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ORBAN’S ORAL HISTOLOGY AND EMBRYOLOGY FIFTEENTH EDITION G S Kumar, BDS, MDS (Oral Path) Principal, KSR Institute of Dental Science and Research, Tiruchengode, Tamil Nadu, INDIA www.ajlobby.com Table of Contents Cover image Title page Copyright Dedication List of contributors Preface to the fifteenth edition Preface to the fourteenth edition List of videos Brief contents An overview of oral tissues Development of tooth www.ajlobby.com Enamel Dentin Pulp Cementum Periodontal ligament Alveolar bone Temporomandibular joint Maxillary sinus Eruption and shedding of teeth Oral mucosa Salivary glands Lymphoid tissue and lymphatics of orofacial region Age changes in oral tissues Study of oral tissues Development of face and oral cavity Origin of facial tissues Development of facial prominences Final differentiation of facial tissues Clinical considerations www.ajlobby.com Summary Review questions References Suggested reading References Development and growth of teeth Dental lamina Tooth development Developmental stages Histophysiology Molecular insights in tooth morphogenesis Clinical considerations Summary Review questions References Suggested reading References Enamel Histology www.ajlobby.com Clinical considerations Development Clinical considerations Summary Review questions References Suggested reading References Structure Development Dentin Physical and chemical properties Structure Primary dentin Secondary dentin Tertiary dentin Incremental lines Interglobular dentin Granular layer www.ajlobby.com Innervation of dentin Permeability of dentin Age and functional changes Development Clinical considerations Summary Review questions References Suggested reading References Pulp Anatomy Structural features Functions Regressive changes (aging) Development Clinical considerations Summary Review questions www.ajlobby.com References Suggested reading References Cementum Physical characteristics Chemical composition Cementogenesis Structure Cementodentinal junction Cementoenamel junction Functions Hypercementosis Clinical considerations Summary Review questions References Suggested reading References Periodontal ligament www.ajlobby.com Introduction Development Periodontal ligament homeostasis Cells Extracellular substance Structures present in connective tissue Functions Age changes in periodontal ligament Unique features of periodontal ligament Clinical considerations Summary Review questions References Suggested reading References Bone Classification of bones Composition of bone Bone histology www.ajlobby.com Bone cells Bone formation Bone resorption Bone remodeling Alveolar bone Development of alveolar process Structure of the alveolar bone Internal reconstruction of alveolar bone Age changes Clinical considerations Therapeutic considerations Summary Review questions References Suggested reading References 10 Oral mucous membrane Classification of oral mucosa Functions of oral mucosa www.ajlobby.com accessory, development of, 33 treatment of, apical foramen shape and, 92 Root formation, 135, 276 Root sheath, Hertwig’s epithelial; see Hertwig’s epithelial root sheath Roots CE as major reparative tissue for, 125 deciduous, resorption of, 287–1 development of, 32 initiation of, 24f with one versus two or more roots, 32 stages in, 32f tooth movement and, 274 exposure of, 231 transverse fractures of, 129 supernumerary, 283 Rossman’s fluid, 329 Ruffini’s corpuscles, 300 S Saliva antiangiogenesis factors, 241 antibacterial agents, 253–254 antioxidant defense mechanism, 253 buffering system, 253 composition and functions of, 253–254 immunoglobulins of, 253 protein in, 253 whole, 252 Salivary gland, 3–4, 235–3, 255 age changes, 255 blood supply, 243–244 classification and structure of, 246–250 clinical considerations, 254–255 connective tissue of, 243 control of secretion of, 251–252 development and growth of, 251, 253–254 ducts of, 241–243 functions of, 253–254 intercalated, 241 striated, 241–242 innervation of, 246 major, 246–247 minor, 247–250 light micrograph of, 247f, 249f myoepithelial cells of, 240–241 primordium of, 250 serous cells in, 236–237, 237f structure and function of cells of, 235–246 Salivary gland