¢ External morphology ¢ Anatomy
— integumentary system
— skeletal system Chondrichthyes -— cartilaginous fish
Squalus acanthias — spiny dogfish
— muscular system
— nervous system
— vascular system |
— digestive system Osteichthyes — bony fish
— respiratory system Perca fluviatilis — perch
— excretory system 7/77
— genital system
— endocrine system
Trang 5¢ Body regions — head — trunk Tail Caudal fin Ma Posterior dorsal fin Interbranchial septum Spine Spiracle Lateral line Spiracular valve — Pelvic fin Naris Mouth Labial pocket
Pharyngeal slits Pectoral fin
Trang 6¢ Head parts External morphology - shark
¢ spiraculum Hexanchus đríseus
- 5 (sometimes 6-7) gill slits i di
bu Head ! Trunk os Tail K
Anterior dorsal fin Caudal fin Interbranchial septum Spine Lateral line Spiracle Posterior dorsal fin Spiracular valve => HC — — ~~ Pelvic fin Mouth Labial pocket
Pharyngeal slits Pectoral fin FIGURE 3.13 External features of the shark in left lateral view
Trang 7
External morphology - shark ¢ Head ‘openings’ Head Trunk A Ỷ À Interbranchial septum Spiracle Spiracular valve Mouth Labial pocket
Pharyngeal slits Pectoral fin
Trang 8
¢ Trunk openings ¢ Trunk appendices
— cloaca — fins
¢ anus ¢ dorsal fin (- or + spines)
¢ genital pore ¢ paired fins ¢ urinary yP pore | from the viscera | | — pectoral P — pelvic urogenital pore in males
Trang 9
¢ Tail appendices ¢ Tail appendices
— fins — fins
¢ dorsal fin (optional) ¢ caudal fin
Trang 10Integumentary system — skin ¢ epidermis — epithelial structure — non-vascularised — chromatophores — enameloblasts » enameloid layer of placoid scales dermis — connective tissue — vascularised — chromatophores — odontoblasts dentine layer of placoid scales Placoid scales Placoid scales Epidermis ' Melanophore
Pi MA Mg tay bt dpe 9 as 2)
ib py On ƒ Ti: 7 ie vee Điện, Xa Dermis
f c^ t< ae? hed SGP fad we
perks oh One ee ol CE rom 251: hh, TG Brena ops el gee ome i it an ES | 2 Fe pee 2 Le 52 Pie và <T- 22 s¿ x60 oF Oe Ai P6: a xí 2A7 + 2 2 _ = Lư Leta tee Pee Tóc Pe TC s2 Sat ag % Z4 957 (2, bf & ~The Pr etka is Placoid scales F— Spine of scale — Enamel Epidermis Pulp cavity Base of scale
Trang 12
° Skeletal system Hyaline cartilage «
(Scyliorhinus caniculus) ” -” =
— cartilage Z2“ sa^5 994
Trang 13
°ồ Skeletal system °ồ Skeletal system — axial skeleton — axial skeleton
¢ cranial skeleton ¢ postcranial skeleton
— neurocranium — vertebral column
— splanchnocranium — median fin skeleton
” Jaws — appendicular skeleton
Trang 14°ồ Skeletal system — Cranial skeleton — © Nn e u rocran u m Precerebral fenestra — Ww — rostrum Rostral ar a a — rostral fenestra i — nasal capsules Supertisal ophitaii — epiphyseal foramen Endolymphatic — pore of endolymphatic ducts “””” Endolymphatic — orbita ¬ Otic capsule
» antorbital process rn as (IX)
» eye losely attached OF Vasco ine: | 7 ras BERG Occipital condyle
with optic pedicel ma >
» postorbital process Sra ae — - brain case Smt — otic capsule — occipital region capsule Rostral carina >——Rostrum k Nasal capsule 1 = Rostral carina ff v Ẵ Rostral fenestra Antorbital process Antorbital shelf Supraorbital——— crest Optic pedicle Basitrabecular process Carotid foramen Postorbital process Basal plate Perilymphatic | + otic capsule foramen 7 Notochord Oculomotor (II!) Rostrum foramen Otic capsule Glossopharyngeal (IX) foramen Naris Hyomandibular (VII) foramen Trigeminofacial (V) foramen Orbit Optic (Il)
