table 4.19 The total number of errors about fluency about error number of pause and error number of repeat per 100 words of the Recast group and Repetition group in the post-test 66 Table 4.20 The average total scores and standard deviations of fluency of Recast group and Repetition group in the Post-test 68 Table 4.21 Total number of words per minute of the Recast and Repetition groups in the post test 70 Table 4.22 Mean of errors number about accuracy of Recast and Repetition groups in the pre-test and post- test 72 Table 4.23 Mean of errors number about fluency of Recast and Repetition groups in the pre-test and post- test 74 viii 106 Table: Accuracy about Grammar of Pre-test Recast Group Học sinh STT 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 Recast Recast Recast Recast Recast Recast Recast Recast Recast Recast 10 Recast 11 Recast 12 Recast 13 Recast 14 Recast 15 Recast 16 Recast 17 Recast 18 Recast 19 Recast 20 Recast 21 Recast 22 Recast 23 Recast 24 Recast 25 Recast 26 Recast 27 Recast 28 Recast 29 Recast 30 Recast 31 Recast 32 Recast 33 Recast 34 Recast 35 Recast 36 Recast 37 Recast 38 Recast 39 Recast 40 Recast 41 Recast 42 % accuracy Độ lệch so Bình about với điểm phương pronunci trung bình độ lệch ation 1.67 2.33 2.70 3.04 3.06 2.40 2.76 3.15 2.86 3.21 2.54 2.21 1.85 3.73 3.46 2.31 3.49 3.60 3.20 3.25 3.72 3.75 2.94 3.81 3.28 4.35 4.35 4.35 4.05 2.73 3.64 3.24 2.86 4.85 2.94 2.94 4.95 3.00 6.00 8.18 4.72 8.65 -1.90 -1.24 -0.87 -0.53 -0.51 -1.17 -0.81 -0.42 -0.71 -0.36 -1.03 -1.36 -1.72 0.16 -0.11 -1.26 -0.08 0.03 -0.37 -0.32 0.15 0.18 -0.63 0.24 -0.29 0.78 0.78 0.78 0.48 -0.84 0.07 -0.33 -0.71 1.28 -0.63 -0.63 1.38 -0.57 2.43 4.61 1.15 5.08 3.62 1.53 0.75 0.28 0.26 1.38 0.66 0.18 0.51 0.13 1.07 1.86 2.95 0.03 0.01 1.59 0.01 0.00 0.14 0.10 0.02 0.03 0.40 0.06 0.08 0.61 0.61 0.61 0.23 0.71 0.00 0.11 0.51 1.65 0.40 0.40 1.91 0.32 5.90 21.27 1.32 25.85 106 STT 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 Repetition Group Độ lệch % Bình accuracy so với about Học sinh điểm phương độ pronunci trung lệch ation bình Repetition 1.90 -1.70 2.89 Repetition 1.91 -1.69 2.85 Repetition 1.97 -1.63 2.64 Repetition 2.33 -1.27 1.60 Repetition 2.33 -1.27 1.60 Repetition 2.07 -1.53 2.34 Repetition 2.41 -1.19 1.41 Repetition Repetition Repetition 10 Repetition 11 Repetition 12 Repetition 13 Repetition 14 Repetition 15 Repetition 16 Repetition 17 Repetition 18 Repetition 19 Repetition 20 Repetition 21 Repetition 22 Repetition 23 Repetition 24 Repetition 25 Repetition 26 Repetition 27 Repetition 28 Repetition 29 Repetition 30 Repetition 31 Repetition 32 Repetition 33 Repetition 34 Repetition 35 Repetition 36 Repetition 37 Repetition 38 Repetition 39 Repetition 40 Repetition 41 Repetition 42 2.41 2.11 2.48 2.48 3.57 3.93 3.57 3.21 3.60 3.24 3.28 3.08 3.08 3.46 3.52 2.80 3.66 3.28 4.20 4.27 4.35 3.91 4.39 3.64 3.18 5.05 4.76 5.50 5.00 5.00 5.79 5.26 5.38 5.38 4.30 -1.19 -1.49 -1.12 -1.12 -0.03 0.33 -0.03 -0.39 0.00 -0.36 -0.32 -0.52 -0.52 -0.14 -0.08 -0.80 0.06 -0.32 0.60 0.67 0.75 0.31 0.79 0.04 -0.42 1.45 1.16 1.90 1.40 1.40 2.19 1.66 1.78 1.78 0.70 1.41 2.21 1.25 1.25 0.00 0.11 0.00 0.15 0.00 0.13 0.10 0.27 0.27 0.02 0.01 0.64 0.00 0.10 0.36 0.45 0.56 0.10 0.62 0.00 0.17 2.09 1.35 3.61 1.96 1.96 4.79 2.77 3.16 3.16 0.49 107 Table: Total errors about accuracy in Pre-test Recast Group STT 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 Học sinh % total lỗi accuracy Recast Recast Recast Recast Recast Recast Recast Recast Recast Recast 10 Recast 11 Recast 12 Recast 13 Recast 14 Recast 15 Recast 16 Recast 17 Recast 18 Recast 19 Recast 20 Recast 21 Recast 22 Recast 23 Recast 24 Recast 25 Recast 26 Recast 27 Recast 28 Recast 29 Recast 30 Recast 31 Recast 32 Recast 33 Recast 34 Recast 35 Recast 36 Recast 37 Recast 38 Recast 39 Recast 40 Recast 41 Recast 42 1.67 2.22 2.48 2.93 2.61 2.85 2.64 2.91 3.21 2.62 2.54 2.45 2.59 2.49 3.08 2.69 3.23 3.60 2.53 2.85 2.75 3.61 3.36 3.53 3.55 3.62 4.06 4.06 3.75 3.18 4.24 3.70 3.33 4.21 3.43 3.10 4.29 3.83 5.78 6.36 6.29 6.09 Độ lệch so Bình với điểm phương trung bình độ lệch -1.77 -1.22 -0.96 -0.51 -0.83 -0.59 -0.80 -0.53 -0.23 -0.82 -0.90 -0.99 -0.85 -0.95 -0.36 -0.75 -0.21 0.16 -0.91 -0.59 -0.69 0.17 -0.08 0.09 0.11 0.18 0.62 0.62 0.31 -0.26 0.80 0.26 -0.11 0.77 -0.01 -0.34 0.85 0.39 2.34 2.92 2.85 2.65 3.14 1.48 0.93 0.26 0.69 0.34 0.63 0.28 0.05 0.67 0.82 0.98 0.72 0.91 0.13 0.56 0.04 0.03 0.82 0.35 0.47 0.03 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.03 0.38 0.38 0.10 0.07 0.64 0.07 0.01 0.59 0.00 0.11 0.72 0.15 5.47 8.55 8.12 7.02 107 STT 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 Repetition Group Độ lệch % total so với Bình lỗi Học sinh điểm phương độ accurac trung lệch y bình Repetition 1.69 -1.76 3.11 Repetition 2.12 -1.33 1.76 Repetition 2.19 -1.26 1.58 Repetition 2.44 -1.01 1.01 Repetition 2.11 -1.34 1.79 Repetition 2.41 -1.04 1.07 Repetition 2.30 -1.15 1.33 Repetition 2.41 -1.04 1.07 Repetition 2.46 -0.99 0.97 Repetition 10 2.72 -0.73 0.53 Repetition 11 2.96 -0.49 0.24 Repetition 12 2.50 -0.95 0.90 Repetition 13 2.38 -1.07 1.14 Repetition 14 2.38 -1.07 1.14 Repetition 15 2.26 -1.19 1.41 Repetition 16 2.64 -0.81 0.66 Repetition 17 2.76 -0.69 0.48 Repetition 18 2.80 -0.65 0.43 Repetition 19 2.69 -0.76 0.57 Repetition 20 2.82 -0.63 0.40 Repetition 21 2.69 -0.76 0.57 Repetition 22 2.99 -0.46 0.21 Repetition 23 2.53 -0.92 0.84 Repetition 24 3.12 -0.33 0.11 Repetition 25 3.55 0.10 0.01 Repetition 26 3.50 0.05 0.00 Repetition 27 3.85 0.40 0.16 Repetition 28 3.91 0.46 0.21 Repetition 29 4.20 0.75 0.57 Repetition 30 4.24 0.79 0.62 Repetition 31 4.09 0.64 0.41 Repetition 32 4.24 0.79 0.63 Repetition 33 4.74 1.29 1.66 Repetition 34 4.92 1.47 2.16 Repetition 35 5.17 1.72 2.95 Repetition 36 5.17 1.72 2.95 Repetition 37 5.17 1.72 2.95 Repetition 38 5.44 1.99 3.95 Repetition 39 5.44 1.99 3.95 Repetition 40 5.56 2.11 4.43 Repetition 41 5.38 1.93 3.71 Repetition 42 5.91 2.46 6.07 108 Table: Number of words per minute in pre test Recast Group STT 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 Học sinh Words per Recast Recast Recast Recast Recast Recast Recast Recast Recast Recast 10 Recast 11 Recast 12 Recast 13 Recast 14 Recast 15 Recast 16 Recast 17 Recast 18 Recast 19 Recast 20 Recast 21 Recast 22 Recast 23 Recast 24 Recast 25 Recast 26 Recast 27 Recast 28 Recast 29 Recast 30 Recast 31 Recast 32 Recast 33 Recast 34 Recast 35 Recast 36 Recast 37 Recast 38 Recast 39 Recast 40 Recast 41 Recast 42 150.00 150.00 148.00 148.00 147.00 146.00 145.00 143.00 140.00 140.00 138.00 136.00 135.00 134.00 130.00 130.00 129.00 125.00 125.00 123.00 121.00 120.00 119.00 118.00 122.00 115.00 115.00 115.00 111.00 110.00 110.00 108.00 105.00 103.00 102.00 102.00 101.00 100.00 75.00 55.00 53.00 52.00 Độ lệch so Bình với điểm phương trung bình độ lệch 31.10 31.10 29.10 29.10 28.10 27.10 26.10 24.10 21.10 21.10 19.10 17.10 16.10 15.10 11.10 11.10 10.10 6.10 6.10 4.10 2.10 1.10 0.10 -0.90 3.10 -3.90 -3.90 -3.90 -7.90 -8.90 -8.90 -10.90 -13.90 -15.90 -16.90 -16.90 -17.90 -18.90 -43.90 -63.90 -65.90 -66.90 967.21 967.21 846.81 846.81 789.61 734.41 681.21 580.81 445.21 445.21 364.81 292.41 259.21 228.01 123.21 123.21 102.01 37.21 37.21 16.81 4.41 1.21 0.01 0.81 9.61 15.21 15.21 15.21 62.41 79.21 79.21 118.81 193.21 252.81 285.61 285.61 320.41 357.21 1927.21 4083.21 4342.81 4475.61 108 STT 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 Repetition Group Độ lệch so với Bình Words Học sinh điểm phương độ per trung lệch bình Repetition 158.00 32.48 1054.95 Repetition 157.00 31.48 990.99 Repetition 152.00 26.48 701.19 Repetition 150.00 24.48 599.27 Repetition 150.00 24.48 599.27 Repetition 145.00 19.48 379.47 Repetition 145.00 19.48 379.47 Repetition 145.00 19.48 379.47 Repetition 142.00 16.48 271.59 Repetition 10 141.00 15.48 239.63 Repetition 11 141.00 15.48 239.63 Repetition 12 140.00 14.48 209.67 Repetition 13 140.00 14.48 209.67 Repetition 14 140.00 14.48 209.67 Repetition 15 140.00 14.48 209.67 Repetition 16 139.00 13.48 181.71 Repetition 17 139.00 13.48 181.71 Repetition 18 137.00 11.48 131.79 Repetition 19 130.00 4.48 20.07 Repetition 20 130.00 4.48 20.07 Repetition 21 130.00 4.48 20.07 Repetition 22 128.00 2.48 6.15 Repetition 23 125.00 -0.52 0.27 Repetition 24 123.00 -2.52 6.35 Repetition 25 122.00 -3.52 12.39 Repetition 26 119.00 -6.52 42.51 Repetition 27 117.00 -8.52 72.59 Repetition 28 115.00 -10.52 110.67 Repetition 29 115.00 -10.52 110.67 Repetition 30 114.00 -11.52 132.71 Repetition 31 110.00 -15.52 240.87 Repetition 32 110.00 -15.52 240.87 Repetition 33 109.00 -16.52 272.91 Repetition 34 105.00 -20.52 421.07 Repetition 35 100.00 -25.52 651.27 Repetition 36 100.00 -25.52 651.27 Repetition 37 100.00 -25.52 651.27 Repetition 38 95.00 -30.52 931.47 Repetition 39 95.00 -30.52 931.47 Repetition 40 93.00 -32.52 1057.55 Repetition 41 93.00 -32.52 1057.55 Repetition 42 93.00 -32.52 1057.55 109 Table: Total fluency number pause of Pre Recast Group Học sinh STT 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 Recast Recast Recast Recast Recast Recast Recast Recast Recast Recast 10 Recast 11 Recast 12 Recast 13 Recast 14 Recast 15 Recast 16 Recast 17 Recast 18 Recast 19 Recast 20 Recast 21 Recast 22 Recast 23 Recast 24 Recast 25 Recast 26 Recast 27 Recast 28 Recast 29 Recast 30 Recast 31 Recast 32 Recast 33 Recast 34 Recast 35 Recast 36 Recast 37 Recast 38 Recast 39 Recast 40 Recast 41 Recast 42 % Number Độ lệch so Bình pause about với điểm phương Fluency trung bình độ lệch 2.67 3.33 3.38 3.38 2.72 3.42 3.10 2.80 3.21 3.21 3.26 2.21 2.22 2.24 2.31 2.31 3.49 3.60 2.80 3.66 2.89 3.75 3.78 3.39 3.69 3.91 3.04 4.35 3.15 4.55 5.00 3.24 2.86 3.40 4.90 3.43 4.95 5.00 4.67 5.45 9.43 5.77 -1.00 -0.34 -0.29 -0.29 -0.95 -0.25 -0.57 -0.87 -0.46 -0.46 -0.41 -1.46 -1.45 -1.43 -1.36 -1.36 -0.18 -0.07 -0.87 -0.01 -0.78 0.08 0.11 -0.28 0.02 0.24 -0.63 0.68 -0.52 0.88 1.33 -0.43 -0.81 -0.27 1.23 -0.24 1.28 1.33 1.00 1.78 5.76 2.10 1.01 0.11 0.09 0.09 0.90 0.06 0.32 0.76 0.21 0.21 0.17 2.14 2.10 2.05 1.86 1.86 0.03 0.00 0.76 0.00 0.60 0.01 0.01 0.08 0.00 0.06 0.39 0.46 0.27 0.77 1.77 0.18 0.66 0.07 1.52 0.06 1.64 1.77 0.99 3.18 33.22 4.41 109 STT 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 Repetition Group % Độ lệch Number so với Bình Học sinh pause điểm phương độ about trung lệch Fluency bình Repetition 1.58 -2.04 4.15 Repetition 2.55 -1.07 1.15 Repetition 2.63 -0.99 0.98 Repetition 3.00 -0.62 0.38 Repetition 2.33 -1.29 1.66 Repetition 3.10 -0.52 0.27 Repetition 2.76 -0.86 0.74 Repetition 2.41 -1.21 1.45 Repetition 3.17 -0.45 0.20 Repetition 10 2.84 -0.78 0.61 Repetition 11 3.19 -0.43 0.18 Repetition 12 1.79 -1.83 3.36 Repetition 13 3.93 0.31 0.10 Repetition 14 1.79 -1.83 3.36 Repetition 15 3.21 -0.41 0.16 Repetition 16 3.96 0.34 0.11 Repetition 17 2.52 -1.10 1.21 Repetition 18 2.55 -1.07 1.13 Repetition 19 2.31 -1.31 1.72 Repetition 20 2.69 -0.93 0.86 Repetition 21 1.92 -1.70 2.88 Repetition 22 2.73 -0.89 0.78 Repetition 23 2.80 -0.82 0.67 Repetition 24 2.44 -1.18 1.39 Repetition 25 3.28 -0.34 0.12 Repetition 26 3.36 -0.26 0.07 Repetition 27 4.27 0.65 0.43 Repetition 28 3.91 0.29 0.09 Repetition 29 4.35 0.73 0.53 Repetition 30 3.95 0.33 0.11 Repetition 31 4.55 0.93 0.86 Repetition 32 5.00 1.38 1.90 Repetition 33 4.59 0.97 0.94 Repetition 34 4.76 1.14 1.30 Repetition 35 5.00 1.38 1.90 Repetition 36 5.50 1.88 3.53 Repetition 37 5.00 1.38 1.90 Repetition 38 5.26 1.64 2.70 Repetition 39 5.79 2.17 4.71 Repetition 40 6.99 3.37 11.35 Repetition 41 5.38 1.76 3.08 Repetition 42 6.99 3.37 11.35 110 STT 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 Table Total fluency number repeat of Pre-test in pre test Recast Group Repetition Group % Độ lệch % Number Độ lệch so Bình Number so với Bình repeat Học sinh với điểm phương STT Học sinh repeat điểm phương độ about trung bình độ lệch about trung lệch Fluency Fluency bình Recast 2.33 -1.34 1.79 Repetition 2.22 -1.50 2.26 Recast 3.33 -0.34 0.11 Repetition 2.23 -1.49 2.22 Recast 3.04 -0.63 0.40 Repetition 2.63 -1.09 1.18 Recast 2.70 -0.97 0.94 Repetition 3.00 -0.72 0.52 Recast 2.72 -0.95 0.90 Repetition 3.00 -0.72 0.52 Recast 2.40 -1.27 1.62 Repetition 2.41 -1.31 1.71 Recast 2.76 -0.91 0.83 Repetition 2.76 -0.96 0.92 Recast 2.80 -0.87 0.76 Repetition 3.10 -0.62 0.38 Recast 3.21 -0.46 0.21 Repetition 2.82 -0.90 0.82 Recast 10 3.21 -0.46 0.21 10 Repetition 10 3.19 -0.53 0.28 Recast 11 3.62 -0.05 0.00 11 Repetition 11 2.48 -1.24 1.53 Recast 12 2.57 -1.10 1.20 12 Repetition 12 3.57 -0.15 0.02 Recast 13 2.22 -1.45 2.10 13 Repetition 13 3.93 0.21 0.04 Recast 14 2.61 -1.06 1.12 14 Repetition 14 3.57 -0.15 0.02 Recast 15 3.08 -0.59 0.35 15 Repetition 15 3.21 -0.51 0.26 Recast 16 2.69 -0.98 0.96 16 Repetition 16 3.60 -0.12 0.02 Recast 17 3.49 -0.18 0.03 17 Repetition 17 3.24 -0.48 0.23 Recast 18 3.60 -0.07 0.00 18 Repetition 18 3.28 -0.44 0.19 Recast 19 3.20 -0.47 0.22 19 Repetition 19 3.08 -0.64 0.41 Recast 20 3.25 -0.42 0.17 20 Repetition 20 3.08 -0.64 0.41 Recast 21 3.72 0.05 0.00 21 Repetition 21 3.46 -0.26 0.07 Recast 22 3.75 0.08 0.01 22 Repetition 22 3.52 -0.20 0.04 Recast 23 2.94 -0.73 0.53 23 Repetition 23 2.80 -0.92 0.85 Recast 24 3.81 0.14 0.02 24 Repetition 24 3.66 -0.06 0.00 Recast 25 3.28 -0.39 0.15 25 Repetition 25 3.28 -0.44 0.19 Recast 26 4.35 0.68 0.46 26 Repetition 26 4.20 0.48 0.23 Recast 27 4.35 0.68 0.46 27 Repetition 27 4.27 0.55 0.31 Recast 28 4.35 0.68 0.46 28 Repetition 28 4.35 0.63 0.39 Recast 29 4.05 0.38 0.15 29 Repetition 29 3.91 0.19 0.04 Recast 30 4.55 0.88 0.77 30 Repetition 30 4.39 0.67 0.44 Recast 31 3.64 -0.03 0.00 31 Repetition 31 3.64 -0.08 0.01 Recast 32 3.24 -0.43 0.18 32 Repetition 32 3.18 -0.54 0.29 Recast 33 3.33 -0.34 0.11 33 Repetition 33 5.05 1.33 1.76 Recast 34 4.85 1.18 1.40 34 Repetition 34 4.76 1.04 1.09 Recast 35 3.43 -0.24 0.06 35 Repetition 35 5.50 1.78 3.17 Recast 36 3.92 0.25 0.06 36 Repetition 36 5.00 1.28 1.64 Recast 37 3.47 -0.20 0.04 37 Repetition 37 5.00 1.28 1.64 Recast 38 3.50 -0.17 0.03 38 Repetition 38 5.79 2.07 4.28 Recast 39 5.33 1.66 2.77 39 Repetition 39 5.26 1.54 2.38 Recast 40 7.27 3.60 12.98 40 Repetition 40 5.38 1.66 2.74 Recast 41 6.60 2.93 8.61 41 Repetition 41 5.38 1.66 2.74 Recast 42 7.69 4.02 16.18 42 Repetition 42 4.30 0.58 0.34 110 111 Table: Total about fluency in pre-test Recast Group Học sinh STT 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 Recast Recast Recast Recast Recast Recast Recast Recast Recast Recast 10 Recast 11 Recast 12 Recast 13 Recast 14 Recast 15 Recast 16 Recast 17 Recast 18 Recast 19 Recast 20 Recast 21 Recast 22 Recast 23 Recast 24 Recast 25 Recast 26 Recast 27 Recast 28 Recast 29 Recast 30 Recast 31 Recast 32 Recast 33 Recast 34 Recast 35 Recast 36 Recast 37 Recast 38 Recast 39 Recast 40 Recast 41 Recast 42 % Total Độ lệch so Bình error about với điểm phương Fluency trung bình độ lệch 2.50 3.33 3.21 3.04 2.72 2.91 2.93 2.80 3.21 3.21 3.44 2.39 2.22 2.43 2.69 2.50 3.49 3.60 3.00 3.46 3.31 3.75 3.36 3.60 3.48 4.13 3.70 4.35 3.60 4.55 4.32 3.24 3.10 4.13 4.17 3.68 4.21 4.25 5.00 6.36 8.02 6.73 -1.17 -0.34 -0.46 -0.63 -0.95 -0.76 -0.74 -0.87 -0.46 -0.46 -0.23 -1.28 -1.45 -1.24 -0.98 -1.17 -0.18 -0.07 -0.67 -0.21 -0.36 0.08 -0.31 -0.07 -0.19 0.46 0.03 0.68 -0.07 0.88 0.65 -0.43 -0.57 0.46 0.50 0.01 0.54 0.58 1.33 2.69 4.35 3.06 1.37 0.11 0.21 0.40 0.90 0.58 0.55 0.76 0.21 0.21 0.05 1.64 2.10 1.55 0.96 1.37 0.03 0.00 0.45 0.05 0.13 0.01 0.10 0.00 0.03 0.21 0.00 0.46 0.00 0.77 0.42 0.18 0.33 0.21 0.25 0.00 0.29 0.34 1.77 7.26 18.91 9.37 111 STT 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 Repetition Group Độ lệch % Total so với Bình error Học sinh điểm phương độ about trung lệch Fluency bình Repetition 1.90 -1.77 3.14 Repetition 2.39 -1.28 1.64 Repetition 2.63 -1.04 1.08 Repetition 3.00 -0.67 0.45 Repetition 2.67 -1.00 