The impact of ecological factors on plant diversity in ben en national park

ACKNOWLEDGMENT First and foremost, in order to complete the training program and to assess student’s the results of learning as well as making the condition for student in investigation and scientific research, I have conducted the thesis under the permission of the Vietnam Forestry University, the Faculty of Forest and Environment Management with thesis’ name: The impact of selected ecological factors on plant diversity in Ben En National Park in Thanh Hoa Province In particular, I would like extend my grateful thanks to both my supervisor, including: Assoc Prof Dr Hoang Van Sam and Dr Tobias They have supported me throughout the research process as well as during the period of completing the thesis Besides, I would also like to thank Dr Lee Macdonald who comes from professor Colorado State University in judging and fixing the controversial issue in my thesis Last but not least, I sincerely thank for the board of directors and staff in Ben En National Park helped me to deal with this topic Eventually, this is initially familiar with scientific research and as the results of poor experiments which lead to get the unavoidable errors I look forward to receiving suggestion from teachers and friends ABSTRACT The thesis have provide the fundamental information in the plant species diversity and vegetation types as well as some factors influencing on the plant diversity in Ben En National Park The thesis recorded about 363 vascular plant species belonging to 70 different families Besides, there are two main types of vegetation which witnessed in National Park, including moist tropical evergreen and secondary lowland limestone forests, moist tropical evergreen lowland forests and secondary forest after mining on other soils with heavily and slightly disturbed subtypes illustrating the impact of human activities on In terms of the first vegetation type, it consist of some subtypes which are slightly disturbed, heavily disturbed and shrub-land on lime stone, while the second main one is tropical evergreen lowland forest on other soils with slightly disturbed forest on ferralitic or alluvial soil, heavily disturbed forest on ferralitic soil and shrub-land on ferralitic soil Moreover, there are plenty of high conservation species living in Ben En National Park, among which I have found and recognized a number of species are listed in the Red list of IUCN (2015) and species belong to the Red data Book of Vietnam (Ban 2007) as well as many plant species are in the face of extinction Last by not least, the overview of the impact of ecological factors on the plant diversity in the distribution and the development showed up in this thesis with some such dominant ecological factors as: the canopy cover, shrub and herb cover and the elevation TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENT ABSTRACT TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLE INTRODUCTION CHAPTER I LITERATURE REVIEW CHAPTER II OBJECTIVES, SCOPES OF THE STUDY AND METHODOLOGY 2.1 Objective 2.2 Subjects and scope of research 2.3 Content 2.4 Methodology 2.4.1 Material inherited and preparation method 2.4.2 Field investigation method 2.4.3 Non-field investigation method 11 CHAPTER III RESERCH AREAS 14 3.1 Geographical Location 14 3.2 Topography 14 3.3 Climate and Hydrology 16 3.4.Forest resource 16 3.5.Characteristics of social economy 17 CHAPTER IV RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 18 4.1 Vegetation types in Ben En National Park and its characteristics 18 4.1.1 Moist Tropical evergreen in lowland limestone forests 18 4.1.2 Moist tropical evergreen lowland forests 20 4.1.3 Plantation forest 23 4.1.4 Agricultural land 24 4.2 Conservation of plant species status in Ben En National Park 24 4.3 The impact of some ecological factors on plant diversity in Ben En National Park 24 4.3.1 Impact of elevation factor on plant diversity in Ben En National Park 24 4.3.2 Effect of the canopy cover to plant diversity 29 4.3.3 