relative clause

* Mệnh đề phụ tính ngữ bắt đầu bằng “when” - Dùng như 1 trạng ngữ chỉ thời gian nên khi kết hợp câu có thường thay thế cho trạng từ chỉ thời gian như then, at that time và danh từ đứng t[r]

RELATIVE CLAUSES Mệnh đề quan hệ (hay Mệnh đề phụ tính ngữ) mang chức tính từ, sau và bổ nghĩa cho danh từ đứng trước nó Mệnh đề quan hệ bắt đầu các đại từ quan hệ như: who, whom, which, that, whose và các trạng từ quan hệ như: where, when * Mệnh đề phụ tính ngữ bắt đầu “who” - Được dùng sau danh từ người + Đại từ quan hệ who làm chủ ngữ Eg: The woman who looked after me is a nurse + Đại từ quan hệ who làm tân ngữ (có thể lược bỏ) Eg: This is the woman (who) you talked with on the phone yesterday * Mệnh đề phụ tính ngữ bắt đầu “which” - Được dùng sau danh từ người vật và tuân theo các nguyên tắc MĐQH bắt đầu “who” Eg: The book which is on the table is mine * Mệnh đề phụ tính ngữ bắt đầu “whom” - Được dùng sau danh từ người nó làm chức tân ngữ câu - Ta có thể lược bỏ ĐTQH whom không có giới từ đứng trước Eg: The man (whom) I told you about yesterday is my neighbour * Mệnh đề phụ tính ngữ bắt đầu “whose” - Theo sau và bổ nghĩa cho danh từ người MĐ này xác định sở hữu cho danh từ MĐQH nên theo sau whose là danh từ Eg: Yesterday I met the girl whose father is my boss Note: Khi vế thứ biểu thị mối quan hệ sở hữu cho danh từ vật thì ta dùng “Noun + of which” Eg: The house, garden of which has many kinds of flowers, has been sold * Mệnh đề phụ tính ngữ bắt đầu “where” - Dùng để nói địa điểm nên nó dùng để thay cho các trạng từ here, there các trạng từ bắt đầu in, at Vì danh từ đứng trước là danh từ nơi chốn, địa điểm Eg: The hotel where we satyed at during our vocation was not very clean * Mệnh đề phụ tính ngữ bắt đầu “when” - Dùng trạng ngữ thời gian nên kết hợp câu có thường thay cho trạng từ thời gian then, at that time và danh từ đứng trước nó thường là danh từ thời gian the day, the month, the year Eg: It’s the time when Vietnamese people celebrate the beginning of spring Điền đại từ quan hệ thích hợp vào chỗ trống who believes that all wars are wrong A pacifist is a person whose parents are dead An orphan is a child whom I met yesterday I don’t know the name of the woman whose first language is not English This school is only for children whom I wanted to see was away on holiday The woman which they bought last year They live in a house whose The boy father is a doctor is my friend which I’ve once lived in That is the house where I’ve once lived That is the house who 10 I saw the person was very big when 11 Do you know the date we have to hand in the essay? whom I was looking at smiled 12 The woman which 13 The flat in he lives is very dirty where 14 The flat he lives is very dirty who 15 An architect is a person designs buildings whose 16 An architect is a person job is to design buildings where 17 Dien Bien Phu is a place our army won a resounding victory in 1954 where 18 The place we spent our holiday was really beautiful whose 19 The boy eyes are brown is my friend whom 20 My uncle you met yesterday is a lawyer which 21 He arrived late, was annoying where 22 This is the factory my father used to worked that 23 It was the boy broke the window which 24 The new camera I bought last week is broken that 25 It was in 1990 I met my husband whose 26 What was the name of the man car you borrowed? who 27 Ann, lives next door, is very friendly that 28 Peter is the one I miss most whom I’ve talked is a very successful student 29 The boy with A Kinds 1- Defining/Restrictive adjective clause (mệnh đề tính từ xác định / hạn định) - Mệnh đề tính từ xác định / hạn định là thành phần câu giải thích cho tiền ngữ và không thể bỏ Nếu bỏ thì nghĩa câu không rõ ràng, mơ hồ Eg: The school which you see over there was built over 100 years ago (Ngôi trường bạn thấy đằng đã xây dựng cách đây 100 năm rồi.) 2- Non-defining/Non-restrictive adjective clause (mệnh đề tính từ không xác định) - Mệnh đề tính từ không xác định là thành phần câu giải thích cho tiền ngữ và có thể lược bỏ, nghĩa câu rõ ràng Eg: Mr John, who is a world population expert, is teaching at this school (Ông John, chuyên viên dân số giới, giảng dạy trường này.) B Differences between defining and non-defining adjective clauses 1- Form (Dạng) + Mệnh đề tính từ không xác định ngăn cách với mệnh đề chính dấu phẩy + Mệnh đề tính từ xác định không có dấu phẩy ngăn cách với mệnh đề chính 2- Structure (Cấu trúc) Ở mệnh đề tính từ xác định có thể thay “who, whom, which” “that” mệnh đề tính từ không xác định không dùng “that” Eg: - His brother, who that is playing for the city football team, is very popular - The city which/that has the most population in the world is Mexico C Combining two simple sentences with adjective clause Để kết hợp câu đơn với mệnh đề tính ngữ ta thực các bước sau: 1- Tìm từ liên hệ (cùng