1.01 Repetition 2.76 -0.91 0.83 Repetition 2.76 -0.91 0.83 Repetition 2.76 -0.91 0.83 Repetition 2.99 -0.68 0.46 Repetition 10 3.01 -0.66 0.43 Repetition 11 2.84 -0.83 0.69 Repetition 12 2.68 -0.99 0.98 Repetition 13 3.93 0.26 0.07 Repetition 14 2.68 -0.99 0.98 Repetition 15 3.21 -0.46 0.21 Repetition 16 3.78 0.11 0.01 Repetition 17 2.88 -0.79 0.63 Repetition 18 2.92 -0.75 0.56 Repetition 19 2.69 -0.98 0.96 Repetition 20 2.88 -0.79 0.62 Repetition 21 2.69 -0.98 0.96 Repetition 22 3.13 -0.55 0.30 Repetition 23 2.80 -0.87 0.76 Repetition 24 3.05 -0.62 0.39 Repetition 25 3.28 -0.39 0.15 Repetition 26 3.78 0.11 0.01 Repetition 27 4.27 0.60 0.36 Repetition 28 4.13 0.46 0.21 Repetition 29 4.13 0.46 0.21 Repetition 30 4.17 0.50 0.25 Repetition 31 4.09 0.42 0.18 Repetition 32 4.09 0.42 0.18 Repetition 33 4.82 1.15 1.31 Repetition 34 4.76 1.09 1.19 Repetition 35 5.25 1.58 2.50 Repetition 36 5.25 1.58 2.50 Repetition 37 5.00 1.33 1.77 Repetition 38 5.53 1.86 3.45 Repetition 39 5.53 1.86 3.45 Repetition 40 6.18 2.51 6.31 Repetition 41 5.38 1.71 2.91 Repetition 42 5.65 1.98 3.90 112 APPENDIX M Tables to calculate number of Post-test Table: Accuracy about word choice Recast Group Học sinh STT 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 Recast Recast Recast Recast Recast Recast Recast Recast Recast Recast 10 Recast 11 Recast 12 Recast 13 Recast 14 Recast 15 Recast 16 Recast 17 Recast 18 Recast 19 Recast 20 Recast 21 Recast 22 Recast 23 Recast 24 Recast 25 Recast 26 Recast 27 Recast 28 Recast 29 Recast 30 Recast 31 Recast 32 Recast 33 Recast 34 Recast 35 Recast 36 Recast 37 Recast 38 Recast 39 Recast 40 Recast 41 Recast 42 Repetition Group % Bình accuracy Độ lệch so about với điểm phương word trung bình độ lệch choice 2.90 2.60 1.96 1.97 1.67 2.00 1.67 2.30 2.00 2.67 2.90 1.95 1.32 1.66 1.66 2.33 3.69 2.36 3.79 2.43 2.48 2.50 1.81 2.92 3.65 2.55 2.59 2.99 3.88 4.17 3.85 4.35 2.23 4.91 4.59 2.36 7.33 7.04 7.69 6.15 4.69 5.56 -0.31 -0.61 -1.25 -1.24 -1.54 -1.21 -1.54 -0.91 -1.21 -0.54 -0.31 -1.26 -1.89 -1.55 -1.55 -0.88 0.48 -0.85 0.58 -0.78 -0.73 -0.71 -1.40 -0.29 0.44 -0.66 -0.62 -0.22 0.67 0.96 0.64 1.14 -0.98 1.70 1.38 -0.85 4.12 3.83 4.48 2.94 1.48 2.35 0.09 0.38 1.56 1.53 2.38 1.46 2.38 0.82 1.46 0.30 0.09 1.59 3.59 2.42 2.42 0.77 0.23 0.71 0.34 0.61 0.53 0.50 1.96 0.08 0.19 0.43 0.38 0.05 0.44 0.92 0.40 1.29 0.96 2.89 1.90 0.73 17.00 14.69 20.09 8.67 2.18 5.50 112 Học sinh STT 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 Repetition Repetition Repetition Repetition Repetition Repetition Repetition Repetition Repetition Repetition 10 Repetition 11 Repetition 12 Repetition 13 Repetition 14 Repetition 15 Repetition 16 Repetition 17 Repetition 18 Repetition 19 Repetition 20 Repetition 21 Repetition 22 Repetition 23 Repetition 24 Repetition 25 Repetition 26 Repetition 27 Repetition 28 Repetition 29 Repetition 30 Repetition 31 Repetition 32 Repetition 33 Repetition 34 Repetition 35 Repetition 36 Repetition 37 Repetition 38 Repetition 39 Repetition 40 Repetition 41 Repetition 42 % accuracy about word choice 2.65 1.78 2.68 2.99 3.29 2.12 2.42 2.13 1.83 1.53 1.53 3.37 3.03 2.74 2.76 3.25 1.95 3.29 1.97 1.67 3.00 3.45 3.13 1.75 2.24 1.43 3.21 3.26 2.31 3.08 3.70 2.16 2.61 2.76 4.00 3.50 4.33 2.00 3.48 1.82 2.97 1.96 Độ lệch so với Bình điểm phương độ trung lệch bình -0.37 -1.24 -0.34 -0.03 0.27 -0.90 -0.60 -0.89 -1.19 -1.49 -1.49 0.35 0.01 -0.28 -0.26 0.23 -1.07 0.27 -1.05 -1.35 -0.02 0.43 0.11 -1.27 -0.78 -1.59 0.19 0.24 -0.71 0.06 0.68 -0.86 -0.41 -0.26 0.98 0.48 1.31 -1.02 0.46 -1.20 -0.05 -1.06 0.14 1.55 0.12 0.00 0.07 0.81 0.35 0.78 1.42 2.21 2.21 0.13 0.00 0.08 0.07 0.05 1.15 0.07 1.09 1.83 0.00 0.18 0.01 1.62 0.61 2.53 0.04 0.06 0.51 0.00 0.47 0.74 0.17 0.07 0.96 0.23 1.71 1.04 0.21 1.44 0.00 1.12 113 Table: Accurancy about Grammar of post-test Recast Group Học sinh STT 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 Recast Recast Recast Recast Recast Recast Recast Recast Recast Recast 10 Recast 11 Recast 12 Recast 13 Recast 14 Recast 15 Recast 16 Recast 17 Recast 18 Recast 19 Recast 20 Recast 21 Recast 22 Recast 23 Recast 24 Recast 25 Recast 26 Recast 27 Recast 28 Recast 29 Recast 30 Recast 31 Recast 32 Recast 33 Recast 34 Recast 35 Recast 36 Recast 37 Recast 38 Recast 39 Recast 40 Recast 41 Recast 42 % Bình accuracy Độ lệch so about với điểm phương Gramma trung bình độ lệch r 2.26 3.25 2.61 2.96 2.33 0.67 0.67 0.66 0.33 0.67 0.65 1.62 1.64 1.66 1.66 1.67 2.35 2.36 2.07 2.43 1.77 2.50 2.54 2.19 2.92 2.92 3.70 3.36 3.88 3.75 4.27 4.78 4.46 4.46 4.59 5.19 6.67 7.04 8.46 5.38 5.47 6.35 -0.85 0.14 -0.50 -0.15 -0.78 -2.44 -2.44 -2.45 -2.78 -2.44 -2.46 -1.49 -1.47 -1.45 -1.45 -1.44 -0.76 -0.75 -1.04 -0.68 -1.34 -0.61 -0.57 -0.92 -0.19 -0.19 0.59 0.25 0.77 0.64 1.16 1.67 1.35 1.35 1.48 2.08 3.56 3.93 5.35 2.27 2.36 3.24 0.73 0.02 0.25 0.02 0.60 5.97 5.97 6.01 7.71 5.97 6.08 2.21 2.15 2.12 2.12 2.08 0.58 0.56 1.08 0.46 1.79 0.37 0.33 0.85 0.04 0.04 0.35 0.06 0.59 0.41 1.35 2.80 1.83 1.83 2.18 4.32 12.65 15.46 28.64 5.17 5.56 10.49 113 STT 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 Repetition Group Độ lệch % Bình accuracy so với about Học sinh điểm phương độ Gramma trung lệch r bình Repetition 0.88 -1.98 3.91 Repetition 0.89 -1.97 3.89 Repetition 1.19 -1.67 