foramen Optic Abducens (V1) foramen
Trang 15°ồ Skeletal system — cranial skeleton ¢ splanchnocranium — mandibular arch upper jaw <——— » palatoquadrate
lower jaw ——— » Meckel's cartilage » labial cartilages — hyoid arch » basihyal » ceratohyal » hyomandibula — 5 branchial arches » basibranchials » hypobranchials » ceratobranchials » epibranchials » pharyngobranchials Hyomandibular Adductor mandibulae process Orbital process Pharyngobranchial Epibranchial Ceratobranchial Palatoquadrate cartilage Gill raker
Labial cartilage Ceratohyal
Meckel's cartilage Basihyal
FIGURE 3.3 Visceral arches of the shark in Jeft lateral view Basihyal Ceratohyal Ceratobranchial Hypobranchials Basibranchials Branchial arch 4
(= Visceral arch 6) ~/ đổi Gill ray
Epibranchial Gill raker
Pharyngobranchial
Trang 16Internal morphology - shark Hyomandibular ° Skeletal system AhidiiHii iSBEUS800180858 Orbital process Pharyngobranchial Epibranchial ¢ jaw suspension — hyostylic suspension f — jaw protrusion _# Palatoquadrate cartilage Ceratobranchial
¢ feeding apparatus oars Z2 eng
— filter feeding Meckel's cartilage Basihyal
— powerful bit! ng FIGURE 3.3 Visceral arches of the shark in left lateral view
» Cutting type of biting Filter feeder
» crushing type of biting (Cetorhinus maximus — basking shark)
Jaw protrusion and cutting
(Carcharias carcharodon — great white)
Jaw protrusion and cutting
(/sistius brasiliensis — cookie cutter shark)
| >x ` (c)Burton
Trang 17¢ Skeletal system — postcranial skeleton ¢ vertebral column — notochord — vertebrae centra basapophysis neural arches neural spines haemal arches haemal spines > ` > ` > ` > ` > ` > ` — ribs > ` > `
enclose the neural tube
articulate with basapophysis only in precaudal vertebrae
Trang 18¢ Skeletal system — postcranial skeleton ¢ median fins — dorsal and anal fin » basal pterygiophore » radial pterygiophores » ceratotrichia » Spine (Sometimes) ¢ caudal fin — dorsal lobe » vertebral column » radial pterygiophores » ceratotrichia — ventral lobe » enlarged haemal arches » ceratotrichia Fin spine Basal Ceratotrichia pterygiophore Radial pterygiophores Vertebral column
Trang 19¢ Skeletal system — appendicular skeleton ¢ pectoral girdle — scapulocoracoid ¢ pectoral fin — basal pterygiophores » propterygium » mesopterygium » metapterygium — radial pterygiophores — ceratotrichia ¢ hydrofoil structures — generating upward lift during swimming — extended in skates and rays Suprascapular cartilage
Anatomical position and relationship Pectoral fin rotated in position
between pectoral fin and girdle in situ often seen when studied
Figure 3.9 Pectoral girdle and skeletal elements of pectoral fins of the shark in anrerior view
Trang 21
¢ Muscular system — cranial muscles ¢ jaw muscles — closing: adductor mandibulae — opening: coracomandibularis ¢ pharynx muscles — constriction: intermandibularis, interhyoideus, constrictors — expansion: coracohyoid, coracoarcual ¢ appendicular muscles — abductors — adductors — trunk and tail muscles °Ổ epaxials
¢ hypaxials _—» arranged in myomeres
Trang 22¢ Nervous system — brain ¢ telencephalon — olfactory organ ¢ diencephalon — eye ¢ mesencephalon — eye — acoustico-lateralis system ¢ metencephalon — acoustico-lateralis system ¢ myelencephalon — spinal cord ¢ spinal nerves = ` This section has been removed Chondrocranium (cut) Olfactory sac Olfactory bulb Superficial ophthalmic n Olfactory tract Medial rectus m Olfactory lobe Dorsal oblique m Trochlear n (IV) Eyeball Dorsal rectus m Cerebral hemisphere Optic n (II) Tela choroidea Optic process