người, việc, ) câu đơn 2- Xác định câu nào là mệnh đề tính từ 3- Thay từ liên hệ đại từ liên hệ thích hợp 4- Viết mệnh đề tính từ (với đại từ quan hệ đầu câu) 5- Đặt dấu phẩy thích hợp (nếu là mệnh đề tính từ không xác định) Eg: + Marie Curie was a famous phisicist She discovered radium  Marie Curie , who discovered radium , was a famous phisicist Marie Curie, who was a famous phisicist, discovered radium Nối câu đơn dùng mệnh đề quan hệ A girl was injured in the accident She is now in hospital The girl who was injured in the accident is now in hospital I met Jane’s father He works at the university I met Jane’s father, who works at the university A man answered the phone He told me you were away The man who answered the phoned told me you were away A waitress served us She was very impolite and impatient The waitress who served us was very impolite and impatient Peter is studying French and German He has never been abroad Peter, who has never been abroad, is studying French and German You’ve all met Michael Wood He is visting us for a couple of days You’ve all met Michael Wood, who is visting us for a couple of days I’ll be staying with Andrian His brother is one of my closest friend I’ll be staying with Andrian, whose brother is one of my closest friend Bí thư tỉnh ủy How I see you Chỉ yêu mình em Until you Mưa tình yêu Only love Giấc mơ trưa Đừng bỏ mặc em Mother in the dream Tình anh không đổi thay Công chúa bong bóng Đừng làm anh đau Dằm tim My heart will go on Đứa bé My love Gọi giấc mơ Take me to your heart Một lần thôi Chờ em đêm Ngọn đồi chong chóng Em luôn tâm trí anh I’m yours Mr Taxi Nhật kí mẹ Ngỡ Mĩ nhân tâm kế Dòng thời gian D Relative pronouns with prepositions Các đại từ quan hệ whom, which, who có thể theo sau giới từ - làm túc từ cho giới từ Khi đại từ quan hệ làm túc từ cho giới từ, chúng ta có thể viết: 1- giới từ sau động từ Eg: + The painting which you are looking at is of Picasso + This is the village which I was born in 2- giới từ trước đại từ Eg: + The painting at which you are looking is of Picasso + This is the village in which I was born * Note: Trong mệnh đề phụ tính ngữ đằng sau đại từ quan hệ là câu đơn và giới từ không đứng trước đại từ quan hệ thì ta có thể lược bỏ đại từ quan hệ Eg: + The hotel (which) we stayed at last summer was very expensive + This is the village (where) I was born + The present (which) you gave me at my birthday is very beautiful Nối câu, sử dụng “giới từ + whom / which” She is the woman I told you about her She is the woman about whom I told you The song was interesting We listened to it last night The song to which we listened last night was interesting The man was very kind I talked to him yesterday The man to whom I talked yesterday was very kind The man works in the hospital I’ve told you about him The man about whom I’ve told you works in the hospital The woman teaches me English I am telling you about her The woman about whom I am telling you teaches me English The picture was beautiful She was looking at it The picture at which she was looking was beautiful I’ll give you the address You should write to it I’ll give you the address to which you should write E Relative clauses replaced by participles and to infinitives A Relative clauses replaced by participles Mệnh đề quan hệ thay đại từ quan hệ làm chủ từ 1- Relative clauses replaced by present participles Mệnh đề quan hệ thay phân từ (V-ing) mang nghĩa chủ động Eg: The singer who is singing on TV is a disabled girl  The singer singing on TV is a disabled girl 2- Relative clauses replaced by past participles Mệnh đề quan hệ thay quá khứ phân từ (PII) mang nghĩa bị động Eg: The houses which were built over 150 years must be pulled down  The houses built over 150 years must be pulled down Note: Chúng ta thay mệnh đề quan hệ mệnh đề cùng thời gian thời gian hiểu rõ / xác định Eg: Do you know the man who has stolen your motorbike ?  Chúng ta không thể thay mệnh đề tính ngữ câu này vì hành động không cùng thời gian B Relative clauses replaced by to infinitives 1- Khi tiền ngữ (antecedent) với số thứ tự (ordinal numbers) hay từ: only, way, work, place, time / day / year, desire, aim, job, next, decision, need, method Eg: This is the only mechanic who can repair this machine  This is the only mechanic to repair this machine 2- Khi đằng trước là cấp so sánh cao Eg: Is Phong Nha cave one of the most beautiful caves that have ever been discovered in Vietnam?  