2.79 Repetition 1.20 -1.66 2.76 Repetition 2.10 -0.76 0.58 Repetition 2.12 -0.74 0.55 Repetition 2.42 -0.44 0.19 Repetition 2.44 -0.42 0.18 Repetition 0.91 -1.95 3.78 Repetition 10 0.61 -2.25 5.05 Repetition 11 0.61 -2.25 5.05 Repetition 12 1.53 -1.33 1.76 Repetition 13 1.52 -1.34 1.81 Repetition 14 1.52 -1.34 1.78 Repetition 15 1.53 -1.33 1.76 Repetition 16 1.62 -1.24 1.53 Repetition 17 2.27 -0.59 0.34 Repetition 18 2.30 -0.56 0.31 Repetition 19 1.97 -0.89 0.79 Repetition 20 2.33 -0.53 0.28 Repetition 21 1.67 -1.19 1.42 Repetition 22 2.41 -0.45 0.20 Repetition 23 2.43 -0.43 0.18 Repetition 24 2.10 -0.76 0.58 Repetition 25 2.99 0.13 0.02 Repetition 26 2.86 0.00 0.00 Repetition 27 3.57 0.71 0.51 Repetition 28 3.26 0.40 0.16 Repetition 29 3.85 0.99 0.97 Repetition 30 3.46 0.60 0.36 Repetition 31 3.70 0.84 0.71 Repetition 32 1.44 -1.42 2.02 Repetition 33 3.73 0.87 0.76 Repetition 34 3.45 0.59 0.35 Repetition 35 5.00 2.14 4.58 Repetition 36 2.00 -0.86 0.74 Repetition 37 4.81 1.95 3.79 Repetition 38 4.00 1.14 1.30 Repetition 39 1.74 -1.12 1.26 Repetition 40 3.18 0.32 0.10 Repetition 41 3.47 0.61 0.37 Repetition 42 3.92 1.06 1.13 114 STT 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 Table: Accuracy about Pronunciation on post-test Recast Group Repetition Group Độ lệch % % Bình Bình accuracy Độ lệch so accuracy so với about about Học sinh với điểm phương STT Học sinh điểm phương độ pronunci trung bình độ lệch pronunci trung lệch ation ation bình Recast 2.26 -1.02 1.04 Repetition 1.47 -1.54 2.37 Recast 0.97 -2.31 5.32 Repetition 0.89 -2.12 4.50 Recast 1.63 -1.65 2.71 Repetition 1.49 -1.52 2.32 Recast 1.32 -1.96 3.86 Repetition 1.20 -1.81 3.28 Recast 1.67 -1.61 2.60 Repetition 1.50 -1.51 2.29 Recast 0.67 -2.61 6.83 Repetition 0.61 -2.40 5.78 Recast 0.33 -2.95 8.68 Repetition 1.21 -1.80 3.23 Recast Recast Recast 10 Recast 11 Recast 12 Recast 13 Recast 14 Recast 15 Recast 16 Recast 17 Recast 18 Recast 19 Recast 20 Recast 21 Recast 22 Recast 23 Recast 24 Recast 25 Recast 26 Recast 27 Recast 28 Recast 29 Recast 30 Recast 31 Recast 32 Recast 33 Recast 34 Recast 35 Recast 36 Recast 37 Recast 38 Recast 39 Recast 40 Recast 41 Recast 42 0.99 1.00 1.00 0.97 1.62 1.64 2.32 2.32 2.33 1.68 2.36 2.76 1.74 2.48 2.50 3.26 2.55 2.55 3.65 3.70 3.73 3.49 4.17 4.27 4.35 4.91 4.46 5.05 4.72 6.67 7.75 7.69 7.69 7.81 9.52 -2.29 -2.28 -2.28 -2.31 -1.66 -1.64 -0.96 -0.96 -0.95 -1.60 -0.92 -0.52 -1.54 -0.80 -0.78 -0.02 -0.73 -0.73 0.37 0.42 0.45 0.21 0.89 0.99 1.07 1.63 1.18 1.77 1.44 3.39 4.47 4.41 4.41 4.53 6.24 5.26 5.20 5.20 5.35 2.74 2.67 0.93 0.93 0.90 2.57 0.84 0.27 2.38 0.64 0.61 0.00 0.53 0.53 0.14 0.18 0.20 0.04 0.79 0.99 1.14 2.66 1.40 3.12 2.06 11.47 19.95 19.47 19.47 20.54 38.99 114 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 Repetition Repetition Repetition 10 Repetition 11 Repetition 12 Repetition 13 Repetition 14 Repetition 15 Repetition 16 Repetition 17 Repetition 18 Repetition 19 Repetition 20 Repetition 21 Repetition 22 Repetition 23 Repetition 24 Repetition 25 Repetition 26 Repetition 27 Repetition 28 Repetition 29 Repetition 30 Repetition 31 Repetition 32 Repetition 33 Repetition 34 Repetition 35 Repetition 36 Repetition 37 Repetition 38 Repetition 39 Repetition 40 Repetition 41 Repetition 42 0.91 0.91 0.92 0.92 1.53 1.52 2.13 2.15 2.27 1.62 2.30 2.63 1.67 2.33 2.41 3.13 2.45 2.61 3.57 3.57 3.62 3.46 3.85 3.70 3.60 2.24 3.45 3.00 5.00 4.81 2.40 4.35 4.55 4.95 2.45 -2.10 -2.10 -2.09 -2.09 -1.48 -1.49 -0.88 -0.86 -0.74 -1.39 -0.71 -0.38 -1.34 -0.68 -0.60 0.12 -0.56 -0.40 0.56 0.56 0.61 0.45 0.84 0.69 0.59 -0.77 0.44 -0.01 1.99 1.80 -0.61 1.34 1.54 1.94 -0.56 4.39 4.39 4.37 4.37 2.18 2.23 0.77 0.74 0.54 1.92 0.50 0.14 1.80 0.46 0.36 0.01 0.32 0.16 0.32 0.32 0.38 0.20 0.70 0.48 0.34 0.59 0.19 0.00 3.96 3.23 0.37 1.79 2.36 3.77 0.31 115 Table: Total accuracy on post-test Recast Group Học sinh STT 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 Recast Recast Recast Recast Recast Recast Recast Recast Recast Recast 10 Recast 11 Recast 12 Recast 13 Recast 14 Recast 15 Recast 16 Recast 17 Recast 18 Recast 19 Recast 20 Recast 21 Recast 22 Recast 23 Recast 24 Recast 25 Recast 26 Recast 27 Recast 28 Recast 29 Recast 30 Recast 31 Recast 32 Recast 33 Recast 34 Recast 35 Recast 36 Recast 37 Recast 38 Recast 39 Recast 40 Recast 41 Recast 42 % total lỗi accuracy 2.47 2.27 2.07 2.08 1.89 1.11 0.89 1.32 1.11 1.44 1.51 1.73 1.54 1.88 1.88 2.11 2.57 2.36 2.87 2.20 2.25 2.50 2.54 2.55 3.04 3.04 3.33 3.36 3.75 4.03 4.13 4.49 3.87 4.61 4.74 4.09 6.89 7.28 7.95 6.41 5.99 7.14 Độ lệch so Bình với điểm phương trung bình độ lệch -0.73 -0.93 -1.13 -1.12 -1.31 -2.09 -2.31 -1.88 -2.09 -1.76 -1.69 -1.47 -1.66 -1.32 -1.32 -1.09 -0.63 -0.84 -0.33 -1.00 -0.95 -0.70 -0.66 -0.65 -0.16 -0.16 0.13 0.16 0.55 0.83 0.93 1.29 0.67 1.41 1.54 0.89 3.69 4.08 4.75 3.21 2.79 3.94 0.53 0.86 1.28 1.25 1.72 4.36 5.34 3.55 4.36 3.08 2.87 2.16 2.77 1.75 1.75 1.19 0.39 0.70 0.11 1.00 0.91 0.49 0.44 0.42 0.03 0.03 0.02 0.03 0.30 0.69 0.87 1.67 0.45 2.00 2.37 0.79 13.61 16.62 22.55 10.31 7.78 15.55 115 STT 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 Repetition Group Độ lệch % total so với Bình lỗi Học sinh điểm phương độ accurac trung lệch y bình Repetition 1.67 -1.29 1.67 Repetition 1.18 -1.78 3.16 Repetition 