Assessing impacts of iron ore exploitation on the environment in son thuy commune van ban district lao cai province

MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF FORESTRY STUDENT THESIS Title ASSESSING IMPACTS OF IRON ORE EXPLOITATION ON THE ENVIRONMENT IN SON THUY COMMUNE, VAN BAN DISTRICT, LAO CAI PROVINCE Major: Natural Resources Management Faculty: Forest Resources and Environmental Management Student: Dang Chieu Xuan Student ID:145 309 2249 Class: K59A Natural Resources Management Course: 2014 - 2019 Advanced Education Program Developed in collaboration with Colorado State University, USA Supervisor: Msc Nguyen Thi Bich Hao Ha Noi, September 2018 ACKNOWLEDGE Successful completion of any types of project requires helps from a number of people I have also taken helps from different people for the preparation of this report Now, there is a little effort to show my deep gratitude to those helpful people I convey my sincere gratitude to my Academic Supervisor Msc Nguyen Thi Bich Hao, a lecturer of the department of Environmental Engineering, Vietnam National University of Forestry Without her kind direction and proper guidance this study would have been a little success In every phase of the project, her supervision and guidance shaped this report to be completed perfectly Finally, I want to express my deep gratefulness to residents and the local authorities of Son Thuy commune With their enthusiasm help during dust sampling, noise measurement and interviews processes, I had the opportunity to enhance my knowledge and experience about the impacts of Iron ore exploitation on the environment in Son Thuy commune From that, all of these data and information help me to complete report Hanoi, September 28th, 2018 Student Dang Chieu Xuan ABSTRACT This study evaluated the situation of the environment that is impacted by Iron ore exploited activities in Son Thuy Commune, Van Ban District, Lao Cai Province The paper document studied all steps of Iron ore exploited process, from that considering some steps which generated directly dust, wastewater and noise into the environment causing serious impacts To assess the impacts of exploited activities on the air environment, the author applied taking dust sampling (qualitative method) to identify the indicator in wastewater such as Ph, TSS, Fe, Mn and Cd, the author took the wastewater samples in Son Thuy commune and analyzed them In addition, the impacts of Iron ore exploitation also on social aspects were assessed by noise level measurement and other interview with local residents and authorities Once the pollutants have been identified, appropriate and effective recommendations should be made to improve the current social and environmental situation CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGE ABSTRACT CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES LIST OF FIGURES INTRODUCTION GOALS AND SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES 2.1 Goals 2.2 Specific objectives STUDY METHODS 3.1 Study area 3.2 Interview method 3.3 Research methods in the field .9 3.4 Analyzing method in laboratory .14 RESULTS 19 4.1 Current state of Iron ore exploitation in Son Thuy commune, Van Ban district, Lao Cai province 19 4.2 The impacts of Iron ore exploitation of the Quy Sa mine on the environmental and social aspects of Son Thuy commune 22 4.3 Proposing solutions to enhance the efficiency at environmental management for mining Iron ore activities in Son Thuy commune 36 DICUSSIONS AND CONCLUSIONS 38 5.1 Discussions and conclusions 38 5.2 Limitations and recommendations 39 REFERENCES LIST OF TABLES Table 1.1 The World reserves of Iron ore in 2017, by country Table 1.2 The production of some metallic minerals in the world between 2012 and 2016….2 Table 1.3 The reduction and destruction of forest due to mining in 2006 Table 3.1 Sampling locations 11 Table 4.1 The output of Iron ore mining and quarrying products according to the design 19 Table 4.2 Mining output of Quy Sa iron mine in recent years 20 Table 4.3 Properties of wastewater generated from exploiting Iron ore at Quy Sa mine 23 Table 4.4 The amount of dust emitted from Iron ore exploitation at Quy Sa mine 28 Table 4.5 The results of six dust samples 29 Table 4.6 The noise level is caused owing to the engine of the Iron ore trucks (dBA) 34 Table 