Effect of shrub and herb cover to plant diversity 30 CONCLUSION 32 REFERENCE LIST OF TABLE Table 4.1 Fluctuation number of plant species and families by evelation in Ben En National Park 25 Table 4.2 The relationship between elevation and the index 28 Table 4.3 Familiar level in species composition in vegetation structure among different altitude 28 Table 4.4 The impact of canopy cover on regeneration density 29 Table 4.5 the result of surveying shrub and herb layer 30 Table 4.6 the impact of shrub and herbs cover on regeneration species 31 INTRODUCTION It is universally acknowledged that tropical rainforests are terrestrial ecosystem on Earth illustrating the abundance of species diversity, but nowadays, we are witnessing about the disappearance of species at a dizzying pace because lands are renovated by timber, agriculture, and other uses (Fimbel et al 2001; Meijaard et al 2005) Vietnam’s forests are extremely biodiverse (Thin 1997) and Vietnam is one of the nations ranked the 16 th in global bio-diverse (WCMC 1992) The abundance of plant diversity is one of the most characteristics in tropical rainforests, which cover less than 10% of the total land areas; there are more than 50 percent of earth’s plant species found in tropical rainforests (Wilson 1988; Mayaux et al 2005) Unfortunately, the majority of Vietnam’s forests have significantly decreased during the last 60 years (Chien 2006) Around million of tropical forests have been lost (Achard et al 2002) As a result, the forest cover witnessed a downward trend in 1985 and 1995 at 30 percent and 28 percent, respectively (Lung 2001; Hoang et al 2008 a) In 1998, the Vietnamese government deployed the million Reforestation Program with the aim of planning million of forests in 2010 as well as restoring the cover of forest to reach of 43 percent (Lung 2001) Plants are the world’s biodiversity as well as demonstrating its essential resource on the earth (GSPC 2012) There are many thousands of wild plants used with the aim of economic and providing food, medicine, fuel shelter for humans around the world in over period of time The United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity noted that: “Biological resources probably contribute into world’s economy and the poor’s demands at about 40 percent and 80 percent, respectively (Convention 2011) Also, the more life’s diversity, the more popular opportunity for medical discoveries, economic development and facing to such new challenges as: climate change Unfortunately, many plant species are threatened by habitat transformation, over-exploitation, pollution and climate change Ben En National Park is known as the ecological complex of mountain, river, lake with more than 16.000ha of area and the plentiful plants and animals system It is homeland of the famous green ironwood in Vietnam According to researching of scientists, Flora in this park includes 58 species were listed in IUCN Red Book, 46 species belongs to Viet Nam Red Book in 2007 The Red List species in Ben En National Park were identified based on the Red Data Book of Vietnam (IUCN 2006, Ban 2007) and their conservation status was assessed using the frequent appearance of species including trees and stump which is found during the field inventory (Hoang et al 2008a, b, c) Obviously, there are the plenty of research which related to the case of plant diversity in Vietnam.Although, there are several studies on the environmental characteristics, natural distribution of some such species as Erythrophloeumfordii, Melienthasuavis Pierre or Garciniafagraeoides, there is less research on the effect of ecological factors (topography, soil physical characteristics and human) to the distribution and the development of plants in Ben En National Park In recent decades, research on plants diversity has become more and more important Protected areas contribute to the protection as well as conservation of the biodiversity and provide diverse public goals like socio-economic development With the aim to study the impact