1.79 -1.17 1.38 Repetition 1.80 -1.16 1.35 Repetition 2.30 -0.66 0.44 Repetition 1.62 -1.34 1.81 Repetition 2.02 -0.94 0.88 Repetition 1.83 -1.13 1.28 Repetition 1.22 -1.74 3.03 Repetition 10 1.02 -1.94 3.75 Repetition 11 1.02 -1.94 3.75 Repetition 12 2.15 -0.81 0.66 Repetition 13 2.02 -0.94 0.88 Repetition 14 2.13 -0.83 0.68 Repetition 15 2.15 -0.81 0.66 Repetition 16 2.38 -0.58 0.34 Repetition 17 1.95 -1.01 1.02 Repetition 18 2.63 -0.33 0.11 Repetition 19 2.19 -0.77 0.59 Repetition 20 1.89 -1.07 1.15 Repetition 21 2.33 -0.63 0.39 Repetition 22 2.76 -0.20 0.04 Repetition 23 2.89 -0.07 0.00 Repetition 24 2.10 -0.86 0.74 Repetition 25 2.61 -0.35 0.12 Repetition 26 2.62 -0.34 0.12 Repetition 27 3.45 0.49 0.24 Repetition 28 3.38 0.42 0.18 Repetition 29 3.21 0.25 0.06 Repetition 30 3.46 0.50 0.25 Repetition 31 3.70 0.74 0.55 Repetition 32 2.40 -0.56 0.32 Repetition 33 2.86 -0.10 0.01 Repetition 34 3.22 0.26 0.07 Repetition 35 4.00 1.04 1.08 Repetition 36 3.50 0.54 0.29 Repetition 37 4.65 1.69 2.85 Repetition 38 2.80 -0.16 0.03 Repetition 39 3.19 0.23 0.05 Repetition 40 3.18 0.22 0.05 Repetition 41 3.80 0.84 0.70 Repetition 42 2.78 -0.18 0.03 116 Table: Fluency number of pause on Post-test Recast Group Học sinh STT 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 Recast Recast Recast Recast Recast Recast Recast Recast Recast Recast 10 Recast 11 Recast 12 Recast 13 Recast 14 Recast 15 Recast 16 Recast 17 Recast 18 Recast 19 Recast 20 Recast 21 Recast 22 Recast 23 Recast 24 Recast 25 Recast 26 Recast 27 Recast 28 Recast 29 Recast 30 Recast 31 Recast 32 Recast 33 Recast 34 Recast 35 Recast 36 Recast 37 Recast 38 Recast 39 Recast 40 Recast 41 Recast 42 % Number Độ lệch so Bình pause about với điểm phương Fluency trung bình độ lệch 1.61 2.27 2.29 2.30 2.00 2.33 1.67 1.97 2.67 2.33 2.26 2.27 1.64 1.66 1.32 1.33 1.68 2.03 1.72 2.08 2.13 2.14 2.54 2.55 2.19 2.55 4.07 3.73 3.49 3.33 3.85 3.91 4.02 4.46 4.13 4.25 6.00 6.34 6.92 6.92 3.91 3.17 -1.36 -0.70 -0.68 -0.67 -0.97 -0.64 -1.30 -1.00 -0.30 -0.64 -0.71 -0.70 -1.33 -1.31 -1.65 -1.64 -1.29 -0.94 -1.25 -0.89 -0.84 -0.83 -0.43 -0.42 -0.78 -0.42 1.10 0.76 0.52 0.36 0.88 0.94 1.05 1.49 1.16 1.28 3.03 3.37 3.95 3.95 0.94 0.20 1.84 0.49 0.47 0.45 0.94 0.41 1.70 0.99 0.09 0.41 0.51 0.49 1.76 1.73 2.71 2.68 1.67 0.89 1.55 0.79 0.71 0.68 0.19 0.17 0.61 0.17 1.22 0.58 0.27 0.13 0.77 0.89 1.10 2.23 1.34 1.63 9.18 11.34 15.63 15.63 0.88 0.04 116 STT 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 Repetition Group % Độ lệch Number so với Bình Học sinh pause điểm phương độ about trung lệch Fluency bình Repetition 1.47 -1.39 1.93 Repetition 1.78 -1.08 1.18 Repetition 1.79 -1.07 1.15 Repetition 1.50 -1.36 1.86 Repetition 1.50 -1.36 1.86 Repetition 1.52 -1.34 1.81 Repetition 2.42 -0.44 0.19 Repetition 2.44 -0.42 0.18 Repetition 1.52 -1.34 1.78 Repetition 10 3.37 0.51 0.26 Repetition 11 3.37 0.51 0.26 Repetition 12 2.15 -0.71 0.51 Repetition 13 0.91 -1.95 3.81 Repetition 14 2.13 -0.73 0.53 Repetition 15 2.76 -0.10 0.01 Repetition 16 2.92 0.06 0.00 Repetition 17 1.62 -1.24 1.53 Repetition 18 1.64 -1.22 1.48 Repetition 19 1.64 -1.22 1.48 Repetition 20 1.67 -1.19 1.42 Repetition 21 3.33 0.47 0.22 Repetition 22 1.72 -1.14 1.29 Repetition 23 1.74 -1.12 1.26 Repetition 24 3.15 0.29 0.08 Repetition 25 2.24 -0.62 0.39 Repetition 26 1.79 -1.07 1.15 Repetition 27 2.14 -0.72 0.51 Repetition 28 2.17 -0.69 0.47 Repetition 29 2.31 -0.55 0.31 Repetition 30 2.31 -0.55 0.31 Repetition 31 1.85 -1.01 1.02 Repetition 32 3.96 1.10 1.20 Repetition 33 2.24 -0.62 0.39 Repetition 34 2.41 -0.45 0.20 Repetition 35 4.50 1.64 2.69 Repetition 36 3.50 0.64 0.41 Repetition 37 3.37 0.51 0.26 Repetition 38 2.80 -0.06 0.00 Repetition 39 3.04 0.18 0.03 Repetition 40 3.18 0.32 0.10 Repetition 41 4.95 2.09 4.37 Repetition 42 3.43 0.57 0.33 117 STT 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 Table: Total fluency number of repeat on Post-test Recast Group Repetition Group % Độ lệch % Number Độ lệch so Bình Number so với Bình repeat Học sinh với điểm phương STT Học sinh repeat điểm phương độ about trung bình độ lệch about trung lệch Fluency Fluency bình Recast 0.97 -2.01 4.05 Repetition 1.18 -1.42 2.03 Recast 0.65 -2.33 5.43 Repetition 1.18 -1.42 2.01 Recast 0.65 -2.33 5.41 Repetition 1.19 -1.41 1.99 Recast 0.99 -1.99 3.97 Repetition 1.50 -1.10 1.22 Recast 1.00 -1.98 3.92 Repetition 1.50 -1.10 1.22 Recast 1.00 -1.98 3.92 Repetition 1.82 -0.78 0.61 Recast 1.67 -1.31 1.72 Repetition 1.82 -0.78 0.61 Recast 0.66 -2.32 5.39 Repetition 1.83 -0.77 0.59 Recast 1.67 -1.31 1.72 Repetition 1.52 -1.08 1.16 Recast 10 1.33 -1.65 2.71 10 Repetition 10 1.53 -1.07 1.14 Recast 11 1.29 -1.69 2.86 11 Repetition 11 1.84 -0.76 0.58 Recast 12 1.62 -1.36 1.84 12 Repetition 12 2.15 -0.45 0.20 Recast 13 1.64 -1.34 1.78 13 Repetition 13 2.12 -0.48 0.23 Recast 14 1.66 -1.32 1.75 14 Repetition 14 2.44 -0.16 0.03 Recast 15 2.32 -0.66 0.44 15 Repetition 15 1.84 -0.76 0.58 Recast 16 2.33 -0.65 0.42 16 Repetition 16 1.95 -0.65 0.43 Recast 17 1.68 -1.30 1.70 17 Repetition 17 1.95 -0.65 0.43 Recast 18 1.69 -1.29 1.67 18 Repetition 18 1.97 -0.63 0.39 Recast 19 2.41 -0.57 0.32 19 Repetition 19 1.64 -0.96 0.91 Recast 20 1.74 -1.24 1.55 20 Repetition 20 1.67 -0.93 0.87 Recast 21 2.84 -0.14 0.02 21 Repetition 