4.7 Harms of noise having high frequency for human health 35 LIST OF FIGURES Figure 3.1 The map of Van Ban district Figure 3.2 The map of Son Thuy commune Figure 3.3 The map of Quy Sa Iron ore mine .7 Figure 3.4 The samples distributed in Lech village, Son Thuy commune 13 Figure 3.5 Main types of wastewater based on their sources 14 Figure 3.6 pH meter 15 Figure 4.1 Diagram of production process at Quy Sa mine 21 Figure 4.2 Temperature value of wastewater discharged from Iron ore exploitation .23 Figure 4.3 pH value of wastewater discharged from Iron ore exploitation 24 Figure 4.4 TSS value of wastewater discharged from Iron ore exploitation 24 Figure 4.5 Mn value of wastewater discharge from Iron ore exploitation 25 Figure 4.6 Fe value of wastewater discharge from Iron ore exploitation 25 Figure 4.7 Cd value of wastewater discharge from Iron ore exploitation 26 Figure 4.8 Percentage of interviewees supposed that transpoting Iron ore activities causing lanscape destruction 27 Figure 4.9 Sample 1… 30 Figure 4.10 Sample 2… 30 Figure 4.11 Sample 30 Figure 4.12 Sample 30 Figure 4.13 Sample 30 Figure 4.14 Sample 6… 30 Figure 4.15.Percentage of interviewees suffering from disease relating to dust generation from Iron ore transportation 32 Figure 4.16 The assessment of interviees about the impacts of Iron ore transportation on traffic activities 33 Figure 4.17 Percentage of interviewees choosing the number of average trucks passing by per day through 279 National Highway 33 LIST OF ACRONYMS BTNMT Ministry of natural resources and Environment of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam Cd cadmium EPA United States Environmental Protection Agency Fe Iron IEC Electroacoustics - Sound level meters MCL Maximum Contaminant Level Mn Manganese ORP Oxidation Reduction Potential QCVN The basic regulation of Vietnam Government TCVN The standards of Vietnam Government TSS Total Suspended Solids VINACOMIN Vietnam National Coal and Mineral Industries Holding Corp Ltd VND Vietnam Dong INTRODUCTION The state of mineral deposit A mineral deposit (or an ore deposit) is defined as a rock body that includes one or more elements (or minerals) that are enough average crustal abundance to have potential economic value such as metallic mineral deposits (e.g., deposits of Copper, Lead, Zinc, Iron, Gold, etc.) (Kula C Misra, 2000) [18] In terms of metallic mineral deposits, Iron ore is one of the representatives for this category Australia and Brazil are among the world’s largest Iron ore producers and possess a huge proportion of the world’s Iron ore deposits While Australia accounts for fifty percent of the world’s Iron ore exports, Brazil exported around twenty three percent of the world's total Iron exports Table 1.1 The World reserves of Iron ore in 2017, by country [21] Unit: Million metric tons No Country Crude ore Iron content Australia 50 000 24 000 Russia 25 000 14 000 Brazil 23 000 12 000 China 21 000 200 India 100 200 Canada 000 300 Vietnam is a country located adjacent to the Mediterranean and the Pacific leading to diverse and abundant mineral resources The results of mineral investigation, assessment and exploration indicated that the country has rich and diverse mineral resources with over 5000 mines and 40 different mineral types [1] In terms of metallic mineral group, Vietnam has a variety of metallic minerals such as Iron, Manganese, Chromium, Titanium, Copper, Lead, and etc Among the metallic minerals As mentioned above, Iron ore is the mineral with enormous reserves in Vietnam The Iron ore in Vietnam is distributed in three main areas, the first one is the Northwest in which mines are exploited along the Red River and its reserve is over 200 million tons The second area is the Northeast with mines in Thai Nguyen and its total deposit is about 50 million tons The last area concentrated a large amount of Iron ore in Vietnam is Ha Tinh province where Thach Khe mine located This mine’s reserves is about 554 million tons, high content of iron (6065%) [3] The state of mineral exploitation Currently, the basis for industrial development includes a number of major metals such as Iron, Copper, Aluminum, Lead, Zinc, etc In many industrialized nations, the demand for these metals accounts for 80% - 90% of the total metal used in the world The table 1.2 are some of the major