Optic lobe of palatoquadrate Optic pedicle Infraorbital n Cerebellum Lateral rectus m
Preorbitalis m Deep ophthalmic n Oculomotor n (III) Palatoquadrate Mandibular n Auricle Adductor mandibulae m Levator
palatoquadrati m Trigeminal n (V) & preotic Ampullae lateral line nn
Anterior Facial n (VII) semicircular duct Spiracle Palatine branch Geniculate ganglion Medulla oblongata Saccul ulus Statoacoustic n (VIII) Hyomandibular n Horizontal
semicircular duct Floor of otic capsule
Levator hyomandibulae m Glossopharyngeal n (IX) Pet \ l ầ etrosal ganglion Posterior F 7 ` i i semicircular duct iL AS 7 Z L Ne Z a Pretrematic n Vagus n (X) & postotic lateral line nn Posttrematic n › Branchial n Anterior ; - cardinal sinus Anterior cardinal sinus Efferent branchial a Visceral branch of vagus, reflected Occipital nn Anterior spinal nn Hypobranchial n
Third pharyngeal pouch Fifth branchial arch Intestinal branch of vagus (reflected)
Hypobranchial n (cut)
Ý_—Y3*`_Lateral branch of
` posterior lateral line n ch (cut & reflected)
Left internal vagus (X) Vertebral column (cut) Visceral branch | / of vagus n ý EY ⁄ C Lateral branch ST he (77 of posterior \ h ⁄ \`= \ lateral line n ( Spinal cord Pectoral girdle Ovary Esophagus
Trang 23¢ Nervous system — brain ¢ telencephalon — terminal nerve » pheromones — olfactory nerve » Olfactory bulb » Olfactory tract » Olfactory lobe — cerebrum » large brain » cerebral hemispheres Olfactory sac Olfactory bulb Terminal n (0) Olfactory tract j Cerebral hemisphere ` Z| \ Tela choroidea : Optic lobe `= A, Optic n (Il) “ Epiphysis Trochlear n (IV) Third ventricle Maxillary n (V)
(tela choroidea Buccal n (VII Optic chiasm
removed) ( “ Inferior lobe] & ulomotor n = Thalamus Lư ) Hypophysis 5 Infraorbital n g L Vascular 5 Cerebellum Auricle of cerebellum sac = / Superficial ophthalmic n
a i Deep ophthalmic n Medulla
Acousticolateral area A 4 Mandibular n -
: f Trigeminal n (V) & rea a
preotic lateral line nn Palatine branch Facial n (VII) Visceral sensory column Geniculate ganglion Statoacoustic n Somatic (VIH)
motor column Hyomandibular n ÌPs-aave.Vn
Fourth ventricle Statoacoustic n (VIII) Glossopharyngeal n (IX) Medulla ; oblongata Petrosal ganglion Occipital nn Vagus n (X) & postotic lateral line nn Hypobranchial n Spinal n
Trang 24¢ Nervous system — brain ¢ diencephalon optic nerve » Optic fascicle » Optic chiasma tela chorioidea epiphysis » pineal gland hypothalamus pituitary » neurohypophysis » adenohypophysis » vascular sac Olfactory sac Olfactory bulb Terminal n (0) Olfactory tract Là s Cerebral hemisphere Tela choroidea Optic lobe Optic n (Il) Trochlear n (IV) Maxillary n (V) Epiphysis _2 À< ằ 4 Third ventricle (tela choroidea Optic chiasm Buccal n (VII removed) ( 1 Inferior lobel E ulomotor n = Thalamus ⁄ (my Hypophysis 5 Infraorbital n 5 L Vascular 5 Cerebellum Auricle of cerebellum sac = i Superficial ophthalmic n
a f Deep ophthalmic n Medulla Acousticolateral area 4 Mandibular n -
" \ Facial n
: Trigeminal n (V) & (Vil) -
preotic lateral line nn Palatine branch Visceral eh Facial n (VIl) sensory column Geniculate ganglion Statoacoustic n Somatic i - (VIII) motor column Hyomandibular n Abducens n (VI)
Fourth ventricle Statoacoustic n (VIII) Glossopharyngeal n (IX) Medulla Occipital nn Vagus n (X) & postotic lateral line nn Hypobranchial n Spinal n
Trang 25¢ Nervous system — brain ¢ mesencephalon — optic lobes » important association centre |! Olfactory sac Olfactory bulb Terminal n (0) ? Olfactory tract Cerebral hemisphere Tela choroidea Optic lobe Optic n (Il) Trochlear n (IV) Maxillary n (V) Epiphysis _2 \< M Third ventricle
(tela choroidea Buccal n (VII Optic chiasm removed) Panta ulomotor n ( 1 Inferior lobe| E 2 Thalamus Z DỤ Hypophysis 5 Infraorbital n g Vascular 5 Cerebellum Auricle of cerebellum sac = - Superficial ophthalmic n a Deep ophthalmic n Medulla Acousticolateral area ˆ Mandibular n
- Trigeminal n (V) & Facial n
preotic lateral line nn (VII) Palatine branch Visceral to: Facial n (VII) sensory column Geniculate ganglion Statoacoustic n Somatic (Vill)
motor column Hyomandibular n i paccarict tv
Fourth ventricle Statoacoustic n (VIII) Glossopharyngeal n (IX) Medulla ; oblongata Petrosal ganglion Occipital nn Vagus n (X) & postotic lateral line nn Hypobranchial n Spinal n
(a) Dorsal view Spinal cord (b) Ventral view
Trang 26¢ Nervous system — brain ¢ metencephalon — cerebellum » small brain » cerebellar hemispheres » cerebellar auricles — cranial nerves » trigemino-facial complex » acoustico- lateralis system Olfactory sac Olfactory bulb Terminal n (0) Olfactory tract Cerebral hemisphere Tela choroidea Optic lobe Optic n (Il) Trochlear n (IV) Epiphysis yy, ee ⁄ `< ° Third ventricle \J/ \ Maxillary n (V)
(tela choroidea Optic chiasm removed) Buccal n (VII)
caxznea (II) Inferior lobel E ulomotor n 5 Thalamus Lư ; Hypophysis 5 Infraorbital n W 5 ascular Cerebellum Auricle of cerebellum aan š Superficial ophthalmic n a f Deep ophthalmic n Medulla Acousticolateral area - Mandibular n Ñ ‘
š Trigeminal n (V) & \ Facial n
preotic lateral line nn (VII)
“i Palatine branch isceral ; sensory column Facial n (VII)
Geniculate ganglion Statoacoustic n
Somatic (VIN)
motor column Hyomandibular n Abducens n (VI)
Fourth ventricle Statoacoustic n (VIII) Glossopharyngeal n (IX) Medulla oblongata Petrosal ganglion Occipital nn Vagus n (X) & postotic lateral line nn Hypobranchial n Spinal n
Trang 27¢ Nervous system — brain ¢ myelencephalon — tela chorioidea — cranial nerves » vagal nerve Olfactory sac Olfactory bulb Terminal n (0) ? Olfactory tract Cerebral hemisphere Tela choroidea Optic lobe Optic n (Il) Trochlear n (IV) Maxillary n (V) Epiphysis _2 \< M Third ventricle
(tela choroidea Buccal n (VII Optic chiasm removed) Panta ulomotor n ( 1 Inferior lobe| E 2
Thalamus Lư (my Hypophysis 5
Infraorbital n g
7 Vascular 5
Cerebellum Auricle of cerebellum sac =
- Superficial ophthalmic n
a Deep ophthalmic n Medulla
Acousticolateral area ˆ Mandibular n
- Trigeminal n (V) & Facial n
preotic lateral line nn (VII) Palatine branch Visceral to: Facial n (VII) sensory column Geniculate ganglion Statoacoustic n Somatic (Vill)
motor column Hyomandibular n i paccarict tv
Fourth ventricle Statoacoustic n (VIII) Glossopharyngeal n (IX) Medulla ; oblongata Petrosal ganglion Occipital nn Vagus n (X) & postotic lateral line nn Hypobranchial n Spinal n
(a) Dorsal view Spinal cord (b) Ventral view
Trang 28¢ Nervous system — spinal cord ¢ spinal nerves — upward tracts — downward tracts B Organization of spinal roots, ganglia, and nerves in trunk Olfactory sac Olfactory bulb Terminal n (0) Olfactory tract Cerebral hemisphere Tela choroidea Optic lobe Optic n (Il) Trochlear n (IV) ề ¬— cs _2 1 : Epiphysis Third ventricle Maxillary n (V) Optic chiasm (tela choroidea removed) Buccal n (VII) l Inf | = | Oculomotor n (Ill) —— s Thalamus Lư Hypophysis | 5 Infraorbital n 5 7 Vascular 5 Cerebellum Auricle of cerebellum sac = s Superficial ophthalmic n N / Deep ophthalmic n Medulla Acousticolateral area Ñ ˆ Mandibular n
: Trigeminal n (V) & rea ms preotic lateral line nn Palatine branch Visceral an Facial n (VII) sensory column Geniculate ganglion Statoacoustic n Somatic (VIH)
motor column Hyomandibular n ÌPs-aave.Vn
Fourth ventricle Statoacoustic n (VIII) Glossopharyngeal n (IX) Medulla oblongata Petrosal ganglion Occipital nn Vagus n (X) & postotic lateral line nn Hypobranchial n Spinal n
(a) Dorsal view Spinal cord (b) Ventral view
FIGURE 3.43 Brain and cranial nerves of the shark in (a) dorsal and (b) ventral views
Trang 29
¢ Sensory systems
— olfactory organ
¢ sharks are macrosmates
— detect very small concentrations of certain molecules » blood: 0.002 ppm » fish meat: 0.0001 pom ¢ olfactory pores — ventrally placed » rostrally to laterally » prenarial grooves ¢ olfactory epithelium
— can cover large surface
Trang 30¢ Sensory systems — eye ¢ derived from brain — optic cup — optic nerve ¢ eye wall — sclera » Support » Cartilage » forms cornea xZ — chorioidea | form the iris | » vascularisation \ — tapetum lucidum — retina » pigment cells » fotoreceptor cells » Neurons — vitrous body ¢ nictitating membrane ¢ lens — protractor muscles Retina Choroid Vitreous Sclera chamber Supra- choroidea Iris k Optic Posterior _-<" chamber cain Pupil Cornea Anterior chamber Choroid Ciliary Sclera body
FIGURE 3.39 = 3-D cutaway illustration of the left eyeball of the shark in posterolateral view revealing internal structures
© 2003 Canadian Shark Research Lab
Trang 31Sensory systems — eye ¢ retina r Z Choroid Pigment ——] “a layer = Rod ARG 1 "a MLL | ERMA ị = Ề : Photoreceptor -| Cone ïY | | layer | Outer ————— CY Y \ ) is “Aad | ° oor) synaptic layer ea <7 [ Horizontal ceŸ!——¿ ð ị
Bipolar cell Bipolar cii ———=*°9 ì ho
layer LAmacrine cell Lh | r)
Inner | r ;
synapticlayer L—
Ganglion cell —‡ Ganglion cell
layer —
Optic (Il) Retinal blood Nerve impulses
- h ` optic (Il) nerve axons
t eae processing toward optic disk
retina
Trang 32¢ Sensory systems aes — acoustico-lateralis system ¢ acoustic system — otic vesicle » forms inner ear — vestibular part —_—
II Anterior = | ; h tricul : = aati `
» semicircular canals —_ ites A< Ag A ~ & 1 I5 ———=>» utriculus | @ SẮP, : Li Endolymphatic pore Dorsal Skin (dorsal surface) —— Endolymphatic duct j »
»? eC n d O ly! Ï Ì Dp h all C d u ct Anterior Sacculus Post
Lagena Statoacoustic nerve (CN VIII) Anterior semicircular duct Anterior semicircular duct »> S acc u | u S Horizontal semicircular duct Horizontal semicircular duct
Posterior semicircular duct Posterior semicircular duct Lateral view Medial view
— cochlear part
Vv › lagena >! 1 anterior vertical canal
" 2 posterior vertical canal | 1 crystal condensations | 3 horizontal canal
Figure 3.40 Membranous labyrinth of the inner ear of the shark in lateral and medial views