21 1.67 -0.93 0.87 Recast 22 2.86 -0.12 0.02 22 Repetition 22 1.72 -0.88 0.77 Recast 23 2.17 -0.81 0.65 23 Repetition 23 1.74 -0.86 0.75 Recast 24 2.19 -0.79 0.62 24 Repetition 24 1.75 -0.85 0.73 Recast 25 2.55 -0.43 0.18 25 Repetition 25 1.49 -1.11 1.23 Recast 26 2.92 -0.06 0.00 26 Repetition 26 2.14 -0.46 0.21 Recast 27 2.96 -0.02 0.00 27 Repetition 27 2.14 -0.46 0.21 Recast 28 2.99 0.01 0.00 28 Repetition 28 2.54 -0.06 0.00 Recast 29 2.71 -0.27 0.07 29 Repetition 29 2.31 -0.29 0.09 Recast 30 3.75 0.77 0.59 30 Repetition 30 2.31 -0.29 0.09 Recast 31 3.42 0.44 0.19 31 Repetition 31 1.85 -0.75 0.56 Recast 32 3.91 0.93 0.87 32 Repetition 32 1.80 -0.80 0.64 Recast 33 4.46 1.48 2.20 33 Repetition 33 2.61 0.01 0.00 Recast 34 4.02 1.04 1.08 34 Repetition 34 2.41 -0.19 0.03 Recast 35 4.59 1.61 2.58 35 Repetition 35 4.00 1.40 1.96 Recast 36 4.25 1.27 1.60 36 Repetition 36 4.00 1.40 1.96 Recast 37 6.00 3.02 9.12 37 Repetition 37 3.85 1.25 1.55 Recast 38 7.04 4.06 16.50 38 Repetition 38 3.60 1.00 1.00 Recast 39 6.92 3.94 15.55 39 Repetition 39 3.48 0.88 0.77 Recast 40 7.69 4.71 22.21 40 Repetition 40 3.64 1.04 1.07 Recast 41 7.81 4.83 23.35 41 Repetition 41 3.96 1.36 1.85 Recast 42 7.94 4.96 24.57 42 Repetition 42 2.45 -0.15 0.02 117 118 STT 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 Học sinh Recast Recast Recast Recast Recast Recast Recast Recast Recast Recast 10 Recast 11 Recast 12 Recast 13 Recast 14 Recast 15 Recast 16 Recast 17 Recast 18 Recast 19 Recast 20 Recast 21 Recast 22 Recast 23 Recast 24 Recast 25 Recast 26 Recast 27 Recast 28 Recast 29 Recast 30 Recast 31 Recast 32 Recast 33 Recast 34 Recast 35 Recast 36 Recast 37 Recast 38 Recast 39 Recast 40 Recast 41 Recast 42 Table: Number of words per minute on post-test Recast Group Repetition Group Độ lệch Độ lệch so Bình so với Bình Words per Words với điểm phương STT Học sinh điểm phương per trung bình độ lệch trung độ lệch bình 155.00 25.55 652.80 Repetition 180.00 22.29 496.84 154.00 24.55 602.70 Repetition 177.00 19.29 372.10 153.00 23.55 554.60 Repetition 178.00 20.29 411.68 152.00 22.55 508.50 Repetition 175.00 17.29 298.94 150.00 20.55 422.30 Repetition 175.00 17.29 298.94 150.00 20.55 422.30 Repetition 172.00 14.29 204.20 150.00 20.55 422.30 Repetition 171.00 13.29 176.62 152.00 22.55 508.50 Repetition 169.00 11.29 127.46 150.00 20.55 422.30 Repetition 169.00 11.29 127.46 150.00 20.55 422.30 10 Repetition 10 168.00 10.29 105.88 155.00 25.55 652.80 11 Repetition 11 165.00 7.29 53.14 154.00 24.55 602.70 12 Repetition 12 168.00 10.29 105.88 152.00 22.55 508.50 13 Repetition 13 170.00 12.29 151.04 151.00 21.55 464.40 14 Repetition 14 165.00 7.29 53.14 151.00 21.55 464.40 15 Repetition 15 168.00 10.29 105.88 150.00 20.55 422.30 16 Repetition 16 165.00 7.29 53.14 149.00 19.55 382.20 17 Repetition 17 164.00 6.29 39.56 148.00 18.55 344.10 18 Repetition 18 162.00 4.29 18.40 145.00 15.55 241.80 19 Repetition 19 162.00 4.29 18.40 144.00 14.55 211.70 20 Repetition 20 160.00 2.29 5.24 141.00 11.55 133.40 21 Repetition 21 160.00 2.29 5.24 140.00 10.55 111.30 22 Repetition 22 165.00 7.29 53.14 138.00 8.55 73.10 23 Repetition 23 164.00 6.29 39.56 137.00 7.55 57.00 24 Repetition 24 163.00 5.29 27.98 137.00 7.55 57.00 25 Repetition 25 154.00 -3.71 13.76 137.00 7.55 57.00 26 Repetition 26 160.00 2.29 5.24 135.00 5.55 30.80 27 Repetition 27 160.00 2.29 5.24 134.00 4.55 20.70 28 Repetition 28 158.00 0.29 0.08 129.00 -0.45 0.20 29 Repetition 29 150.00 -7.71 59.44 120.00 -9.45 89.30 30 Repetition 30 150.00 -7.71 59.44 117.00 -12.45 155.00 31 Repetition 31 155.00 -2.71 7.34 115.00 -14.45 208.80 32 Repetition 32 159.00 1.29 1.66 112.00 -17.45 304.50 33 Repetition 33 154.00 -3.71 13.76 112.00 -17.45 304.50 34 Repetition 34 165.00 7.29 53.14 109.00 -20.45 418.20 35 Repetition 35 122.00 -35.71 1275.20 106.00 -23.45 549.90 36 Repetition 36 122.00 -35.71 1275.20 75.00 -54.45 2964.80 37 Repetition 37 125.00 -32.71 1069.94 71.00 -58.45 3416.40 38 Repetition 38 145.00 -12.71 161.54 65.00 -64.45 4153.80 39 Repetition 39 135.00 -22.71 515.74 65.00 -64.45 4153.80 40 Repetition 40 130.00 -27.71 767.84 64.00 -65.45 4283.70 41 Repetition 41 123.00 -34.71 1204.78 63.00 -66.45 4415.60 42 Repetition 42 122.00 -35.71 1275.20 118 119 Table: Total about fluency of Post-test Recast Group Học sinh STT 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 Recast Recast Recast Recast Recast Recast Recast Recast Recast Recast 10 Recast 11 Recast 12 Recast 13 Recast 14 Recast 15 Recast 16 Recast 17 Recast 18 Recast 19 Recast 20 Recast 21 Recast 22 Recast 23 Recast 24 Recast 25 Recast 26 Recast 27 Recast 28 Recast 29 Recast 30 Recast 31 Recast 32 Recast 33 Recast 34 Recast 35 Recast 36 Recast 37 Recast 38 Recast 39 Recast 40 Recast 41 Recast 42 % Total Độ lệch so Bình error about với điểm phương Fluency trung bình độ lệch 1.29 1.46 1.47 1.64 1.50 1.67 1.67 1.32 2.17 1.83 1.77 1.95 1.64 1.66 1.82 1.83 1.68 1.86 2.07 1.91 2.48 2.50 2.36 2.37 2.37 2.74 3.52 3.36 3.10 3.54 3.63 3.91 4.24 4.24 4.36 4.25 6.00 6.69 6.92 7.31 5.86 5.56 -1.68 -1.51 -1.50 -1.33 -1.47 -1.30 -1.30 -1.65 -0.80 -1.14 -1.20 -1.02 -1.33 -1.31 -1.15 -1.14 -1.29 -1.11 -0.90 -1.06 -0.49 -0.47 -0.61 -0.60 -0.60 -0.23 0.55 0.39 0.13 0.57 0.66 0.94 1.27 1.27 1.39 1.28 3.03 3.72 3.95 4.34 