metal minerals exploited in the world In terms of metallic minerals, according to the data published by world mining where annually production of 63 mineral commodities from 168 countries are presented on the production of Bauxite, Copper, Iron and Nickel in five years is shown on table 1.2 Table 1.2 The production of some metallic minerals in the world between 2012 and 2016 [20] Unit: metric tons No Commodity 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Bauxite 258939615 300583212 260844562 29673536 284933806 Copper 16764481 18271968 18644945 19403679 2017159 Iron 136140491 1474380927 155344491 1548956399 1575123716 Nickel 2356041 2604841 2175030 2115971 1953503 According to United states geographical survey [14], Vietnam produced about 1.9% and 1.4% of the world’s Tin and Cement Other commodities produced in the country includes Bauxite, Chromium ore, Coal, Lead, Manganese, Nickel,etc, As for major processed minerals, Vietnam produced refined Copper, Rolled steel, Refined tin, and Zinc In terms of metallic minerals, in 2013, Vietnam National Coal and Mineral Industries Holding Corp Ltd (VINACOMIN) announced the operation of the Tan Rai Alumina factory located in the Bao Lam District in Lam Dong Province In April 2014, VINACOMIN expected the Tan Rai plant reached a designed capacity of 650,000 tons annually (tons / year) of Alumina by 2015 In 2014, the factory is estimated production from 85% to 90% of capacity According to VINACOMIN, Nhan Co that is another mine of VINACOMIN would include Bauxite and Alumina The mine was expected to have a Bauxite capacity of million metric tons per year (Mt/year) and the plant would have the capacity to produce 650,000 tons/year of Alumina [14] Benefits and impacts of mineral exploitation on Vietnam’s economy and environment Benefits from mineral exploitation on Vietnam’s economy Annually, Vietnam’s mining industry provides about 90 million tons of limestone, 70 million m3 of common building materials, nearly 100 million m3 of construction sand, over 45 million tons of Coal, etc helping Vietnam derive certain economic benefits from these activities - The primary benefit from mineral exploitation is a huge contribution to Vietnam’s gross domestic product According to the Vietnam General Department of Geology and Minerals, mining output (excluding oil and gas) accounts for 4-5% of total annual GDP, contributed directly to the budget from the granting of mineral mining rights, environmental protection fees from 2014 to 2017 with an average of 16-20,000 billion VND It can be said that mineral resources really become the mainstay for socio-economic development of the country in each period [1] - Another significant contribution of mineral exploitation is creating job for a huge number of Vietnamese citizens According to draft resolution of the People's Council of Nghe An Province on planning for exploration, exploitation and use of mineral [4], The meeting heard and commented on the draft plan for job creation for employees in 2015 until 2020 In the 2011 – 2014 period, the employments were created for 141,800 laborers It is forecasted that from now to 2020, the labor demands are about 223,350 people, with an average of 37,000 workers per year Impacts of mineral exploitation on the environment In additon to the benefits achieved from mineral exploitation to Vienam’s economy However, impacts of this action on the environment are becoming obvious and more serious The impacts of mining depend on many factors, including the type of mining and the size of operation It means that land is disturbed, the topography is transformed and the hydro geological conditions are affected adversely - The mining process requires the mine opening, seam extracting, and mine closure All these steps require the mechanical equipment or manual works on the underground to exploit the minerals Moreover, present mining of Vietnam uses a backward technology, especially the metal mining places in the mountain regions and midlands led to enormous impacts on the landscape, forest and wildlife The mineral mining has decreased the area of agricultural land and forest as well Table 1.3 shows the loss of forest area by mining in some provinces of Vietnam APPENDIX 04 TCVN 6625 : 2000 Water quality: Determination suspended solids (TSS) by filtration through