of ecological factors on biodiversity of flora species in the study area, so I conducted this thesis: “The impact of ecological factors on plant diversity in Ben En National Park” CHAPTER I LITERATURE REVIEW Environmental factor or ecological factor or eco-factor is any factor, including abiotic or biotic influencing living organisms (Gilpin, A 1996) Abiotic factors are the non-living components of the ecosystem which play a critical role in biology of the ecosystem There are several abiotic factors which exert huge impact on plants, namely: topography, temperature, light, moisture, soil nutrients, and the percentage of canopy cover Normally, abiotic factors definitely influence on the distribution of plant diversity and its abundance (Hotra et al 2003) Besides, there are plenty of studies illustrated that abiotic environment factors, such as topographic parameters can cause changes of plant diversity (Bennie et al., 2006; Marini Lorenzo et al., 2007) Grassland diversity is heavily affected by environment factors; e.g soil and topography (Cristofoli, 2010; Marini Lorenzo et al., 2007) At least, since the 1890s, it is obvious that the local vegetation situation affected by the topography through the subject interactions which is recognized (Warming 1895) In terms of temperature, the vast majority of seedlings distribute to the forest with dark closed canopy condition, leading to the necessary of examining the impact of temperature on seedlings growth not only in bright conditions but also in dark conditions (Koi Takahashi et al 2011) Besides, according to (Yin et al 2008) reported that seeds growth of Betula albo-sinensis rose in the warm condition with 0.510C higher than the ambient air condition On the other hand, the biotic factors are living organisms including competing species, parasites, predators and humans or in other word macro- and micro- organisms (Muoghalu JI 2003) Moreover, they will affect plant growth and development through different ways Specially, the morphology of plants is one of the genetic factor influenced by those organisms (Ben G Bareja, 2011) Certainly, human not only exerts positive and negative impact on the environment, humans but also have transformed 40–50% of the ice-free land surface, changing prairies, forests and wetlands into agricultural and urban systems (F Stuart Chapin et al 2000) Plants are influenced by human activities which can change the interaction among species in the community (Huston 1994; Acharya 1999) Habitat loss, fragmentation, and degradation are currently the most important threats to biodiversity (Primack 1993) In contrast, a coin has two side, so human activities also have different influences on biodiversity (Putz et al 2000) For instance, numerous studies have shown that although logging can cause numerous damage to the forest ecosystem, logged-over forests would maintain original biodiversity (Whitmore & Sayer 1992; Cannon et al 1998; Meijaard et al 2005) Ecological factor plays a significant role for the ecological development as well as the biological diversity of species in the whole ecosystem Fortunately, humans in general became increasingly concerned about the impact of environment on habitat Viet Nam is not only one of the countries with one of the highest biodiversity in the world with plentiful source of natural ecosystem, but Viet Nam also contains many rare genes with a variety of endemic species due to the complexity of the terrain, climate, creating suitable conditions for various ecosystems In addition, there is also evidence that environmental factors or ecological factors such as soil nutrients, canopy openness, slope and herb cover affect the distribution of tree species and forest composition (Duivenvoorden 1995, Potts et al 2002) Plant biodiversity in Vietnam There is a variety of diverse flora in Vietnam with around 28% of its total endemic species (Thin 1997) Moreover, Vietnam is considered as one of the most biologically diverse countries in the world and the percentage of precious and endemic