= perception of movements = perception of rotation
with respect to gravitational field
1 fonoreceptor (hair cells) |
Trang 35
¢ Vascular system
— general fish scheme
aorta dorsalis vena cardinalis anterior liver vena cardinalis posterior
kidney
arteria branchialis digestive i i tr
‹ efferens = liver S © tract
- afferens l venous portal aorta ventralis system
Trang 36TIÊN a i “ * i > £ : ` , , Vascular system — heart ¢ single tube — sinus venosus ` ` fZa — atrium -Ö 2 — ventricle —< — conus arteriosus — ¢ one arterial vessel oe — (bulbus arteriosus) — ventral aorta — pre-branchial arteriae ¢ ventral aorta ¢ afferent branchial arteries — post-branchial arteriae ¢ efferent branchial arteries ¢ dorsal aorta ae ee na a Coracomandibular m (cut and reflected)
it coracohyoid m (cut) eS / ee ——" » , Meckel's cartilage ; ⁄ = LY i oracohyoid m Afferent branchial a Gill lamellae ¡ MMÊ —— Coracobranchial mm
Ventral superficial constrictor m
—— Viscera wl part ardium, om vering
4 the surfac ofthe hea
Falciform ligament =—
Liver £ rse septum 5 giới : oT He wit mẽ điện ee al re: te? of the shark in ventral view, with the hypobranchial musculature dis-
Trang 37¢ Vascular system — gill vascularisation ¢ afferent branchial arteries — posttrematic arteriole ~~ \N
¢ efferent branchial arteries Capillaries
— pretrematic arteriole Scat cg “ "en
— posttrematic arteriole ue sàŸ⁄ ế Pretrematic gill lameliae External gill _q _-Ÿ——Ÿ nn ì ÁN Internal pharyngeal slit Gill rakers Posttrematic a Cross trunk Afferent branchial a Pretrematic a “Nil ae — a N7 } Branchial Gill ray ¬ oT =”” _— 4 adductor m
Figure 3.20 Section through branchial septa of the shark
Paired dorsal aortae Pretrematic Interrematic Post-trematic Efferent Dorsal aorta branch branch branch branchial a ee Hyoidean a Tre
Internal Spiracular a Subclavian a carotid a Ventral aorta
i> Gill slits
First night afferent Celiac a branchial a \ ụ | | re he “ø Ạ 1x1 Coronary a ị Wi Tư cn Atnum 1 Extermal “CC me (Tt carotida // 5 ir Left afferent Hypobranchial a branchial aa
Trang 38Vascular system — arterial system ¢ dorsal aorta — cranially paired — posicranially single ¢ cranial arteriae — spiracular artery — internal carotid artery — orbital artery — mandibular artery ¢ postcranial arteriae _F?eee?z ERG : šÊ § $ & @@@@@@@@@ ” (00) Gastic a
he rã Sch ic Ubestramon showing the pattere of the artenal system of the shark superimposed on ventral (tom Gguee! and lett Laneral (|
— subclavian artery (to pectoral fins) — caudal artery (into the tail)
— coeliac artery (to gonades and digestive system, including liver) — gastrosplenic artery (to stomach and spleen)
— anterior and posterior mesenteric (to digestive system) — iliac artery (to pelvic fins)
Trang 39¢ Vascular system — venous sysiem ¢ sinuses — orbital sinus
— anterior cardinal sinus
— posterior cardinal sinus — genital sinus
— hepatic sinus
¢ cranial veins
— hepatic vein (from liver) S38 Se oe see ee inferior jugular vein
subclavian vein (from pectoral fins)
@® Àrtevrv2 Càredý %exr3 ŒAsesx wtestrul v @ Pa 22) Pomertee cardinal sinus @3) Postence cardinad v 8) Poster intestinal v € Posterior Lenogastne v , & for) goxtaý v €3 Seas venous 63 Subcernan v 6?) Subecaguser v G2) Vertra acre &@ Vertrcts
hepathe portal system
renal veins (from kidneys) hepatic portal vein
» drains blood from digestive system to the liver abdominal vein (from abdomen)