glass-fibre filters Applied scale This standard specifies the method for the determination of suspended solids in raw water, wastewater and treated wastewater by filtration through a glass fiber filter The lower limit of the determination is about mg / l Equipment 2.1 Equipment used for vacuum or pressure filtration, with suitable filters (5.2) NOTE - Filtration equipment can be used for many types of filters Filter pads should be sufficiently permeable to let water flow freely 2.2 Fiberglass borosilicate filter, free of binder The filter needs a proper diameter to fit the appliance (5.1) The mass loss in a white test should be less than 0.3 mg / l Filter type should be used in the range of 50 g / m2 and 100 g / m2 Test the weight loss during filtration using the method described in Article but replacing the sample with 150 ml of water Check each box or lot individually Use randomly selected filters to increase the sensitivity of the test 2.3 Drying cabinet, capable of maintaining a temperature of 105oC + 2oC 2.4 Analytical balance, which can be weighed with an accuracy of at least 0.1 mg 2.5 Drying rack, of suitable material, used to support the filter in the oven (2.3) Reagents 3.1 Comparative suspension using microcrystalline cellulose, ρ = 500 mg / l Weigh 0.500 g of dried cellulose (C6H1005) n, for thin layer chromatography (TLC) or equivalent, into a 1000 ml volumetric flask and add distilled water to the mark This suspension lasts for at least three months Shake well before use 3.2 Suspended cellulose for work, ρ = 50 mg / l Shake the comparison suspension (3.1) to the whole homogeneous Apply quickly to the 100 ml volumetric flask (100 ml + ml) Transfer the measured volume to a 1000 ml volumetric flask and fill it to the mark with distilled water Shake well before use Prepare this cellulose comparator daily Proceedings 4.1 Let the sample reach room temperature 4.2 Ensure that the volume loss is less than 0.3 mg per filter (see 2.2) 4.3 Allow the filter to reach the equilibrium moisture balance at the weighing edge and weigh the accuracy of 0.1 mg on the balance (2.4) Keep dust away from the filter Keep the filter in a desiccator 4.4 Place the filter in the funnel at the bottom of the filter (2.1), and connect the device to the vacuum pump (or pressure) Pressure warning in large glass jars can cause explosion if there is a scratch Appropriate safety precautions should be taken 4.5 Shake well and immediately transfer a suitable sample volume to the measuring cup If the sample is full, use the "mix between two pots" technique Note that the second pot needs to be dry and clean before use Take sample size for dry residue on filter to suit the optimum volume for determination, about mg to 50 mg Avoid exceeding liter of sample volume As a result, the amount of dry residue should be at least mg Read sample volume with accuracy of 2% or more Sample volumes smaller than 25 ml should be determined by weighing 4.6 Filter the sample, cover with 20 ml of the tube and use this amount to wash the filter Rinse the inner part of the hopper with 20 ml of distilled water If the sample contains more than 1000 mg / l of dissolved solids, filter the filter three times, each time with 50 ml distilled water Pay attention to the filter ring NOTE: Normal filtration is completed within However, some samples contain filtering substances That increases the filter time and results depend on the sample volume If the filter is clogged, it is necessary to repeat the determination process with a smaller sample volume and pay attention when presenting the result Remove the vacuum source (or pressure) when the filter is dry Carefully remove the filter from the funnel with a clamp of the head The filter can be folded if needed Place the filter on the drying rack (2.5) and dry it in the oven (2.3) at 105oC + 2oC from h to hours Take the filter out of the oven, so that it balances the air around the scale and re-balances it as before APPENDIX 05 TCVN 6177: 1996 Water quality - Determination of iron- Spectrometric method using 1.10- phenantrolin Applied scale This standard specifies spectrophotometric methods for the determination of iron in water and wastewater using the 1.10-phenanthroline reagent The process is described to determine: Total iron (total dissolved and insoluble iron) Equipment