species of fauna and flora that probably are concentrated mostly in Vietnam However, a few decades, there are the plenty of species recognized as endemic species in Vietnam and it also appears in countries including China, Laos, or Thailand (Hoang et al 2004) According to the statistics, Vietnam has 11,373 plant species that belong to 2524 genera , 378 families and major plant groups (Table 2.1) (Thin 1997) Besides, A few years later, according to some estimation illustrating the number of flora in Vietnam reach to 12,000 species (Thin 2000) A number of preliminary estimates offer figures of about 600 indigenous species of vascular plants in Vietnam (Tolmachev 1974; Nguyen Nghia Thin 1997; Phan Ke Loc 1998) The total number of species belongs to vascular plants known in Vietnam for the time being is about 10,350 species in 2,256 genera and 305 families (Phan Ke Loc 1998) Certainly, the flora of Vietnam is extremely diverse with ranging from general species to endemic species The rate of endemic species has been variously recorded, ranging from 20% (Pocs 1965) to as high as 50% (Thai Van Trung 2000) It is universally acknowledged through a more conservative estimate that there are approximately about 10% of species and 3% of genera well-known as Vietnam’s endemic (Vo Quy 1995) Among 305 vascular plant families reported for Vietnam, the highest levels of endemism occurs in the Acanthaceae, Anacardiaceae, Annonaceae, Apocynaceae, Araceae, Arecaceeae, Asclepiadaceae, Celastraceae, Ericaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Fagaceae, Myrsinaceae, Rubiaceae, Sapindaceae, Sapotaceae, Theaceae and Zingiberaceae (Schmid 1974; Takhtajan 1986; Rundel 1999) Recently, an inventory of the orchid species in Vietnam showed that the uniqueness of the family is 20% (Averyanov&Averyanova 2003) On the other hand, The Vietnamese government has established a system of protected area with the aim of protecting the threatened biodiversity as well as conserving the main ecosystems present in Vietnam and the vital landscapes for culture, ecology and biodiversity (Tai 1995; Vn 2003; Chien 2006) Initially, the first National Park in Vietnam is Cuc Phuong established in 1962 with the aim of forest production and conservation (Thu 2002 ) Afterward, gradually, Vietnam’s the national park and nature reserve has developed in a sudden way In 2015, Vietnam had 164 regions of special purpose with different goals and its total area of 2.2 million hectares which constitute 6.8 percent of the total area in Vietnam (VNForest 2015) Forest Protection Department 2006 Forest protected areas system in Vietnam.Vietnam (in Vietnamese) Global Strategy for Plant Conservation: 2011-2020 Recommended citation: Convention on Biological Diversity, 2012 Botanic Gardens Conservation International, Richmond, UK September 2012 Gilpin, A 1996 Dictionary of Environment and Sustainable Development John Wiley and Sons 247 p Gerdemann, J W 1975 Vesicular-arbuscular my corrhizae P 575-591 In: G Torrey and D.T Nicholson (eds.), The development and function of roots Academic Press, New York Green, N.E., M.D Smith, W.D.Bevis, and E.F aldon 1983 Influence of vesicularabuscular my – corrhizal fungi on the nodulation and growth of sub-clover J Range Manage 36:576-578 Hoang, S.V 2008 (a) A species of Myristica Gronov A new record for Flora of Vietnam Vietnam Journal of Forest Science 1: 526 - 529 Huston, M.A 1994 Biological diversity: the coexistence of species in changing landscapes Cambridge University Press, Cambridge Hoang, S.V., P Baas, & P.J.A Keßler 2008 (c) Uses and conservation of plant species in a National Park - a case study of Ben En, Vietnam Economic Botany 62: 574 - 593 Hoang, S.V., P Baas, & P.J.A Keßler 2008 (b) Traditional medicinal plants in Ben En National Park, Vietnam Blumea 53: 569 - 601 Hoang, S.V., P Baas, & P.J.A Keßler 2008 (a) Plant biodiversity in Ben En National Park Agricultural Publishing House, Hanoi, Vietnam Harper, J.L 1977 Population biology of plants Academic Press, New York Hoang, S.V., P.J.A