Nghiên cứu hấp phụ ion kim loại cu2 trong nước bằng vật liệu bã cà phê nano fe3o4

ĈҤI HӐC Ĉ¬1 ҸNG 75Ѭ Ӡ1*Ĉ ҤI HӐ&6Ѭ3+ ҤM +2$+Ï$ - PHҤ00,1+.+,Ç0 1*+,Ç1& ӬU HҨP PHӨION KIM LOI Cu2+ 7521*1 C BNG VT LIU %ư&ơ3+ầ1$12)H 3O4 +ẽ$/8 ҰN TӔT NGHIӊP CӰ 1+Ỉ1.+2$+ ӐC Ĉj1 ҹng - 1ăP ĈҤI HӐ&Ĉ¬1 ҸNG 75Ѭ Ӡ1*Ĉ ҤI HӐ&6Ѭ3+ ҤM +2$+Ï$ - 1*+,Ç1& ӬU HҨP PHӨION KIM LOҤI Cu2+ 7521*1 C BNG VT LIU %ư&ơ3+ầ1$12)H 3O4 +ẽ$/8 N TT NGHIP C 1+ặ1.+2$+ C 6LQKYLrQWK c hi n: PH00,1+.+,ầ0 Lp: 11CHP Giҧng YLrQKѭ ӟng dүn: TS BƠ,;8Ỉ19 ӲNG Ĉj1 ҹng - 1ăP ĈҤI HӐ&Ĉ¬1 ҸNG CӜ1*+Đ$;­+ ӜI CHӪ1*+Ƭ$9, ӊT NAM 75Ѭ Ӡ1*Ĉ+63 Ĉӝ c lұp ±Tӵdo ±HҥQKSK~F +2$+Ï$ - NHIӊM VӨ.+Ï$/8 ҰN TӔT NGHIӊP HӑYjWrQ3+ Ҥ00,1+.+,Ç0 Lӟp: 11CHP 7rQÿ ӅWjL ³1JKLrQF ӭu hҩ p phөion kim loҥ i Cu2+ Qѭ ӟFEҵQJYұW EmFjSKrQDQR)H 3O4´ 1JX\rQOL Ӌ XKyDFK ҩ t, dөng cө : a) 1JX\rQOL Ӌ X%mFjSKr b) +yDFK ҩ t: CuSO4.5H2O, FeCl3.6H2O, FeCl2.4H2O, NH4OH, axit pecloric c) Dөng cө, thiӃ t bӏ 0i\S+Pi\NKX ҩ y tӯPi\TXDQJSK әhҩ p phөSKkQW ӱ UV-Vis, tӫsҩ y, giҩ y lӑFYjFiFG ө ng cөthӫ\WLQKNKiF NӝLGXQJQJKLrQF ӭu: - ĈL Ӆ u chӃnano Fe3O4, vұ t liӋ u hҩ p phөEmFjSKrQDQR)H O4 - Khҧ RViWFiF\ Ӄ u tӕҧ QKKѭ ӣQJÿ Ӄ QTXiWUuQKK ҩ p phөion kim loҥ Lÿ ӗng Qѭ ӟc bҵ ng vұ t liӋ XEmFjSKrQDQR)H Rÿѭ ӧc nKѭ.K ӕ LOѭ ӧng vұ t 3O4 chӃtҥ liӋ u hҩ p phө, thӡLJLDQS+GXQJOѭ ӧng hҩ p phө *LiRYLrQKѭ ӟng dү Q%L;XkQ9 ӳng 1Jj\JLDRÿ ӅWjL1Jj\WKiQJQăP 1Jj\KRjQWKjQK1Jj\WKiQJQăP ChӫnhiӋ m Khoa 3*676/r7 ӵHҧ i *LiRYLrQKѭ ӟng dү n 76%L ;XkQ9 ӳng 6LQK YLrQ ÿm ӝS KRjQ EiR WKjQK FiR FKR YjNKRD Q QJj\ « 2015 KӃ t quҧÿL Ӈ PÿiQKJLi 1Jj\«WKiQJ«Q CHӪTӎ CH HӜ,Ĉ ӖNG LӠI CҦ0Ѫ1 KyD ұ n tӕ OX t nghiӋ S Oj TXi ұ n dөQJ WUuQK FiF Ӄ n thӭF YNL Oê Ӄ W WKX\ ÿm ӧc ÿѭ hӑ FWUrQO ӟSYj RQJKLrQF ӭu thӵc nghiӋ m TӯÿyJL~SWDKL Ӈ XVkXKѫQE ҧ n chҩ t kiӃ n thӭFÿmÿѭ ӧc hӑc Trong thӡi gian vӯDTXDÿmÿHPO ҥ LFKRW{LQK ӳng kiӃ n thӭc bә tFK FQJ Ӆ u kinh nghiӋ QKL P TXêӃ EiR Q K{P Ĉ QD\ W{Lÿm ӅWjLKRjQ NKyD luұ n cӫ DPuQK9 