All glassware, including the sample container, should be washed with HCl (3.4) and rinsed with water before use Normal laboratory equipment 2.1 Spectrometer, prism or grating type, suitable for optical measurement at wavelength λ = 510 nm 2.2 Cuvettes with a minimum optical length of 10 mm and in accordance with the expected absorbance of the test solution Note: - Cells of greater optical length may be used when the concentration is less than 1.0 mg/ l 2.3 The average size of the filter is 0.45 μm 2.4 Oxygen cylinder, 100 ml solution Reagent Use reagent type analysis Use water as low as possible; The concentration of iron in the reagent is at least three times lower than the standard deviation in the blank test results Water has been tested for ion or distilled water in a suitable volume of glass for this analysis 3.1 Sulfuric acid ρ = 1.84 g/ml 3.2 Solution Sulfuric acid c (1/2 H2SO4) = 4.5 mol/l Slowly add a volume of concentrated sulfuric acid (3.1) into volumes of cool water 3.3 Concentrated nitric acid ρ = 1.40 g/ml 3.4 Solution HCl = 1.12 g/ml c (HCl) = 7.7 mol /l 3.5 Acetate buffer solution Dissolve 40g of ammonium acetate CH3COONH4 and 50 ml of glacial acetic acid (CH3COONH) ρ = 1.06 g/ml in water and dilute to 100 ml with water 3.6 Hydrogen chloride ammonium chloride, 100 g/l solution Dissolve 40 g of hydroxyl-ammonium chloride (NH2OH.HCl) in water Add water to 100ml The solution is stable for at least a week 3.7 Solution 1.10 - phenanthroline Dissolve 0.5g 1.10-phenanthrolyte chloride, add liter of water (C12H9N2C1N2 H2O) in water and dilute to ml It can be replaced by dissolving 0.42 g of 1.10-phenanthroline with water (C12H9N2 H2O) in 100 ml of water containing two drops of hydrochloric acid HCl (4.4) This solution is stable for one week if stored in the dark 3.8 Potassium peroxodisulfate ( K2S2O8) solution of 40 g / l It can be replaced by dissolving 0.42 g of 1.10-phenanthroline with water (C12H9N2 H2O) in 100 ml of water containing two drops of hydrochloric acid HCl (4.4) This solution is stable for one week if stored in the dark 3.9 Potassium peroxodisulfate ( K2S2O8) solution of 40 g / l Dissolve 40 g of potassium peroxodisulfate in water and dilute to 100 ml The solution is stable for several weeks under conditions stored in dark glass vials at room temperature 3.10 Iron, the original solution contains 0.10g of iron in liter Weigh 50.0 mg of iron (purity 99.99%) and place in a 500 ml volumetric flask Add 20 ml of water, ml of HCl solution (3.4) and cool slowly for dissolution Cool and add water to the mark ml of this solution contains 0.10 mg of iron This solution is stable for at least one month in a stable glass jar or plastic jar The original stock solution can be used 3.11 Iron, standard solution 1, contains 20 mg of iron in liter Pipette 100 ml of the base iron (3.9) into a 500 ml volumetric flask and add water to the mark This solution is only for the day 3.12 Standard solution contains mg of iron per liter Pipette ml of standard iron (3.10) into a 500 ml volumetric flask and add water to the mark This solution is only for the day Proceedings 4.1 Total iron 4.1.1 Direct identification Take 50.0 ml (note: accuracy) of acidified sample In the presence of insoluble iron, iron oxide, iron complexes, transfer the sample to a 100 ml flask and proceed to preliminary treatment as follows: 4.1.1.1 Oxidation Add ml of potassium peroxodisunfit and boil gently for 40 minutes, ensuring that the volume does not exceed 20 ml Cool and transfer to a 50 ml volumetric flask and add water to the mark Note: - Alternative: the mixture can be steamed in a 100 ml closed container, for 30 minutes, then cooled or diluted to 100 ml This dilution should be calculated when calculating the result by multiplying by the number If the solution is cloudy after oxidation before dilution, filter immediately through the filter into the volumetric flask Filter paper with a little water, rinse with filter and add water to the mark 4.1.1.2 Iron (II) reduction Transfer the solution to a 100 ml flask, add ml of hydroxylammonium chloride and mix thoroughly Add ml of acetate buffer and adjust pH 3.5 to 5.5, preferably Notes: - Iron (II) deoxidization is most effective at pH = 1, thus adding the final buffer 4.1.1.3 Absorption formation Add ml of 1.10-phenanthroline solution to solution