How to write academicallyTừng bước để viết Tiếng Anh học thuật
COLLEGE WRITING COLLEGE WRITING A Personal Approach to Academic Writing Third Edition Toby Fulwiler Boynton/Cook Publishers, Inc. HEINEMANN Portsmouth, NH Boynton/Cook Publishers, Inc. A subsidiary of Reed Elsevier Inc. 361 Hanover Street Portsmouth, NH 03801–3912 www.boyntoncook.com Offices and agents throughout the world © 1988, 1991, 1997, 2002 by Toby Fulwiler 1988 edition first published by Scott, Foresman and Company under the title College Writing All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form or by electronic or mechanical means, including information storage and retrieval systems, without permission in writing from the publisher, except by a reviewer, who may quote brief passages in a review. The author and publisher thank those who generously gave permission to reprint borrowed material: “Buffalo Bill’s.” Copyright 1923, 1951, © 1991 by the Trustees for the E. E. Cummings Trust. Copyright © 1976 by George James Firmage, from Complete Poems: 1904– 1962 by E. E. Cummings, edited by George J. Firmage. Used by permission of Liveright Publishing Corporation. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Fulwiler, Toby, 1942– College writing : a personal approach to academic writing / Toby Fulwiler.—3rd ed. p. cm. Includes index. ISBN 0-86709-523-7 (acid-free paper) 1. English language—Rhetoric. 2. Academic writing—Problems, exercises, etc. I. Title. PE1408 .F8 2002 808Ј.042—dc21 2001043585 Acquisitions editor: Lisa Luedeke Production editor: Elizabeth Valway Typesetter: TNT Cover designer: Linda Knowles Manufacturing: Louise Richardson Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper 0605040302 VP 12345 Contents Section I The Writer 1 1 A Writer’s Choices 3 2 The Composing Process 15 3 Thinking with Writing 25 4 Keeping a Journal 41 Section II College Writing 53 5 Writing in the Academic Community 55 6 Writing to Remember and Reflect 64 7 Writing to Explain and Report 83 8 Writing to Argue and Interpret 98 Section III College Research 113 9 Researching People and Places 115 10 Researching Texts: Libraries and Web Sites 123 11 Writing with Sources 134 12 Documenting Research Sources 145 Section IV Writing Well 165 13 Options for Revision 167 14 Options for Editing 178 v 15 Writing Alternate Style 185 16 Finding Your Voice 198 Postscript One: Guidelines for Writing Groups 209 Postscript Two: Guidelines for Writing Portfolios 213 Postscript Three: Guidelines for Publishing Class Books and Web Pages 218 Postscript Four: Guidelines for Writing Essay Examinations 224 Postscript Five: Guidelines for Punctuation 228 Index 235 vi Contents Section I THE WRITER Chapter One A WRITER’S CHOICES The reason, I think, I wait until the night before the paper is due, is that then I don’t have any choice and the prob- lem goes away. I mean, I stop thinking about all the choices I could make, about where to start and what to say, and I just start writing. Sometimes it works, some- times it doesn’t. —Sarah The number of choices writers must make in composing even short papers is sometimes daunting—no wonder Sarah wants to write and not choose. But in truth, I think she’s fooling herself: All writing, whether started early or late, teacher-assigned or self-assigned, involves making choices—an infinite number of choices—about topics, approaches, stances, claims, evidence, order, words, sentences, paragraphs, tone, voice, style, titles, beginnings, middles, endings, what to include, what to omit, and the list goes on. There are, however, some things you can do to simplify this choice- making process and make it less daunting, more approachable. Whenever you sit down to write, ask yourself three basic questions: Why am I writ - ing? Under what conditions and constraints? To whom? In other words, your purpose, situation, and audience determine the tone, style, and form of your writing. If you’re ever stuck for how to approach a writing assignment, or if you’re blocked about what next to do, stop and reconsider which condi - tion seems to be the sticking point: 3