ӟLOzQJEL Ӄ Wѫ QVkXV ҳ FW{L[LQJ ӣi lӡi cҧ PѫQFKkQWKjQK Ӄ n: - Thҫ \JLiR76%L;XkQ9 ӳng, giҧ QJYLrQNKRD+yD ±7Uѭ ӡQJĈ ҥ i Hӑ F6ѭ Phҥ PĈj1 ҹ QJÿmÿ ӏ QKKѭ ӟQJYjJL~Sÿ ӥW{LW ұ QWuQKWURQJVX ӕWTXiWUuQKO luұ n - &iF ҫ \ WK F{ JLiR ӡQJ WURQJ Yj һ c biӋ W ÿ Oj WUѭ hҫ \ FiF F{WWURQJ ± NKR WUѭ ӡQJĈ ҥ i hӑ F6ѭSK ҥ PĈj1 ҹ QJÿmW ұ QWuQKG ҥ y dӛ, truyӅ Qÿ ҥ t nhӳng kiӃ n thӭc, kinh nghiӋ PTXêEiRF ӫDPuQKWURQJVX ӕWQăPK ӑ c vӯa qua - &iFWK ҫ \F{TX ҧ QOêSKzQJWKtQJKL Ӌ PÿmW ҥ RÿL Ӆ u kiӋ Q JL~Sÿ ӥtrong suӕ t thӡi gian thӵc hiӋ Qÿ ӅWjL - 7{L FNJQJ ҧ P ѫQ  [LQ JLD Fҥ Q ÿuQK FQJ ӟS ÿm FiF O Ӌ W QKL WuQK EӝQJ YLrQ ÿ JL~Sÿ ӥÿӇKRjQWKjQKÿ ӅWjL Mһ FGÿmF ӕgҳ QJKRjQWKjQKEjL ұ n phҥ P YLFKRSKpS NKyDOX chҳ c chҳ QNK{QJWUiQKNK ӓ i nhӳng thiӃ XVyWU ҩ t mong nhұ Qÿѭ ӧc sӵcҧ PWK{QJY JySêF ӫa thҩ \F{YjFiFE ҥ Qÿ ӇEjLNKyDOX ұ Qÿѭ ӧFKRjQWKL Ӌ QKѫQ Ĉj1 ҹ QJQJj\WKiQJ 6LQKYLrQWK ӵc hiӋ n Phҥ P0LQK.KLrP MӨC LӨC DANH MӨ&&È&7 Ӯ VIӂT TҲT DANH MӨ&&È&% ҦNG DANH MӨ&&È&+Ỵ1+ 0ӢĈҪ8 1 7tQKF ҩ p thiӃ t cӫ Dÿ ӅWjL Mө FÿtFKQJKLrQF ӭu Ĉӕ LWѭ ӧQJYjSK ҥ PYLQJKLrQF ӭu 3KѭѫQJSKiSQJKLrQF ӭu 1JKLrQF ӭXOêWKX\ Ӄ t 1JKLrQF ӭu thӵc nghiӋ m éQJKƭDNKRDK ӑFYjWK ӵc tiӉ n cӫ Dÿ ӅWjL éQJKƭDNKRDKӑF éQJKƭDWKӵFWLӉQ Cҩ XWU~Fÿ ӅWjL &+ѬѪ1*7Ә1*48$1 1.1 9DLWUzF ӫ DQѭ ӟFYjV ӵ{QKL Ӊ m nguӗQQѭ ӟc bӣLFiFNLPOR ҥ i nһ ng 1.1.1 9DLWUzF ӫ DQѭ ӟc 1.1.2 Thӵc trҥ QJ{QKL Ӊ PQѭ ӟc bӣLFiFNLPOR ҥ i nһ ng 1.1.3 Mӝt sӕnguӗ QJk\{QKL Ӊ m kim loҥ i nһ QJWURQJQѭ ӟc 1.2 Giӟi thiӋ u vӅkim loҥ Lÿ ӗng 7tQKFK ҩ WYjV ӵSKkQE ӕcӫDÿ ӗQJWURQJP{LWUѭ ӡng Ĉ ӝFWtQKF ӫ Dÿ ӗng 1.3 Mӝ t sӕSKѭѫQJSKiS[ ӱOêNLP loҥ i nһ QJWURQJQѭ ӟc 10 3KѭѫQJSKiSVLQKK ӑ c 10 3KѭѫQJSKiSV ӱdө ng vi tҧ o 10 3KѭѫQJSKiSKRiK ӑc 11 3KѭѫQJ SKiSKyDOê 11 1.4 Tәng quan vӅSKѭѫQJSKiSK ҩ p phө 11 1.4.1 &iFNKiLQL Ӌ PYjSKkQOR ҥ i hҩ p phө 12 &iFP{KuQKFѫE ҧ n cӫDTXiWUuQKK ҩ p phө 14 &iF\ӃXWӕҧQKKѭӣQJÿӃQTXiWUu 18 1.5 Giӟi thiӋ u vӅEmFjSKr 19 1.6 *Õ ӟÕWKÕ Ӌ u vӅnano sҳ t tӯFe3O4 21 3KѭѫQJ SKiS89 ±VIS 23 1.7.1 Sӵhҩ p thөiQKViQJF ӫ a dung dӏ FKPjX 23 &iFÿ ӏ nh luұ WFѫE ҧ n vӅsӵhҩ p thөiQKViQJ 23 &+ѬѪ1*1*+,Ç1&Ӭ 87+Ӵ&1*+,ӊ0 26 1JX\rQOL Ӌ XKyDFK ҩ WYjG өng cө 26 1JX\rQOL Ӌ XYjKyDFK ҩ t 26 'өQJFөYjWKL Ӄ t bӏQJKLrQF ӭu 26 2.2 TiӃ QKjQKWK ӵc nghiӋ m 27 2.2.1 XӱOêEmFjSKrYjFKX ҭ n bӏKyDFK ҩ t 27 ĈL Ӆ u chӃvұ t liӋ XEmFjSKrQDQR)H 3O4 27 2.2.3 Khҧ RViWTXiWUuQKK ҩ p phөion kim loҥ Lÿ ӗ QJWURQJQѭ ӟc bҵ nJEmFjSKr Fe3O4 30 &+ѬѪ1*.ӂ748Ҧ9¬ 7+Ҧ2/8Ұ1 33 3.1 Mӝt sӕÿһ FWUѭQJF ҩ XWU~FF ӫDEmFjSKrYjY ұ t liӋ XEmFjSKrQDQR 3O4 33 3.1.1 Ҧnh SEM cӫa vұ t liӋ u 33 3.1.2 NhiӉ u xҥXRD 34 3.1.3 Phәhӗng ngoҥ i IR 35 3.1.4 DiӋ QWtFKE Ӆmһ WULrQJWKHRSKѭѫQJSKiS%(7 36 3.2 HiӋ u suҩ t tҥ o nano Fe3O4 36 1JKLrQF ӭu khҧQăQJK ҩ p phөcӫa VLHP chӃtҥ o tӯEmFjSKrÿ ӕi vӟi ion Cu2+ 37 Ĉѭ ӡng chuҭ n cӫa Cu2+ 37 3.3.2 Khҧ RViWNK ҧQăQJK ҩ p phөcӫDFiFP ү u vұ t liӋ u 38 3.3.3 Khҧ RViW ҧ QKKѭ ӣng cӫa khӕLOѭ ӧQJ9/+3ÿ Ӄ QTXiWUuQKK ҩ p phөCu2+ 38 3.3.5 Khҧ RViW ҧ QKKѭ ӣng cӫDS+ÿ Ӄ QTXiWUuQKK ҩ p phөCu2+ 41 'XQJOѭ ӧng hҩ p phө 43 ӂ7/8Ұ19¬.,ӂ11*+ ӎ 46 7¬,/,ӊ87+$0.+Ҧ2 47 DANH MӨ&&È&7 Ӯ VIӂT TҲT IR Infrared (phәhӗng ngoҥ i) ppm parts per million ( mӝ t phҫ n triӋ u) SEM Scanning Electron Microscopy (HiӇ QYLÿL Ӌ n tӱTXpW T NhiӋ Wÿ ӝ t Thӡi gian XRD X-ray Diffraction ( NhiӉ u xҥtia X) VLHP Vұ t liӋ u hҩ p phө UV-VIS Ultrviolet ±Visible ( Tӱngoҥ LYj.K ҧkiӃ n) DANH MӨC BҦNG Bҧ ng 3.1 HiӋ u suҩ WÿL Ӆ u chӃFe3O4 bҵ QJSKѭѫQJSKiSÿ ӗng kӃ t tӫa 37 Bҧ QJĈѭ ӡng chuҭ n cӫ a ion Cu2+ 37 Bҧ ng 3.3 Khҧ RViWNK ҧQăQJK ҩ p phөcӫ DFiFP ү u vұ t liӋ u 38 Bҧ ng 3.4 ҦQKKѭ ӣng cӫa khӕ LOѭ ӧQJ9/+3ÿ Ӄ QTXiWUuQKK ҩ p phөCu2+ 38 Bҧ ng 3.5 ҦQKKѭ ӣng cӫa thӡi gian khuҩ \ÿ Ӄ QTXiWUuQKK ҩ p phөCu2+ 40 Bҧ ng 3.6 ҦQKKѭ ӣng cӫa pH 41 Bҧ ng 3.7.