and allow to darken for 15 minutes 4.1.1.4 Optical measurement The absorbance of solution uses a spectrometer with 510 nm of water in the cuvette 4.1.2 Total iron after decomposition Place 50.0 ml of equilibrated sample in a 100 ml beaker with ml of HNO3 and 10 ml of HCl heating to 70-800 oC until completely dissolved After 30 minutes, add ml of H2SO4 and evaporate the solution until white SO3 appears Avoid boiling Cool to room temperature and add 20 ml of water, transfer to a 50 ml volumetric flask and pour water to the mark Continue as described in 4.1.1.2 to 4.1.1.4 4.2 Determination of dissolved iron Take 50.0 ml of sample and transfer to a 100 ml volumetric flask Proceed as described in 4.1.1.2 to 4.1.1.4 4.3 Determination of iron (II) Take 50.0 ml of sample and transfer to 100 ml volumetric flask Proceed as described in 4.1.1.2 but not add hydroxylammonium chloride Proceed as described in 4.1.1.3 and 4.1.1.4 4.4 Blank test Prepare a white test solution, follow exactly the same procedure as for the sample, but substitute 50 ml of the sample with 50 ml of water 4.5 calibration 4.5.1 Preparation of the standard solution Prepare a range of standard iron solutions within the specified concentration range of the test sample by passing a precise volume of known standard solution (4.10) and (4.11) to a series of 50 ml volumetric flasks Add 0.5 ml of dilute H2SO4 (4.2) to each flask and add water to the flask Treat the standard iron solutions as they are with the sample, corresponding to the process for each type of Fe to be determined (see 7.1 to 7.3) 4.5.2 Construct a calibration curve For each range of standard iron solutions, prepare the standard graph by setting the iron concentration (mg / l) on the horizontal axis corresponding to the absorbance on the vertical axis Require a standardized line for each form of Fe, each with a spectrometer and each optical length of the cuvette 4.5.3 Regularly set the calibration curve Regularly check the calibration curve and especially for each batch of new reagents Calculation A1 F (A1- A0) F is the slope of the corresponding standard curve (4.5.2); A1 is the absorbance of the test solution (4.1.1.4); A0 is the absorbance of the white test solution (4.4) APPENDIX 06 TCVN 6002:1995 Water quality - Determination of manganese - Formaldoxime spectrometric method Applied scale This standard provides a photometric method using formaldehyde to determine the total amount of manganese (including dissolved manganese, suspended solids and manganese bound to organic matter) in surface water and drinking water This method is used to identify manganese in concentrations ranging from 0.01mg / l to 5mg / l Manganese concentrations greater than 5mg / l can also be determined after appropriate dilution Equipment Common laboratory equipment, and the following: 2.1 Photometers, with continuous variable filters (prisms or gratings) or cockroaches This is used to measure absorbance at 450 nm, equipped with diodes of lengths up to 100 mm (for measurements of manganese concentrations less than 0.3 mg / l) and l0mm (to measure manganese concentrations above 0.3 mg / l) 2.2 Glass container, capacity l00ml, metal clamping button or colorless plastic knob, suitable for autoclave 2.3 Autoclave or pressure cooker, capable of maintaining a temperature of 1200 oC and a pressure of 200 kPa Reagents Warning - Reagents mentioned in 3.4, 3.5.l and 3.5.3 are special toxic substances Work with these substances in the fume hood or take their breath and be sure to Protect your eyes, face and hands carefully Gloves and goggles should be applied to the skin, washed immediately and thoroughly washed Inhalation of formaldehyde vapor and formaldehyde induces strong stimulation Upper respiratory tract edema In the analysis, only pure reagents were analyzed, ion exchanged water or glass distilled water with as low manganese levels as possible 3.1 Oxidants Use potassium pate sulphate (K2S2O8) or natn pesunate (Na2S2O8) 3.2 Sodium anhydrous sulphite (Na2SO2O8) 3.3 EDTA solution of 0.24 mol / l, using tetranatriate salt Dissolve 90 g of dinatriyl EDTA dihydrate (Na2EDTA2H2O) and 19 g of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) in water and dilute to 1000 ml Alternatively, dissolve l99 tetrahydrate EDTA tetrahedrate (Na4EDTA4H2O) or tetrahydrate (C10H1 