General, Organic & Biological Chemistry, 5e (Timberlake) Chapter 22 Metabolic Pathways for Carbohydrates 22.1 Multiple-Choice Questions 1) Which of the following is true for prokaryotic cells? A) They are more complex than eukaryotic cells B) They are larger than eukaryotic cells C) They contain mitochondria D) They are found in animals E) They not contain a nucleus Answer: E Objective: 22.1 Global Outcomes: GO2 2) A compound that is formed in a metabolic oxidation is called a(n) A) product B) enzyme C) metabolite D) food E) cofactor Answer: C Objective: 22.1 Global Outcomes: GO2 3) Which of the following does not require energy from ATP hydrolysis? A) digestion B) muscle contraction C) transport across cell membranes D) sending nerve signals E) synthesis of an enzyme Answer: A Objective: 22.1 Global Outcomes: GO2 4) The process by which complex molecules are broken down into simpler ones for the body's use is called A) metabolism B) catabolism C) anabolism D) glucogenesis E) gluconeogenesis Answer: B Objective: 22.1 Global Outcomes: GO2 Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc 5) The process of building up new molecules in the cell is called A) metabolism B) catabolism C) anabolism D) glycolysis E) transamination Answer: C Objective: 22.1 Global Outcomes: GO2 6) Overall, catabolic reactions A) release energy B) take in energy C) occur mainly in the liver D) occur outside the cell membrane E) take place in the nucleus of the cell Answer: A Objective: 22.1 Global Outcomes: GO2 7) Anabolic reactions are reactions that A) use oxidation but not reduction B) break down large molecules into smaller ones C) take place in the mitochondria D) use energy E) give off energy Answer: D Objective: 22.1 Global Outcomes: GO2 8) How many main stages of catabolism are there? A) one B) two C) three D) four E) five Answer: C Objective: 22.1 Global Outcomes: GO2 9) The first stage of catabolism is A) the citric acid cycle B) production of pyruvate C) production of acetyl CoA D) buildup of macromolecules from monomers E) digestion of large molecules Answer: E Objective: 22.1 Global Outcomes: GO2 10) The middle stage of catabolism is the point at which A) acetyl CoA is produced B) monomers are produced from macromolecules C) macromolecules are made from monomers D) glycogen is converted to glucose E) excess nutrients are stored as fats Answer: A Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc Objective: 22.1 Global Outcomes: GO2 11) Protein synthesis takes place A) in the mitochondria B) on the endoplasmic reticulum C) in the nucleus D) on the ribosomes E) in the cytosol Answer: D Objective: 22.1 Global Outcomes: GO2 12) The synthesis of glycogen can be classified as a(n) A) catabolic reaction B) anabolic reaction C) digestion reaction D) phosphorylation reaction E) β-oxidation reaction Answer: B Objective: 22.1 Global Outcomes: GO2 13) The final products of catabolic reactions are A) carbon dioxide, water, and ammonia B) glucose, lipids, and glycogen C) lipids, oxygen, and water D) RNA and DNA E) lipids and carbohydrates Answer: A Objective: 22.1 Global Outcomes: GO2 14) The main compound used to release energy for metabolism is A) sucrose B) glucose phosphate C) adenosine triphosphate D) ribonucleic acid E) NAD+ Answer: C Objective: 22.1 Global Outcomes: GO2 15) The components of ATP are A) adenosine, ribose, and triphosphate B) aniline and triphosphate C) alanine, ribose, and triphosphate D) adenine, ribose, and triphosphate E) adenosine, deoxyribose, and triphosphate Answer: D Objective: 22.1 Global Outcomes: GO2 16) The hydrolysis of ATP to ADP is A) endothermic B) exothermic C) isothermic Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc D) an oxidation E) a reduction Answer: B Objective: 22.1 Global Outcomes: GO2 17) The energy from the hydrolysis of ATP to ADP is A) 31 kcal/mole B) 7.3 kcal/mole C) 73 kcal/mole D) 10 kcal/mole E) 4.0 kcal/mole Answer: B Objective: 22.1 Global Outcomes: GO2 18) The symbol Pi stands for A) inorganic phosphate B) inert pyrophosphate C) insoluble phosphate D) isomers of phosphate E) irreversible phosphorylation Answer: A Objective: 22.1 Global Outcomes: GO2 19) The hydrolysis of ADP to give AMP and Pi, releases approximately the same amount of energy as A) sucrose breakdown B) protein digestion C) glucose oxidation D) glycogen production E) ATP → ADP + Pi