ҦQKKѭ ӣng cӫa nӗ QJÿ ӝion Cu2+ ÿӃ n hiӋ u suҩ WYjGXQJOѭ ӧng hҩ p phө43 Bҧ ng 3.8 Bҧ QJJLiWU ӏ[k\G ӵQJÿѭ ӡQJÿ ҷ ng nhiӋ t hҩ p phөcӫ a VLHP vӟi ion kim loҥ i Cu2+ 43 Bҧ QJ*LiWU ӏ[k\G ӵQJSKѭѫQJWUuQKÿ ҷ ng nhiӋ t Langmuir 44 Bҧ QJ&iFWK{QJV ӕcӫ DSKѭѫQJWUuQKK ҩ p phөLangmuir 44 Bҧ QJ'XQJOѭ ӧng hҩ p phөcӵFÿ ҥ i cӫDEmFjSKrQDQR)H ұ XQjQKY ӓ 3O4Emÿ lac, vӓtrҩ Xÿ ӕ i vӟi ion Cu2+ 44 Bҧ ng 3.12 Bҧ QJ JLi ӏ[k\ ӵ WU QJ G ӡQJ ÿѭҷ ngÿnhiӋ t hҩ p phө WKHR P{ Ku Freundlich 45 Bҧ QJ&iFWK{QJV ӕcӫ DSKѭѫQJWUuQKK ҩ p phөFreundlich 45 DANH MӨ&&È&+Ỵ1+ +uQKĈѭ ӡng hҩ p phөÿ ҷ ng nhiӋ t Langmuir 16 +uQK6 ӵphөthuӝc cӫ D&VTYjR&V 16 +uQK 1.3 Ĉѭ ӡng cong hҩ p phөÿҷ ng nhiӋ t Freundlich 17 +uQK7LrXWK өFjSKrÿ ҫ XQJѭ ӡi mӝ t sӕQѭ ӟFNJQJѭ ӡi/QăP 16 Khi b.Cf!!WKuT ҧYQJK T ҩ p phөEmRKzD max P{W Khi nӗQJÿ ӝchҩ t hҩ p phөnҵ m giӳa hai giӟi hҥ QWUrQWKuÿѭ ӡQJÿ ҷ ng nhiӋ t biӇ u diӉ QOjP ӝWÿR ҥ QFRQJĈѭ ӡng hҩ p phөÿҷ ng nhiӋ W/DQJPXLUFyG ҥ QJQKѭKuQ 1.2 q (mg/l) qmax Cf +uQK 1.1 Ĉ˱ ͥng h̭p phͭÿ̻ ng nhi͏ t Langmuir ĈӇ[iFÿ ӏ QKFiFK ҵ ng sӕtrong SKѭѫQJWUuQKÿ ҷ ng nhiӋ t hҩ p phө/DQJPXLUÿѭ SKѭѫQJWUuQKWUrQY ӅSKѭѫQJWUuQKÿѭ ӡng thҷ ng: Cs q q max Cs  q max b (1.5) Cs/ q ɲ N O Cs +uQK 1.2 S͹phͭthu͡c cͯ D&VTYjR&V tgĮ= ON = q max b.q max (1.6) (1.7) 17 * 3KѭѫQJ WUuQKK ҩSSKөÿҷQJQKLӋW)UHXQGOLFK Freundlich QJKLrQ cӭu ҧ nh Kѭ ӣng cӫa nӗQJ ӝiS ÿ ҩ t cӫ VX a chҩ t NKt ÿ Ӄ n ÿҥ i Oѭ ӧng hҩ p phөӣnhiӋ t ÿӝNK{QJ ÿә i nhұ n thҩ y rҵ ng: FiF ÿѭ ӡng hҩ p phөÿ ҷ ng nhiӋ t Fy dҥ ng gҫ n giӕ ng vӟi QKiQK cӫa ÿѭ ӡng parabol QrQ {QJ ÿm ÿӅnghӏF{QJ thӭc thӵc nghiӋ m sau: Vӟi chҩ t NKt q = x/m = k.P1/n (1.8) Vӟi chҩ t tan dung dӏ ch q = x/m = k.C1/n (1.9) Trong ÿy x: Oj sӕmol chҩ t bӏhҩ p phө m: Oj khӕi Oѭ ӧng vұ t hҩ p phө(gam) P : Oj iS suҩ t FkQ bҵ ng cӫ a NKt C : Oj nӗ ng ÿ ӝFkQ bҵ ng cӫa chҩ t tan quanh vұ t hҩ p phө NOjK ҵ ng sӕhҩ p phөFreundlich n: Oj hҵ ng sӕÿһ c WUѭQJ cho khҧQăQJ hҩ p phөcӫ a tӯng chҩ t Tҥ i YQJ Fy P hay C thҩ p WKu q tӹlӋbұ c thҩ p vӟi P, C Tҥ i YQJ Fy P hay C cao WKu q = qmax NK{QJ phөthuӝ c YjR P, C nӳa Yu TXi WUuQK hҩ p phөÿm ÿ ҥ t EmR KRj log q q (mg/l) O C log C +uQK 1.3 Ĉ˱ ͥng cong h̭p phͭÿ̻ ng nhi͏ t Freundlich &y thӇWuP FiF hҵ ng sӕtrong SKѭѫQJ WUuQK Frendlich tӯÿӗthӏbҵ ng FiFK lҩ y lg vӃÿ ӇchuyӇ n vӅdҥ ng ÿѭ ӡng thҷ ng: lgq = lgk + (1/n)lg Cs (1.10) 18 1.4&iF\͇XW͙̫QKK˱ͧQJÿ͇QTXiWUuQ 1KuQFKXQJW ӕFÿ ӝcӫ DTXiWUuQKK ҩ p phөphөthuӝFYjRQKL Ӌ Wÿ ӝ, nӗ QJÿ ӝ , bҧ n chҩ WYjF ҩ XWU~F cӫ a chҩ t tan, loҥ LYjWtQKFK ҩ WFiFFK ҩ t hҩ p phө a) ҦQKKѭ ӣng cӫa nhiӋ Wÿ ӝYjWK ӡi gian [10] 7URQJ TXi ҩ p phө  WUuQK QăQJ ӧng tӵ Kdo Oѭ bm t hgi P ă*  ng   thӡLÿ ӝhӛQÿ ӝn cӫa hӋgiҧ PGRFiFWL Ӈ XSKkQF ӫa chҩ t bӏhҩ p phөOrQWUrQE Ӆmһ t chҩ t hҩ p phөÿѭ ӧc sҳ p xӃ p mӝWFiFKFyWU ұ t tӵ QJKDOjă6 TyVX\UDă* 7ă6GRyă+9 ă+ \TXiWUuQKK p phOj TXiWUuQKW ӓa nhiӋ WĈL Ӆ XQj\SKK ӧp vӟi thӵc nghiӋ m: hҩ p phөvұ WOêKD\K ҩ p phө KyDK ӑ Fÿ Ӆ u tӓ a nhiӋ W1Kѭ ұ \QrQWKHR Y QJX\rQOêFKX\ Ӈ n dӏ FKFkQ ҵ QJOѭ ӧng E chҩ t hҩ p phөsӁgiҧ m nhiӋ Wÿ ӝWăQJ7X\ ӣYQJQKL QKLrQ Ӌ Wÿ ӝthҩ p, hҩ p phө KyDK ӑ FWKѭ ӡng diӉ n chұ P Yj Ӌ Wÿ NKLQKL ӝWăQJWKuW ӕFÿ ӝhҩ p phөFyWK ӇWăQJ theo Ӣ nhiӋ W ӝFDR ÿ TXi Ӄ FK WUuQK WiQ WăQJ NKX ҧ m thӡLOjP JLDQ ҥ W FkQ JL ҵ ng, ÿ E QKѭQJÿ ӝhҩ p phөgiҧ m xuӕQJGRWăQJTXiWUuQKJL ҧ i hҩ p phөFiFSKkQW ӱkhӓ i bӅ mһ t chҩ t hҩ p phө 7yPO ҥ i, tӕ Fÿ ӝTXiWUuQKK ҩ p phөcӫDFiFFK ҩ WNKiFQKDXWUrQQ ӳng chҩ t hҩ p phөNKiFQKDXWKD\ÿ ә i khoҧ QJNKiU ӝng Sӵhҩ p phөtrong dung dӏ ch xҧ y chұ PKѫQQKL Ӆ u so vӟLSKDNKtYuV ӵkhuӃ FKWiQ[ ҧ y chұ PKѫQĈ һ c biӋ WFiFFK ҩ t bӏhҩ p phөFyNtFKWKѭ ӟc lӟn rҩ WNKyNKX Ӄ FKWiQYjRFiFY ұ t liӋ u hҩ p phөFyÿѭ ӡng NtQKO ӛxӕp nhӓGRÿyF ҫ QFyWK ӡi gian tiӃ S[~FGjLÿ Ӈÿҥ t trҥ QJWKi LFkQE ҵ ng hҩ p phө b) ҦQKKѭ ӣng cӫ DWtQKWѭѫQJÿ ӗng Nhӳng chҩ WFyE ҧ n chҩ t giӕQJQKDXWѭѫQJWiFP ҥ QKKѫQVRY ӟLWѭѫQJWiF ӳa FiFFK ҩ WFyE ҧ n chҩ WNKiFQKDX7ѭѫQJWiFJL ӳa chҩ t hҩ p phөYjFK ҩ t bӏhҩ p phөFy WtQKF ӝ ng hӧp, tӭFOjO ӵFWѭѫQJWiFFKXQJE ҵ ng tәQJFiFO ӵFWKjQKSK ҫ n HӋhҩ p phө ӣWURQJQѭ ӟc bӏchi phӕi bӣLWtQKѭDQѭ ӟFYjN ӏQѭ ӟFOjK