12N2NNa4O8 2H2O) in water and dilute to 1000 ml 3.4 Formaldehyde solution Dissolve 10g of hydroxylammonium chloride (NH3OHCL) in about 50ml of water Add ml of 35% methanol (mass / mass) (HCHO) (formaldehyde) (d-1.08 g / ml) and dilute to 10000 with water Keep the solution in a dark and cool place The solution lasts for at least one month 3.5 Hyrroxylammonium chloride / ammonia solution 3.5.1 Hyrroxylammonium chloride solution (NH3OH), 6mol / l Dissolve 42 g of hydroxylammonium chloride in water and dilute to 100.00 3.5.2 Ammonia solution (NH3) 4.7 mol / l Dilute 70ml of concentrated ammonia (d = 0.91 g / ml) to 200ml 3.5.3 Preparation Mix equal volumes of ammonia (3.5.2) and hydroxylammonium chloride (3.5.l) 3.6 Ammonium iron (II) sulfate hexahydrate (NH4) 2Fe (SO4) 6H2O700 mg / l 3.6.1 Sulfuric acid H2SO4 mol / l Add 170 ml of concentrated sulfuric acid (d = 1.84 g / ml) to 750 ml of water Allow to cool and dilute to l000ml This solution is available commercially (H2SO4 d = l, 19 g / ml) 3.6.2 Preparation Mix 700 mg of iron (II) sulphate hexahydrate in water, add ml of sulfuric acid (3.6 L) and dilute to 1000 ml: 3.7 Sodium hydroxide solution (NaOH) - 4mol / l Dissolve 160 g of sodium hydroxide in water and dilute to 1000 ml 3.8 Standard manganese solution, equivalent to 100mg Mn / l Dissolve 308mg manganese sulphate monohydrate (MnSO4.H2O) in water in a 1000ml volumetric flask Add l0ml sulfuric acid (3.6.1) and set the standard with water and shake lml of this standard solution containing 0, lmg Mn Proceedings 4.1 Sample section The test portion is 50 ml of acidified sample, containing less than 0.25 mg of manganese (5 mg/l), or a smaller sample volume and diluted to 50 ml 4.2 Preparation of the test solution If manganese exists in suspension or organic form, add 25mg of oxidizer to the test portion Oxidation can be done in one of two ways a) Steam the mixture in a container for 30 minutes, cool and add about 0.5 g of sodium sulfite to remove residual oxide; b) Boil the mixture in a conical flask or a glass of capacity about 40 minutes; Cool and transfer the mixture to a 50 ml blister, add water to the mark and add about 0.5 g of sodium sulphite to remove excess residual oxide Steamed candy if sample contains humic acid If risk analysis can not be carried out, samples can be prepared overnight 4.3 White form Make a white sample parallel to the actual sample by replacing the sample by 50ml distilled water If the absorption of the white sample is different from the extrapolation of the "no" component (6.4.4), then the reason for the difference should be re-examined 4.4 Standardized 4.4.1 Standard range of solutions Range A: to 0.50 mg / l manganese Dilute 20 - 0.2ml of standard manganese solution in 1000ml with water in a 1000ml volumetric flask Get 0; l0; 20; 30 and 40ml of diluted manganese solution into volumetric flasks of 50 ml and add water to the mark Standard range 0; 0, l; 0.2; 0.3 and 0.4 mg / l manganese Range B: to mg / l manganese Dilute 2ml of standard manganese solution to l000ml with water in a capacity of 1mL Take 0, 10, 20, 30 and 40ml of diluted solution into volumetric flasks of 50ml and add water to the line Standard range 0, 1, 2, and mg / l manganese 4.4.2 Show color Add 1ml of iron (II) sulfate and 2ml of EDTA solution to each of the medium-phase solutions After shaking well, add ml of formaldehyde solution (3.4) and immediately add ml of sodium hydroxide solution Shake the solution well and let stand for to 10 minutes, then shake ml of hydrochloric chloride / ammonia and let stand for at least hour 4.4.3 Optical Measurement Between and hours after coloring, measure the absorption of solutions by photometry at 450 nm, using water for comparison For batch A solutions using cuvettes l00mm (0 to 0.5 mg/l manganese), batch solutions using B lmmmm (0 to mg/l manganese) 4.4.4 Draw a standard line In each row of standard solutions, the manganese concentration in mg / l is set on the horizontal axis, corresponding to the absorbance on the vertical axis Benchmarks should be straight The normalization factor is the inverse of the slope of the calibration curve The standard deviation curve indicates the extrapolation value of the "no" component of the range of solutions to be normalized Normalization coefficients can also be calculated by chain analysis 