2.89 2.59 2.82 2.28 2.25 1.76 2.16 1.70 1.70 2.74 0.65 1.29 1.43 1.04 1.76 1.73 1.32 1.29 1.67 1.24 0.81 1.12 0.24 0.22 0.38 0.36 0.36 0.05 0.30 0.15 0.02 0.33 0.44 0.89 1.62 1.62 1.93 1.63 9.18 13.84 15.63 18.82 8.35 6.69 119 STT 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 Repetition Group Độ lệch % Total so với Bình error Học sinh điểm phương độ about trung lệch Fluency bình Repetition 1.32 -1.41 1.98 Repetition 1.48 -1.25 1.56 Repetition 1.49 -1.24 1.54 Repetition 1.50 -1.23 1.52 Repetition 1.50 -1.23 1.52 Repetition 1.67 -1.06 1.13 Repetition 2.12 -0.61 0.37 Repetition 2.13 -0.60 0.36 Repetition 1.52 -1.21 1.45 Repetition 10 2.45 -0.28 0.08 Repetition 11 2.61 -0.12 0.02 Repetition 12 2.15 -0.58 0.34 Repetition 13 1.52 -1.21 1.48 Repetition 14 2.29 -0.44 0.20 Repetition 15 2.30 -0.43 0.18 Repetition 16 2.44 -0.29 0.09 Repetition 17 1.79 -0.94 0.89 Repetition 18 1.81 -0.92 0.85 Repetition 19 1.64 -1.09 1.18 Repetition 20 1.67 -1.06 1.13 Repetition 21 2.50 -0.23 0.05 Repetition 22 1.72 -1.01 1.01 Repetition 23 1.74 -0.99 0.99 Repetition 24 2.45 -0.28 0.08 Repetition 25 1.87 -0.86 0.75 Repetition 26 1.96 -0.77 0.59 Repetition 27 2.14 -0.59 0.34 Repetition 28 2.36 -0.37 0.14 Repetition 29 2.31 -0.42 0.18 Repetition 30 2.31 -0.42 0.18 Repetition 31 1.85 -0.88 0.77 Repetition 32 2.88 0.15 0.02 Repetition 33 2.43 -0.30 0.09 Repetition 34 2.41 -0.32 0.10 Repetition 35 4.25 1.52 2.31 Repetition 36 3.75 1.02 1.04 Repetition 37 3.61 0.88 0.77 Repetition 38 3.20 0.47 0.22 Repetition 39 3.26 0.53 0.28 Repetition 40 3.41 0.68 0.46 Repetition 41 4.46 1.73 2.98 Repetition 42 2.94 0.21 0.04 120 STT 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 Học sinh Recast Recast Recast Recast Recast Recast Recast Recast Recast Recast 10 Recast 11 Recast 12 Recast 13 Recast 14 Recast 15 Recast 16 Recast 17 Recast 18 Recast 19 Recast 20 Recast 21 Recast 22 Recast 23 Recast 24 Recast 25 Recast 26 Recast 27 Recast 28 Recast 29 Recast 30 Recast 31 Recast 32 Recast 33 Recast 34 Recast 35 Recast 36 Recast 37 Recast 38 Recast 39 Recast 40 Recast 41 Recast 42 Table: Number of words per minute in post-test Recast Group Repetition Group Độ lệch Độ lệch so Bình so với Bình Words per Words với điểm phương STT Học sinh điểm phương per trung bình độ lệch trung độ lệch bình 155.00 25.55 652.80 Repetition 180.00 22.29 496.84 154.00 24.55 602.70 Repetition 177.00 19.29 372.10 153.00 23.55 554.60 Repetition 178.00 20.29 411.68 152.00 22.55 508.50 Repetition 175.00 17.29 298.94 150.00 20.55 422.30 Repetition 175.00 17.29 298.94 150.00 20.55 422.30 Repetition 172.00 14.29 204.20 150.00 20.55 422.30 Repetition 171.00 13.29 176.62 152.00 22.55 508.50 Repetition 169.00 11.29 127.46 150.00 20.55 422.30 Repetition 169.00 11.29 127.46 150.00 20.55 422.30 10 Repetition 10 168.00 10.29 105.88 155.00 25.55 652.80 11 Repetition 11 165.00 7.29 53.14 154.00 24.55 602.70 12 Repetition 12 168.00 10.29 105.88 152.00 22.55 508.50 13 Repetition 13 170.00 12.29 151.04 151.00 21.55 464.40 14 Repetition 14 165.00 7.29 53.14 151.00 21.55 464.40 15 Repetition 15 168.00 10.29 105.88 150.00 20.55 422.30 16 Repetition 16 165.00 7.29 53.14 149.00 19.55 382.20 17 Repetition 17 164.00 6.29 39.56 148.00 18.55 344.10 18 Repetition 18 162.00 4.29 18.40 145.00 15.55 241.80 19 Repetition 19 162.00 4.29 18.40 144.00 14.55 211.70 20 Repetition 20 160.00 2.29 5.24 141.00 11.55 133.40 21 Repetition 21 160.00 2.29 5.24 140.00 10.55 111.30 22 Repetition 22 165.00 7.29 53.14 138.00 8.55 73.10 23 Repetition 23 164.00 6.29 39.56 137.00 7.55 57.00 24 Repetition 24 163.00 5.29 27.98 137.00 7.55 57.00 25 Repetition 25 154.00 -3.71 13.76 137.00 7.55 57.00 26 Repetition 26 160.00 2.29 5.24 135.00 5.55 30.80 27 Repetition 27 160.00 2.29 5.24 134.00 4.55 20.70 28 Repetition 28 158.00 0.29 0.08 129.00 -0.45 0.20 29 Repetition 29 150.00 -7.71 59.44 120.00 -9.45 89.30 30 Repetition 30 150.00 -7.71 59.44 117.00 -12.45 155.00 31 Repetition 31 155.00 -2.71 7.34 115.00 -14.45 208.80 32 Repetition 32 159.00 1.29 1.66 112.00 -17.45 304.50 33 Repetition 33 154.00 -3.71 13.76 112.00 -17.45 304.50 34 Repetition 34 165.00 7.29 53.14 109.00 -20.45 418.20 35 Repetition 35 122.00 -35.71 1275.20 106.00 -23.45 549.90 36 Repetition 36 122.00 -35.71 1275.20 75.00 -54.45 2964.80 37 Repetition 37 125.00 -32.71 1069.94 71.00 -58.45 3416.40 38 Repetition 38 145.00 -12.71 161.54 65.00 -64.45 4153.80 39 Repetition 39 135.00 -22.71 515.74 65.00 -64.45 4153.80 40 Repetition 40 130.00 -27.71 767.84 64.00 -65.45 4283.70 41 Repetition 41 123.00 -34.71 1204.78 63.00 -66.45 4415.60 42 Repetition 42 122.00 -35.71 1275.20 120 ... information and given information, generalization and exemplification Convey facial features, kinesics, body language, and other nonverbal cues along with verbal language Develop and use a battery... main issues: speaking ability, assessing speaking ability, teaching speaking to EFL learner feedback in Language teaching and corrective feedback, Recast or Repetition in language teaching Chapter... OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING VINH UNIVERSITY LE THI KIEU DUONG CORRECTIVE FEEDBACK ON EFL HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS’ SPEAKING PERFORMANCE: A COMPARISON BETWEEN RECAST AND REPETITION FIELD: THEORY AND METHODS