ducts Bartholin’s duct, 247 excretory duct, 246, 248 Stensen’s duct, 246 Wharton’s duct, 246 Salivary glands innervation epilemmal, 251 hypolemmal, 251 intraepithelial, 251 subepithelial, 251 Salivary glycoproteins, 253 Salivary immunoglobulins, 253 Salivary secretion compound exocytosis, 238 control, 251–252 constitutive pathway, 252 endocytic mechanisms, 242 exocytosis, 245 transcytosis, 252 Scanning electron microscopy, bone applications of, 235 Scarlet fever, lingual changes caused by, 231 Schiff’s reagent, 332 Sclerosis, dentinal, development of, 317 Sebaceous glands of cheek, 231 Secondary fibers, 152 Secondary ossification center, 174 Secretory cells, 236 Serum β2 microglobulin, 179 Serous acini, differences with mucous acini, 247f Serous cells, 236–237 of salivary glands, 235 exocytosis of secretory granules in, 236 Golgi apparatus in, 237 Serres cell rest, 22 Serum markers, 179 Sesamoid bones, 164 Sharpey’s fibers, 115, 120f in alveolar bone, 23, 128 calcification of, 126–127 in molar cemental surface, 124f of periodontal ligament, 150 Shedding of teeth, 287–1, 296 definition, 287 factors involved, 294–295 need for, 287 pattern of, 287–289 histology, 289–292 Sialochemistry, 255 Sialomucin, 331 Signal sequence, 237 Sinus, maxillary; see Maxillary sinus Sjögren’s syndrome, 255 Skeletal muscle cells, migration paths of, 268 Skull, fetal, 164 Small lymphocytes, 263 Smear layer, 54 Soft palate lining mucosa of, 214–215 longitudinal section of, 209f Somatostatin in pulp, 105–106 Somites, Somitomeres, Specimens, preparation of for histologic study, 337–1 paraffin-embedded, 338–340 parlodion-embedded, 340–342 Speech role of saliva in, 254 Spindles, enamel, 74 Spinous cells, 199, 203f gingival, 202f in protein synthesis, 199 Spongiosa of alveolar process classification of, 167 Spongy bone, 167 Stellate reticulum, 25–26 Stimulus secretion coupling, 251 Stomodeum, 21 Stratum basale, 198–199 Stratum corneum, cells of, 201–202 Stratum germinativum, 198 Stratum granulosum, cells of, 199–201 Stratum intermedium, 27 Stratum spinosum, 205–206 Stratum superficial, 205–206 Sublingual gland striated ducts of, 241–242 structure of, 246 Submandibular glands, structure of, 246 Submerged deciduous tooth, 296 Submucosa, characteristics of, 232 Substance P in pulp, 105–106 Succinate dehydrogenase, 330 Supernumerary sinus, 313 Supporting alveolar bone, 182–184 Symphysis, mandibular, development of, 181f Syndecan, 94 Synovial membrane of temporomandibular joint, 304f macrophage-like cell of, 304 Synthetic bone grafting materials, 186 Synthetic cells, 136–140 T Talin, 139 Taste buds, mucosa of, 219–220 Taste perception, 254 Taste pore, 219 Taste, sensations of, 192 Teeth abnormal locations of, 35 deciduous; see Deciduous teeth enamel organ of tooth buds of development and growth of, 21–1, 37 apposition in, 35 bell stage of, 26–30 bud stage of, 22f, 24 cap stage of, 26f, 27f, 28f clinical considerations in, 35–36 development of, 22–24 histodifferentiation in, 34 histophysiology of, 33–35 initiation, 33–34 morphodifferentiation in, 35 outline of, 128 proliferation of, 34 stages in, 33f discoloration of, from tetracycline, 69 ectopic, 260 fusion of, 280f eruption of, 273 stages of, 285 ground sections of, preparation of, 342 life cycle of, 23f mandibular; see Mandibular teeth maxillary; see Maxillary teeth morphodifferentiation, 35 movement of clinical considerations, 35–36 eruptive, 274 histology of, 276–280 mechanism of, 280–283 pattern of, 273–276 physiological, 45 peg shaped, 36–37 posteruptive, 274–275 preeruptive, 276 multirooted, development in, 126 in occlusion, 224f outline of, 27 posteruptive, 274–275 proliferation, 34 pulp organs of, 94f pulp volumes for, 92t relationship to alveolar process and basal bone, 172f secondary, eruption lingual to deciduous teeth, 279 supernumerary, 18 unerupted, cervical region of, 60f Temporomandibular joint, 299–1, 305 age changes, 304 articular disk of, 303–304 articular fibrous covering of, 301–303 bony structures of, 301 clinical considerations, 305 development of, 300 disk perforation in, 305 dislocation of, 305 gross anatomy of, 299–300 histology of, 301–304 lateral view of, 300f nerve endings, 300 sagittal section of, 300f sound