4.4.5 Check the calibration curve To ensure good repeatability, it is necessary to periodically check the calibration curve, especially when using new reagents 4.5 Determined 4.5.1 Show color Repeat as in 6.4.2, but use the test portion (6.2) instead of the standard solution If the sample has been pretreated (see 6.2), increase the sodium hydroxide (3.7) from 2ml to 2.5ml 4.5.2 Optical Measurement See 4.4.3 Calculate results 5.1 Calculate The concentration of manganese, CMn calculated in mg / l, is calculated by the formula: CMn = f(A1 – A0)g Including: f is the normalization coefficient corresponding to the selected standard and is calculated as as specified in 6.4.4, mg / l; A1 is the absorbance of the sample solution to be analyzed; A0 is the extrapolation absorption of the "no" component; g is a coefficient calculated according to the formula: g  V1 V2 V1 is the volume of the test portion, ml (here is 50 ml); V2 is the volume of sample taken, then diluted to 50 ml if present Note: The volume of acid added to the sample (item 5) should be included in the calculation Report results: APPENDIX 07 EPA METHOD 200.8 Determination of Trace Elements in Waters and Wastes by Inductively Coupled Plasma – Mass Spectrometry Cadmium solution, stock mL = 1000 µg Cd: Pickle cadmium metal in (1+9) nitric acid to an exact weight of 0.100 g Dissolve in mL (1+1) nitric acid, heating to effect solution Cool and dilute to 100 mL with reagent grade water Calculate the concentration using the equation below: CxV Sample Conc (mg/kg) dry-weight basis = W Where: C= Concentration in the extract (mg/L) V= Volume of extract (L, 100 mL = 0.1L) W= Weight of sample aliquot extracted (g x 0.001 = kg) APPENDIX 08 QCVN 26:2010/BTNMT National Technical Regulation on Noise GENERAL PROVISIONS 1.1 Adjustment range This standard specifies the maximum limits of noise levels in areas where people live, work and work The noise in this standard is the noise generated by human activity, irrespective of the source of the noise, the location of the noise This standard does not apply to noise levels within production, construction, trade or service establishments 1.2 Applicable subjects This standard applies to organizations and individuals engaging in noise-related activities which affect areas where people live, and work in the Vietnamese territory 1.3 Interpretation of terms 1.3.1 Special area These are areas within the fence of medical facilities, libraries, kindergartens, schools, churches, temples, and other specially designated areas 1.3.2 Normal area Including: apartment buildings, separate dwellings located in isolated or adjacent, hotels, administrative agencies TECHNICAL REGULATIONS 2.1 Sources of noise caused by production, construction, trade, services and daily life activities must not exceed the values prescribed in Table Table - Maximum allowable noise limits (equivalent to sound level), dBA No Area From 6.00 to 21.00 From 21.00 to 6.00 Special area 55 45 Normal area 70 55 IDENTIFIED METHODS 3.1 The method of measuring noise conducts with the following national standards: Ministry of TCVN 7878 Acoustics - Description, measurement and evaluation of environmental noise, including parts: - TCVN 7878 - 1:2008 (ISO 1996 - 1:2003) Part 1: Basic unit and methodology - TCVN 7878 - 2:2010 (ISO 1996 - 2:2003) Part 2: Identifying the level of noise pressure 3.2 In specific situations and requirements, noise measurement methods may be other standards or methods specified by the competent authority APPENDIX 09 Pictures from the fieldwork Picture 01: Quy Sa Iron mine Picture 02: Quy Sa Iron mine Picture 03: Dust samping Picture 04: Using GPS in the field Picture 05: Water is spraying on road Picture 06: Soil from ore truck felt ... exploitation in Son Thuy commune, Van Ban district, Lao Cai province 19 4.2 The impacts of Iron ore exploitation of the Quy Sa mine on the environmental and social aspects of Son Thuy. .. Studying current state of Iron ore exploitation in Son Thuy commune, Van Ban district, Lao Cai province The questions in the household survey questionnaire related to Iron ore exploitation stages... in this Iron mine area (the only study related to the impacts of mining activities on the environment at Quy Sa Iron mine in Son Thuy is the master thesis of Nguyen Huy Viet) Therefore, the author