Keßler, & K Nanthavong 2004 Trees of Laos and Vietnam; 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Has the budget for the research on genetic diversity of plant stayed the same, risen or fallen during the last five years? In the few decades ago, have actions have been take in your local, to protect or preserve the plant diversity? What the local people in protecting plant diversity from negative impact of ecological factor? B Survey and Questionaires local officials Make a list of question and questionnaire Name : Address : Jobs : Position : What you think about the status of plant diversity in The Nation Park ? Do you know about local people taking forest product and cutting tree? What will you to improve the conservation of plant diversity? Do you often observe or assess the relationship between environmental factor and plant diversity? Where is mainly focus on rare plant species? What you think about the policy enacted by the government? Is it good or bad? If it is good, whether the local authorities can apply those policies for protecting and preserving the plant diversity or not? Can the local government manage and conserve the plant diversity? 41 APPENDIX B: Table 01: List of high species in Ben En National Park No Families Annonaceae Specific name Common Conservation value name Enicosanthellum Nhọc trái petelotii (Merr.) khớp mác IUCN Red Book of 2015 Vietnam 2007 LR EN B1+2b,c Ban Amaranthaceae Goniothalamus Màu cau macrocalyx Ban trắng Alternanthera sessilis (L.) R Br Rau rệu VU A1a VU A1a,d, B1+2b,c,e LC ex Roem Schefflera Araliaceae palmiformis Chân chim Grushv et EN CR Alc,d, B1+2c Bl+2b,c Skvortsov Apocynaceae Alstonia scholaris Sữa LR Hồ liên to LC (L.) R Br Holarrhena pubescens Wall ex G Don Rauvolfia verticillata Ba gạc vòng VU A1a,c (Lour.) Baill.* Arecaceae Calamus platyacanthus VU Song mật A1c,d+2c,d Warb ex Becc Livistona saribus Cọ 42 DD Decree 32/2006 (Lour.) Merr ex A Chev 10 Acoraceae 11 12 Berberidaceae Acorus calamus L Thủy xương Thạch xương Soland bồ tonkinense EN Bl+2b,c bồ Acorus gramineus Podophyllum LC LC Bát giác liên EN A1a,c,d Đinh giả VU B1+2e IIA VU A2 VU A1,c,d, IIA c,d B1+2b,c Gagnep Markhamia 13 Bignoniaceae stipulata (Wall.) Seem ex K.Schum 14 15 Cephalotaxacea Cephalotaxus e mannii Hook f Cycadaceae Cycas chevalieri Nghèn NT IIA VU A2 IIA Leandri Cycas immersa 16 Craib Cycas balansae 17 18 Đỉnh tùng Tuế chim Thiên tuế c,d VU Ala,c IIA Warrb Clusiaceae Garcinia fagraeoides A Trai lý IIA Chev 19 Cucurbitaceae Gynostemma Dần toòng EN A1a,c,d Disporopsis Hoàng tinh VU A1c,d longifolia Craib hoa trắng Ophiopogon Xà bì bắc pentaphyllum (Thunb.) Makino 20 21 22 Convallariacea e VU B1 + 2b,c tonkinensis Rodr Peliosanthes teta Sâm cau Andr 43 VU A1c,d IIA 23 Polygonatum Hoàng tinh kingianum CoIl vòng EN A1c,d & Hemsl Dipterocarpace 24 ae Hopea chinensis A1cd+2c Mazz d, C1, D Parashorea 27 28 Sao den Roxb 26 VU A1cd+2c d Chò EN chinensis H A1cd, Wang C2a, D Elaeocarpaceae Elaeocarpus Côm mũi apiculatus Mast Euphorbiaceae CR (Merr.) Hand.- Hopea odorata 25 Sao gai Cleidiocarpon VUB1+2 a Đen cavaleriei (Lev.) VU B1+2c Airy Shaw Deutzianthus Mọ LR Rù rì LC tonkinensis 29 Gagnep Homonoia riparia 30 31 32 33 Lour Fagaceae Castanopsis ferox Cà ổi vọng (Roxb.) Spach phu Castanopsis Dẻ đỏ (cà hystrix A DC ổi đỏ) Castanopsis Cà ổi to kawakamii Hayata Lithocarpus bacgiangensis 34 Dẻ bắc giang (Hickel & A Camus.) A Camus 44 LR VU B1+2a IIA Lithocarpus 35 balansae (Drake) Sồi đá mác A Camus Lithocarpus 36 bonnetii (Hickel & A Camus) A Sồi đá tuyên quang Camus Lithocarpus 37 cerebrinus Sồi phảng (Hickel et A Camus) A Camus Lithocarpus 38 fenestratus Dẻ lỗ, Dẻ cau (Roxb.) Rehd Lithocarpus finetii 39 (Hickel et Dẻ đấu cứng A.Camus) A Camus Lithocarpus 40 haemisphericus Giẻ bán cầu (Drake) Barnett Lithocarpus 41 mucronatus Giẻ núm (Hickel & A Camus) A Camus Lithocarpus 42 vestitus (Hickel et A.Camus) Sồi nhung A.Camus Quercus 43 chrysocalyx Hick Sồi quang & Cam 45 Quercus platycalyx Hickel 44 Sồi đĩa et A.Camus Hydnocarpus 45 Flacourtiaceae