in, 305 synovial membrane of, 304 Tenascin, 122 Terminal secretory units, 299–300 TGF, 73 Theories of aging, 326 DNA damage, 326 Free radicals, 315 Lipofuschin, 315 Telomeres, 315 Tic douloureux, 313 Tight junction, 76–77 Tingible body macrophages, 262, 263f Tissue mineralized, formation, mineralization, and maturation of, 40–41 oral; see Oral tissue Tissue repair, role of saliva in, 254 Tissue processing, 339–340 clearing, 338 dehydration of specimen, 341 decalcification methods, 340–341 frozen sections preparation of, 342 microwave processing, 338–339 paraffin embedding preparation of sections, 340–342 parlodion embedding preparation of sections, 343 staining of sections, 339 xylene free processing, 339–340 T lymphocytes, 98 Toluidine blue staining method, 332 Tomes’ fibers, 77f; See also Odontoblast processes Tomes’ granular layer, 80–81 Tomes’ process, 62–63 picket fence arrangement of, 63f development of, 62–63 Tongue development anomalies of, 307 development of, 268–269 dorsal, mucosa of, 217–218 fetal, with cell strata of nonkeratinized epithelium, 205–206 filiform papillae of, 218f inferior surface of, lining mucosa of, 217 vallate papillae of, 218 Tonofibrils, 56, 199 Tonofilaments, gingival, 198 Tooth animal experimental studies in, 275–276 chronology of, 284t Tooth buds, 22, 22f with highly cellular papilla, 106f Tooth eruption theories of, 273–1 Tooth eruption, 273–1 delayed, 283 functional eruptive phase, 273 prefunctional eruptive phase, 274 premature, 283 role of dental follicle, 285 retarded, 283 Tooth germ, 35, 57f position, control of, 35 in human fetus, 57f Tooth initiation potential, 33–34 Tooth morphogenesis molecular insights in, 35 Tooth movement, 273–1 bone remodeling, 281 eruptive, 274 eruptive phase, 276–279 histology of, 276–280 mechanism of, 280–283 pattern of, 273–276 periodontal ligament traction, 136 posteruptive, 279–280 posteruptive phase, 274–275 preeruptive, 273–274 preeruptive phase, 276 root formation, 281 vascular pressure, 281–282 Tonsils clinical significance, 269 development of, 268–269 functions of, 269 lingual, 268 oropharyngeal, 268 pharyngeal, 268 TRAMP, 272 Transalveolar fibres, 150 Transduction theory, 84 Transmitted light photoplethysmography, 110 TRAP, 177 Treacher Collins’ syndrome, characteristics of, 18 Trichrome stain, 333 True denticles, 321 Tubulin, immunofluorescence labeling of, 78f Tubuloacinar, 235 Tuftelins, 40 Tumor necrosis factors, 290 Tumor suppressor activity, 241 Twinning, 35–36 U Ultrastructure, enamel, 42 Undulin, 153 Urinary markers, 179 V Vallate papilla, 219 www.ajlobby.com Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), 73–74 Vasoactive intestinal peptide in pulp, 105–106 Vermilion zone, 213–214 Versican, 94 Vestibular fornix, lining mucosa of, 216 Vestibular lamina, development of, 22 Vimentin, 203–205 Vinculin, 139 Visceral arches, development of, 13–14 Vitalometers, 110 Vitamin A, deficiency of, ameloblast differentiation and, 35 Vitamin B-complex deficiency, 231 Vitamin C, 157 Vitamin D metabolites, 88 Vitronectin, 145, 152 Volkmann’s canal, 166–167 von Ebner lines, 79 Von Ebner’s gland, 218, 249–250 Von Korff’s fibers, 77–78 W Waldeyer’s ring, 267 Weibel-Palade bodies, 320 Weil’s zone, 93 Wound healing, 254 www.ajlobby.com Woven or immature bone, 188 Wnt genes, 35 X X-chromosome, 60 Xenografts, 186 Xerostomia, 255 X-rays, 74, 181 Y Y chromosome, 60 Z Zone of ameloblasts, 330 maturation, 197–198 reserve cell, 302f Zonula adherens, 235–236 Zonula occludens, 235–236 Zygomatic bone, 307–308 Zygomatic processes, 307–308 Zymogen granules, 236–237 Zuckerkandl, perforating canals of, 182 www.ajlobby.com ... Orban’s Oral Histology and Embryology, 11e, S N Bhaskar Copyright © 1991 by Mosby Inc, Eleventh edition All rights reserved ISBN: 978-0-8016-0239-9 This adaptation of Orban’s Oral Histology and Embryology, ... Salivary glands The major salivary glands (parotid, submandibular, and sublingual) and the minor salivary glands, present in the submucosa, everywhere in the oral cavity, except in gingivae and anterior...ORBAN’S ORAL HISTOLOGY AND EMBRYOLOGY FIFTEENTH EDITION G S Kumar, BDS, MDS (Oral Path) Principal, KSR Institute of Dental Science and Research, Tiruchengode, Tamil