ӋquҧcӫDWѭѫQJWiF ӳa chҩ t hҩ p phө , chҩ t bӏhҩ p phөvӟLQѭ ӟc [10] c) ҦQKKѭ ӣng cӫa pH 4XiWUuQKK ҩ p phөbӏҧ QKKѭ ӣng rҩ t nhiӅ u bӣi pH cӫDP{LWUѭ ӡng Sӵtha\ÿ ә i pH cӫDP{LWUѭ ӡng dү Qÿ Ӄ n sӵWKD\ÿ әi vӅbҧ n chҩ t cӫa chҩ t bӏhҩ p phөFiFQKy 19 chӭc bӅmһ t, thӃR[L KyD ӱ, dҥ ng tӗ NK n tҥ i cӫa hӧp chҩ W ÿy һ c biӋ ÿ W ӕi ÿ vӟi hӧp chҩ WFyÿ ӝSKkQF ӵFFDRFiFFK ҩ WOѭ ӥQJWtQKFK ҩ WFyWtQKD[LWED] Ӄ u) Ĉӕ i vӟi chҩ t hҩ p phөrҳ n: hiӋ QWѭ ӧng hҩ p phөxҧ y lӵFWѭѫQJWiFJ ӳDFiF QJX\rQW ӱWUrQE Ӆmһ t chҩ t rҳ n vӟLFiFFK ҩ WWDQWUrQFѫV ӣlӵFK~WWƭQKÿL Ӌ n, lӵFÿ ӏ nh Kѭ ӟQJYjO ӵFWiQ[ ҥ 7URQJWUѭ ӡng hӧp lӵFWѭѫQJWiFÿ ӫmҥ QKFyWK ӇJk\UDOLrQ Ӄ t KyDK ӑc hoһ c tҥ o phӭFWUDRÿ ә i ion LӵFWѭѫQJWiFJL ӳa chҩ t hҩ p phөYjFK ҩ t bӏhҩ p phөFjQJ ҥ QK P WKu ҧQăQJ NK ҩ p phө KFjQJ ӟn, khҧ OQăQJ ӳFiF JL ҩ t bӏ FK hҩ p phө WUrQE Ӆmһ t vұ t rҳ QFjQJFDR> 10] d) ҦQKKѭ ӣng cӫ a nӗQJÿ ӝion kim loҥ i nһ ng Vӟi nӗ QJÿ ӝORmQJFiFLRQNLPOR ҥ i chuyӇ Qÿ ӝ ng tӵGRFyNK ҧQăQJK ҩ p phө tӕt Ӣnӗ QJÿ ӝFDRFyV ӵva chҥ m, cҧ n trӣchuyӇ Qÿ ӝ ng lү n nhau, hҥ n chӃkhҧQăQJ hҩ p phө[10] e) ҦQKKѭ ӣng cӫa diӋ QWtFKE Ӆmһ t chҩ t rҳ n DiӋ QWtFKE Ӆmһ t chҩ t rҳ QÿyQJ YDLWUzTXDQ ӑQJÿ ӕi vӟi khҧQăQJK ҩ p phө WU cӫ a mӝ t hӋ : diӋ Q WtFK ӟn, khҧ FjQJ QăQJ ҩ pO phө KFjQJ FDR Ӌ Q WtFK Ӆmһ 'L t cӫ aE mӝ t chҩ t rҳ Qÿѭ ӧFÿ ӏ QKQJKƭDOjW әQJWRjQE ӝdiӋ QWtFKF ӫ a chҩ t rҳ QÿyWUrQP ӝWÿѫQ vӏkhӕ LOѭ ӧng chҩ t hҩ p phө(m2J Ĉ ӕ i vӟLFiFFK ҩ t rҳ QFyQJX ӗn gӕ FNKiFQKDX diӋ QWtFKE Ӆmһ WÿyOjNKiFQKDX 1JRjLFiF\ Ӄ u tӕWUrQTXiWUuQKK ҩ p phөFzQFK ӏ uҧ QKKѭ ӣng cӫa bҧ n chҩ t cӫa mӕ LOLrQN Ӄ t chҩ t bӏhҩ p phө- chҩ t hҩ p phөQJKƭDOjW ӯQăQJOѭ ӧng tӵGRWѭѫQJW giӳa vӏWUtK ҩ p phөYjSK ҫ QSKkQW ӱtiӃ S[~FY ӟi bӅmһ t Thӡi gian tiӃ p [~FJL ӳa chҩ t rҳ QYjFK ҩ WKzDWDQ.KLFkQE ҵ QJFyV ӵWUDRÿ ә Lÿ ӝng lӵc giӳDFiFSKkQW ӱcӫa pha hҩ p phөYjFiFSKkQW ӱӣlҥ i dung dӏ ch 1.5 Giӟi thiӋ u vӅEmFjSKr 1.5.1 Ngu͛ n th̫ LYjWiFÿ ͡ ng &jSKrOjP ӝt loҥ Lÿ ӗuӕng phәbiӃ n nhҩ WWUrQWK Ӄgiӟi HiӋ QQD\Fk\F ÿѭ ӧc trӗ ng tҥ LKѫQTX ӕ F JLDWUrQWK Ӄgiӟi Gҫ Qÿk\QKXF ҫ XFjSKrWK ӃgiӟLÿm WăQJNKR ҧ ng 90.000 tҩ QQăP -QăP 91OjQѭ ӟc xuҩ t khҭ XFjSKrO ӟn thӭ hai thӃgiӟi (sau Brazil) vӟi 1,2 triӋ u tҩ QFjSKrÿѭ ӧc xuҩ t khҭ XQăP 2007 %iRFiR 20 cͯ DF{QJW\9LQDFDIH91 MӭFWLrXWK өFjSKrEuQKTXkQÿ ҫ XQJѭ ӡi cӫa VN khoҧ QJNJFjSKrUDQJ[D\YjNJFj ӝWQăP 6.000  EC 5.000 4.000  0ӻ  1ѭӟF1.NKiF 3.000  1KұW%ҧQ 2.000 1.000 000 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 +uQK 7LrXWK ͭFjSKrÿ ̯ XQJ˱ ͥi m͡ t s͙Q˱ ͣFNJQJ˱ ͥLQăP (Ngu͛ n: USDA-2004) &QJY ӟLÿyWKuOѭ ӧQJEmFjSKrWK ҧ i vӟi sӕOѭ ӧQJNK{QJQK ӓ Theo C & EN  Oѭ ӧQJEmFjSKrWK ҧ i bӓWUrQWK ӃgiӟLKjQJQăPNKR ҧ ng triӋ u tҩ n Trong hҫ u hӃ t mӑLWUѭ ӡng hӧSEmFjSKrÿѭ ӧFÿHPÿ әYjRWKQJUiF ÿѭ ӧFÿѭDUDEmLUiF7X\QKLrQ ӣrҩ t nhiӅ XTXiQEiQFjSKrWKu ӧFÿHP ÿәmӝWFiFKE ӯDEmLĈ һ c biӋ WOjFiFTXiQFjSKrYHQV{ ӧFÿ әthҷ ng xuӕQJGzQJV{QJÿmÿyQJJySP ӝt phҫ n YjRV ӵnhiӉ m bҭ QGzQJV{QJYjU ҩ WJk\P ҩ t cҧ QKTXDQÿ{WK ӏ Theo mӝt sӕQJKLrQF ӭu cho thҩ y,  QѭӟFWKҧLFjSKr ӧng %2'YjRNKR ҧ QJJ/FDRJҩSVRYӟLQѭ [26]Ӣ&RVWD 5LFDYjRQKӳQJQăPKDLSKҫQEDWә QJOѭӧQJ%2'FӫDFiFF QѭӟFWKҧLFjSKr0 һ WNKiFE ӑ FTXDQKEmK ҥ WFjSKrOjP ӝt phҫ n nhӟt nhҫ \7KjQK SKҫQ FKӫ \ӃX FӫD Qy Oj SU{WrLQ ҫ \ Qj\ÿѭӡQJ UҩW N SKkQK ӫ \7URQJQѭӟFWKҧLFj  SKrQyWKѭӡQJNӃWWӫDWKjQ OjP FKR ӟc thҧ L Qѭ Fj SKr Fy һ FPjX [DQK ұ P ÿHQ ÿ OjP ҩ t cҧ KR QK P TXDQ P{ WUѭ ӡng [27] 1.5.2 &iF ͱng dͭng cͯDEmFjSKrWURQJFX ͡ c s͙ng [23] [24] 21 Do chӭD KjP ӧng chҩ Oѭ W GLQK ӥQJGѭ FDR ѭӡL QrQ WD ӇQJ sӱ Fy dөQJ WKEm Fj SKrQKѭP ӝ t chҩ WEyQFk\U ҩ t hӳu hiӋ X7URQJWKjQKSK ҫ n cӫDQyFK ӭa nhiӅ u canxi, phӕWSKRQLWѫFNJQJQKѭFiFFK ҩ WNKRiQJNKiFJL~StFKFKR ӵSKiWWUL Ӈ n cӫ DFk\ %m Fj FzQ SKr ӝ Oj t chҩ t tҭ P y rӱa tuyӋ t vӡi Do bao gӗm nhiӅ u hҥ t nhӓYj NK{QJE ӏEiPGtQKQrQQJѭ ӡLWDWKѭ ӡng sӱdө QJEmFjSKr ÿ ӇOjPV ҥ ch nhӳng vұ t dө QJPjWD\NK{QJWKzYjRÿѭ ӧFQKѭFKDLO ӑKD\FiF ҩ PÿXQQѭ ӟc Ӣmӝ t sӕQѭ ӟFFKkXỈXQJѭ ӡi ta sӱdөQJEmFjSKr ÿ ӇOjPWK ӭFăQFKRQK Ӆ u ORjLJLXQY ӕ QOjQJѭ ӡi bҥ n gҫ QJNJLF ӫDFk\F ӕi Tҥ i Hoa KǤEmFjSKrQj\ÿmÿѭ ӧFÿHPWiLFK ӃbiӃ QWKjQKQK ӳQJNK~FF ӫ Lÿ ӕt Oz ӣi Vѭ vӟL WrQ ӑ L Oj J -DYD ӕt loҥ i cӫL KL Qj\ ӧ ÿ QJ WKuOѭ NKt 2[\W &DU thҧ i thҩ SKѫQÿ Ӄ n 85% so vӟi bҩ t cӭloҥ i cӫ LQjRNKiF ӧng tro bөLODQ YjOѭ Yj WURQJNK{QJNKtFNJQJtWKѫQÿ Ӄ n 96 % Tҥ i Nhұ t Bҧ n, mӝ W QKyP FiF ӑc ӣ QKj 7Uѭ ӡQJ NKRD ҥ iĈ hӑ F %iFK K NKR )XNXLÿmV ӱdө QJEmFj Ӎÿѭ ӡ SKr QJOjP YjU Ӌ QJX\rQOL u sҧ n xuҩ t xӕp polyuretan 38 YjFRPSRVLWWUrQQ Ӆ QSRO\XUHWDQ&iF Ӄ ng xӕ p mӅ m bҵ QJ38Fy PL ҧQăQJ NK SKkQK ӫ y sinh hӑ Fÿѭ ӧc sӱdө QJWURQJJLDÿuQKYjQKL Ӆ XQJjQKF{QJQJK Ӌ p Ĉһ c biӋ t, Gҫ Qÿk\P ӝ t sӕQJKLrQF ӭXWUtFKO\G ҫ u tӯEmFjSKrW ӯÿyV ҧ n xuҩ t diesen sinh hӑ F4XiWUuQKQj\PDQJO ҥ i 10-15% dҫ XW\WKX ӝFYjRORjLFj Fj SKrVDXNKLNKDLWKiFG ҫ XOjY ұ t liӋ XOêWѭ ӣQJFKRSKkQEyQYѭ ӡQQJX\rQOL Ӌ Xÿ Ӈ sҧ n xuҩ t ethanol 1JRjLUDEmFjSKrFzQÿѭ ӧc sӱdөQJÿ Ӈloҥ i bӓFiFNLPOR ҥ i nһ QJWURQJQѭ ӟc thҧ LQKѭ FKuFURP Yjÿ ӗ ng 1.6 *Õ ӟÕWKÕ Ӌ u vӅnano sҳ t tӯFe3O4 [25] Vұ t liӋ u nano ÿDQJÿLVkXYjRÿ ӡi sӕ ng hiӋ Qÿ ҥ LYjÿDQJG ҫ n dҫ n chiӃ m mӝ Wê QJKƭDU ҩ t lӟQÿ ӕ i vӟLÿ ӡi sӕng cӫDFRQQJѭ ӡi nhӡYjRFiFWtQKFK ҩ t rҩ Wÿ һ c biӋ t cӫa FK~QJPjFiFY ұ t liӋ u truyӅ n thӕQJWUѭ ӟFÿyNK{QJFyÿѭ ӧF7tQKÿ һ c biӋ t cӫ a vұ t liӋ XQDQRFyÿѭ ӧFOjQK ӡNtFK WKѭ ӟc nhӓEpF ӫDFK~QJ7URQJW ӵQKLrQV ҳ W)H ... 3.2 HiӋ u suҩ t tҥ o nano Fe3O4 36 1JKLrQF ӭu khҧQăQJK ҩ p phөcӫa VLHP chӃtҥ o tӯEmFjSKrÿ ӕi vӟi ion Cu2+ 37 Ĉѭ ӡng chuҭ n cӫa Cu2+ 37 3.3.2... cөthӫWLQKNKiF NӝLGXQJQJKLrQF ӭu: - ĈL Ӆ u ch? ?nano Fe3O4, vұ t liӋ u hҩ p phөEmFjSKrQDQR)H O4 - Khҧ RViWFiF Ӄ u tӕҧ QKKѭ ӣQJÿ Ӄ QTXiWUuQKK ҩ p ph? ?ion kim loҥ Lÿ ӗng Qѭ ӟc bҵ ng vұ t liӋ... QTXiWUuQKK ҩ p ph? ?Cu2+ 38 Bҧ ng 3.5 ҦQKKѭ ӣng cӫa thӡi gian khuҩ ÿ Ӄ QTXiWUuQKK ҩ p ph? ?Cu2+ 40 Bҧ ng 3.6 ҦQKKѭ ӣng cӫa pH 41 Bҧ ng 3.7.ҦQKKѭ ӣng cӫa nӗ QJÿ ? ?ion Cu2+ ÿӃ n hiӋ