Is PN cave one of the most beautiful caves to have ever been discovered in VN? Note: Mệnh đề tính từ thay mệnh đề cùng chủ từ 3- Khi mệnh đề tính từ diễn tả cần thiết / nhiệm vụ phải thực a) Hai mệnh đề cùng chủ từ Eg: He has some homework that he must  He has some homework to b) Hai mệnh đề khác chủ từ (dùng “for + O”) Eg: He finds a house with a yard which his children can play in  He finds a house with a yard for his children to play in Rút gọn mệnh đề quan hệ các câu sau: The who spokewhich to John is my 11 Theman Sport Games were heldbrother in India in 1951 were the first Asian Games The TheSport man speaking to John is my brother Games held in India in 1951 were the first Asian Games The ideas which arethat presented in that book are interesting 12 I come from a city is located in the southern part of the country IThe ideas presented in thatinbook are interesting come from a city located the southern part of the country Do youlive know woman coming toward us? 13 They in athe house thatwho wasisbuilt in 1890 They Do you know woman live in a the house built coming in 1890.toward us? The are person waitingwho for the bus in the rain way are getting wet 14 Thispeople is the who second was killed in that This The people waitingperson for the to bus the rain areway getting wet is the second beinkilled in that The who is playing piano is Ben in the newspaper were extraordinary 15 Theboy photographs whichthe were published The photographs boy playing the piano isinBen published the newspaper were extraordinary The person who catches the ball willatbe winner of Chicago was successful 16 Thefirst experiment which was conducted thethe University The experiment first person conducted to catch theatball be the winner thewill University of Chicago was successful The who are researching the causes of cancer are making progress 17 Wescientists have an apartment which overlooks the park We The have scientists researching the causes cancer are making progress an apartment overlooking theofpark The first person we must is sponsored Mr Smith by the government 18 They work in a that hospital whichsee was They The first to see sponsored is Mr Smith workperson in a hospital by the government The which surrounds our house is made of wood 19 Yurifence Gagarin was the first man who flew into space Yuri The Gagarin fence surrounding ourman house is into made of wood was the first to fly space 10 John The last who leaves the roomthe must off mountain the light 20 wasperson the last man who reached topturn of the The last toman leavetothe room turn the light  John wasperson the last reach themust top of theoff mountain • Cách xác định mệnh đề phụ tính ngữ không xác định Khi tiền ngữ (antecedent) là từ xác định (definite word) 1- Danh từ riêng (proper nouns) : tên người, vật Eg: The Mekong river, which starts in Tibet, is the largest river in Indochina 2- Danh từ bổ nghĩa bởi: thị tính từ (demonstrative adjectives: this, that, these, those); sở hữu tính từ (possessive adjectives: my, your, his, her, their, our ) Eg: + That man, who gave you my address, is my uncle + Her son, about whom I’ve talked to you, is one of the best students in school 3- Danh từ bổ nghĩa cụm tính từ (adjective phrases) Eg: The man in light blue, who stands next to the door, is a famous artist 4- Mệnh đề phụ tính ngữ bổ nghĩa cho câu đơn Eg: He always talks in class, which annoys his teacher Các câu sau chứa MĐQH xác định (D) hay không các định (N)? Đặt dấu phẩy cần The bus which leaves at 5.30 doesn’t stop at Corn wall D The food which was left was eaten the following day D His room,which was small, was filled with piles of old books N The bike which he wanted to buy was too expensive D These students, who were late,waited in the playground N The girl who was waiting was becoming impatient D Jane,who was wearing a hat ,waited outside the room N My dog,which was lying on the sofa,has long pointed ears N Rex Carter,whose land I bought,is a farmer N 10.He came to school late,which annoyed the teacher N * Các trường hợp dùng “that” mà không dùng “which” 1- Phía trước là: all, little, much, few, everything, none, any, every, no, the very, the same, the right Eg: There are few books that you can read in this book store 2- Từ thay vừa có người, vừa có vật Eg: He asked about the factories and workers that he had visited 3- Từ thay có cấp so sánh Eg: This is the best novel that I’ve ever read 4- Từ thay phía trước có định ngữ là số thứ tự Eg: The first thing that you have to is to your homwork 5- Trong câu nhấn mạnh: “It is that ” Eg: It is in this room that he was born 20 years ago * Notes: - Nói something that nhiều gấp 20 lần nói something which - Nói somebody who nhiều gấp lần nói somebody that Các trường hợp không dùng “that” 1- Câu có mệnh đề phụ tính ngữ không xác định (có dấu phẩy) Eg: New York Harbour, which is ice-free in all seasons, is one of the largest and finest harbours in the world (Hải cảng New York, không bị đóng băng tất mùa, là hải cảng lớn và đẹp trên giới.) 2- Khi giới từ đảo lên đứng trước đại từ quan hệ Eg: The girl that I’ve told you about is my classmate (Cô gái mà tôi vừa nói với bạn là bạn cùng lớp tôi  The girl about whom I’ve told you is my classmate See you again !