annamensis (Gagnep.) Lesch Lọ nồi trung VU A1cd et Sleumer Hydnocarpus hainanensis 46 Nang trứng VU A1cd (Merr.) Sleum 47 Hyperricaceae Cratoxylum Thành ngạnh cochinchinense nam LR (Lour.) Blume 48 49 Illiciaceae Illicium difengpi Hồi đá vôi B.N Chang Juglandaceae Annamocarya sinensis (Dode) J Chò đãi Leroy 50 VU B1+2b,c,e Lauraceae Cinnadenia paniculata (Hook EN B1+2c,d, EN B1+2c,d,e e Kháo xanh LR VU A1 Vù hương E A1c,d, VUA1c f.) Kost Cinnamomum 51 balansae Lecomte Cinnamomum cambodianum 52 B1 +2c Re cam bốt VU B1+2b,e Lecomte Cinnamomum Re hương DD CR A1a,c,d Michelia balansae Giổi lông DD VU A1c,d parthenoxylon 53 (Jack) Meissn 54 55 Magnoliaceae Dandy Manglietia dandyi Vàng tâm (Gagnep.) Dandy 46 VU A1c,d 56 Myristicaceae 57 Knema globularia Máu chó (Lamk.) Warb nhỏ Knema pierrei Máu chó to LR VU D2 Warb 58 Knema Máu chó bắc tonkinensis VU D2 (Warb.) de Wilde Menispermacea Coscinium 59 e fenestratum Vàng đắng DD IIA (Gaertn.) Colebr Fibraurea recisa 60 Hoàng đằng IIA Hoàng Đằng IIA Pierre Fibraurea 61 tinctoria Lour 62 Stephania Cam thảo, hernandiifolia dây muối IIA (Wild.) Spreng Stephania Dây lõi tiền IIA Stephania pierrei Bình vôi IIA Diels trắng Ardisia silvestris Cơn nguội VU Pit rừng, Khôi A1a,c,d+2d Aglaia perviridis Gội xanh japonica (Thunb.) 63 Miers 64 65 Myrsinaceae 66 Hiern Chukrasia Lát hoa tabularis A Juss 67 Orchidaceae Kim tuyến đá calcareus Aver vôi elwesii LR VU A1a,c,d+2d Anoectochilus Anoectochilus 68 VU A1c Giải thùy tím (C.B.Clarke ex 47 EN A1d IA IIA Hook.f.) King & Pantl 69 70 Anoectochilus Lan kim setaceus Blume tuyến Dendrobium Ngọc vạn chrysanthum vàng EN A1a,c,d IIA EN B1+2e+3d Lindl 71 Dendrobium Hoàng thảo dentatum Seidenf Dendrobium Kim diệp VU B1+2e+3d Dendrobium Thạch hộc, EN B1+2b,c,e IIA nobile Lindl Hoàng thảo VU B1+2b,c,e IIA fimbriatum Hook 72 f 73 Nervilia aragoana Chân trâu 74 75 Gaudich in Freyc xanh Nervilia plicata Chân trâu xếp IIA (Andr.) Schlechter Paphiopedilum hirsutissimum 76 (Lindl ex Hook.) Tiên hài, Lan hài lông VU B2 a,b (II, III, V) VU A1c,d+A2d IA Stein 77 Paphiopedilum Lan hài, malipoense var Thạch lan hiepii (Aver.) dài Zeuxine Ty trụ LC Colysis pteropus Ráng vi quần LC (Bl.) Capel chân có cánh Drynaria bonii H Tắc kè đá VU A1a,c,d Cốt toái bổ EN A1,c,d strateumatica (L.) 78 EN Ala,c,d+2d Schlechter 79 80 81 Polypodiaceae Christ Drynaria fortunei 48 IA (Kuntze ex Mett.) J Sm 82 Phymatosorus Ráng thư nigrescens hàng đen VU A1a,c,d (Blume) Pic Serm 83 Pinaceae Pinus kwangtungensis Thơng Pà Cị NT VU A1a,c,d, B1+2b,c,e Chun ex Tsiang 84 Podocarpaceae Dacrycarpus Thông nàng, imbricatus Bạch tùng LR (Blume) de Laub Nageia fleuryi 85 (Hickel) de Laub 86 Kim giao, Kim giao đá NT vôi Nageia Kim giao núi wallichiana (C đất LR Presl) Kuntze 87 88 Polygonaceae Podocarpus Thông tre neriifolius D.Don dài Fallopia multiflora LR Hà thủ ô đỏ VU A1a,c,d (Thunb.) Hardison 89 Sapindaceae Amesiodendron chinense (Merr.) Trường mật LR Hu 90 91 Smilacaceae Sapotaceae Smilax petelotii T Kim cang Koyama petelot Madhuca pasquieri H.J Sến mật CR B2b, 3d VU A1cd Lam 92 Taxaceae Amentotaxus Dẻ tùng vân yunnanensis H L nam Li 49 EN A1c EN A1a,c,d IA Taxus chinensis 93 94 Thông đỏ bắc EN A2 d Pilger Tiliaceae Colona poilanei VU A1a,c, B1+2b,c Bồ an LR Nghiến EN A1d Gagnep Excentrodendron tonkinensis 95 (Gagnep.) Chiang EN A1ad+2c,d & Miau 96 IIA Trilliaceae Paris polyphylla Smith Trọng nâu nhiều APPENDIX C: PICTURES 50 EN A1c,d IIA ... status in Ben En National Park 24 4.3 The impact of some ecological factors on plant diversity in Ben En National Park 24 4.3.1 Impact of elevation factor on plant diversity in Ben En National. .. 32/2006/ND-CP of Vietnamese government (Appendix B) 4.3 The impact of some ecological factors on plant diversity in Ben En National Park 4.3.1 Impact of elevation factor on plant diversity in Ben En National. .. species value in Ben En National The characteristic of vegetation types in limestone and in others soil Study the impact of some ecological factors on plant diversity in Ben En National Park 2.4 Methodology