Answer: E Objective: 22.1 Global Outcomes: GO2 20) Muscle contraction requires A) copper ion and ATP B) iron C) calcium ion and ATP D) lipid hydrolysis E) carbon dioxide Answer: C Objective: 22.1 Global Outcomes: GO2 21) Muscle contraction is an example of a(n) A) anabolic process B) catabolic process C) glucose storage process D) protein degradation process E) lipid hydrolysis process Answer: B Objective: 22.1 Global Outcomes: GO2 Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc 22) Which coenzyme is the electron acceptor in the following reaction? H | - C| H | C| → - C =C | | A) FAD B) NAD+ C) FMN D) NADH E) FADH2 Answer: A Objective: 22.2 Global Outcomes: GO2 Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc 23) Which coenzyme is the electron acceptor in the following reaction? OH O | - C- → - C| H A) FAD B) NAD+ C) FMN D) NADH E) FADH2 Answer: B Objective: 22.2 Global Outcomes: GO2 24) In biochemical systems, the term reduction often refers to A) a loss of hydrogen or electrons by a compound B) a gain of hydrogen or electrons by a compound C) a gain in oxygen D) a loss of electrons E) an energy-releasing reaction Answer: B Objective: 22.2 Global Outcomes: GO2 25) NAD+ stands for the coenzyme A) niacin adenine dinucleotide B) nicotinic acid diphosphate C) nicotinamide diphosphate D) nicotine adenosine dinucleotide E) nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide Answer: E Objective: 22.2 Global Outcomes: GO2 26) NAD+ participates in reactions that produce A) a CH2 group B) a C=O bond C) phosphorylation D) ADP from ATP E) a C-C bond Answer: B Objective: 22.2 Global Outcomes: GO2 Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc 27) FAD stands for A) flavin adenosine dinucleotide B) folic acid diphosphate C) fumarate alcohol dehydrogenase D) folate adenosine diphosphate E) flavin adenine dinucleotide Answer: E Objective: 22.2 Global Outcomes: GO2 28) FAD is a coenzyme which usually participates in A) oxidation of alcohols to aldehydes B) formation of carbon-carbon double bonds C) decarboxylation reactions D) phosphorylation reactions E) β-oxidation reactions Answer: B Objective: 22.2 Global Outcomes: GO2 29) Coenzyme A is a molecule whose function is to A) activate enzyme A B) undergo phosphorylation C) provide energy for the citric acid cycle D) produce acyl groups for reaction E) help break down macromolecules Answer: D Objective: 22.2 Global Outcomes: GO2 30) An acyl group contains at least carbon atom(s) A) one B) two C) three D) four E) five Answer: B Objective: 22.2 Global Outcomes: GO2 31) The portion of Coenzyme A that reacts with potential substrates is A) an acid group B) an amino group C) a C=O group D) an alcohol group E) a thiol group Answer: E Objective: 22.2 Global Outcomes: GO2 32) Digestion of carbohydrates begins in the A) mouth B) stomach C) pancreas D) small intestine E) large intestine Answer: A Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc Objective: 22.3 Global Outcomes: GO7 33) An enzyme that can facilitate the breakdown of starch into smaller units is A) glucose phosphatase B) alcohol dehydrogenase C) amylase D) lactase E) maltase Answer: C Objective: 22.3 Global Outcomes: GO2 34) The digestion of carbohydrates goes from A) glucose to dextrins to maltose B) maltose to polysaccharides C) polysaccharides to dextrins to glucose D) polysaccharides to glucose to dextrins E) glucose to polysaccharides Answer: C Objective: 22.3 Global Outcomes: GO7 35) Glycolysis is a(n) process A) aerobic B) anaerobic C) anabolic D) one-step E) five-step Answer: B Objective: 22.4 Global Outcomes: GO2 36) In the process of glycolysis, glucose is converted to A) pyruvate B) citrate C) sucrose D) oxaloacetate E) ribose Answer: A Objective: 22.4 Global Outcomes: GO2 37) The overall process of glycolysis A) requires oxygen B) uses up ATP molecules C) requires acetyl CoA D) is an anabolic pathway E) produces ATP molecules Answer: E Objective: 22.4 Global Outcomes: GO2 38) The process of glycolysis is regulated by A) cell requirements for pyruvate B) allosteric control C) ATP needs D) feedback inhibition Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc E) All of the above Answer: E Objective: 22.4 Global Outcomes: GO2 39) Under aerobic conditions, pyruvate produced in glycolysis can be converted to A) glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate B) lactic acid C) glucose-6-phosphate D) fructose-6-phosphate E) acetyl CoA Answer: E Objective: 22.4 Global Outcomes: GO2 40) Which of the following metabolic pathways can occur in the absence of oxygen? A) electron transport B) oxidative phosphorylation C) citric acid cycle D) glycolysis E) β-oxidation Answer: D Objective: 22.4 Global Outcomes: GO2 Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc 41) In step of glycolysis, ATP is generated when a phosphate group is transferred directly from 1,3-diphosphoglycerate to ADP in a process known as A) oxidation B) direct substrate phosphorylation C) reduction D) transamination E) oxidative phosphorylation Answer: B Objective: 22.4 Global Outcomes: GO2 42) The compounds formed when fructose-1, 6-diphosphate is split are A) pyruvic acid and lactic acid B) ethanol and acetyl CoA C) dihydroxyacetone phosphate and pyruvic acid D) dihydroxyacetone phosphate and glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate E) glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate and pyruvic acid Answer: D Objective: 22.4 Global Outcomes: GO2 43) When one glucose molecule undergoes glycolysis it generates A) ATP B) ATP and NADH C) ATP and NADH D) ATP and NADH E) 12 ATP Answer: C Objective: 22.4 Global Outcomes: GO2 44) Under anaerobic conditions, lactate is produced from A) acetyl CoA B) pyruvate C) ATP D) carbon dioxide E) NAD+ Answer: B Objective: 22.5 Global Outcomes: GO2 10 Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc 45) Glycogen is normally stored in A) heart and lung B) liver and muscle C) spleen and bone D) pancreas and muscle E) fat cells and muscle Answer: B Objective: 22.6 Global Outcomes: GO2 46) When as much glycogen is stored as possible in the body, excess glucose is converted to A) triacylglycerols B) fructose C) sucrose D) Coenzyme A E) ATP Answer: A Objective: 22.6 Global Outcomes: GO2 47) The synthesis of glycogen from glucose is called A) glyceration B) gluconeogenesis C) glucogenesis D) glycogenesis E) glycolysis Answer: D Objective: 22.6 Global Outcomes: GO2 48) Glycogenesis obtains energy from A) ADP B) UTP C) Pi D) pyrophosphate E) pyruvate Answer: B Objective: 22.6 Global Outcomes: GO2 49) When glycogen is broken down into glucose, the process is called A) glycogenesis B) glycogenolysis C) gluconeogenesis D) lactate production E) glucagon production Answer: B Objective: 22.6 Global Outcomes: GO2 50) The primary energy source for the brain is A) lactate B) triacylglycerols C) amino acids D) fructose E) glucose Answer: E 11 Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc Objective: 22.6 Global Outcomes: GO2 51) When glucose is made from noncarbohydrate sources, the process is called A) glycogenesis B) glycogenolysis C) gluconeogenesis D) lactate production E) glucagon production Answer: C Objective: 22.7 Global Outcomes: GO2 22.2 Bimodal Questions 1) The term that refers to all of the chemical reactions in living cells is A) glycolysis B) β-oxidation C) metabolism D) anabolism E) catabolism Answer: C Objective: 22.1 Global Outcomes: GO2 2) Most of the energy in the typical animal cell is produced in the A) cytosol B) nucleus C) mitochondria D) lysosomes E) endoplasmic reticulum Answer: C Objective: 22.1 Global Outcomes: GO2 12 Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc 3) The energy for most energy-requiring reactions in the cells of the body is obtained by the hydrolysis of A) ATP B) ADP C) AMP D) cyclic AMP E) GTP Answer: A Objective: 22.1 Global Outcomes: GO2 4) Hydrolysis of sucrose takes place primarily in the A) mouth B) stomach C) pancreas D) small intestine E) large intestine Answer: D Objective: 22.3 Global Outcomes: GO2 5) The net energy production in anaerobic glycolysis is A) ATP B) ATP C) ATP D) ATP E) 12 ATP Answer: A Objective: 22.4 Global Outcomes: GO2 6) The production of ethanol from glucose is termed A) fermentation B) glycolysis C) gluconeogenesis D) β-oxidation E) dehydrogenation Answer: A Objective: 22.5 Global Outcomes: GO2 13 Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc 22.3 True/False Questions 1) Energy production in the cell occurs primarily in the nucleus Answer: TRUE Objective: 22.1 Global Outcomes: GO2 2) The cytosol is an aqueous solution of salts and enzymes Answer: TRUE Objective: 22.1 Global Outcomes: GO2 3) Reactions in the mitochondria produce most of the cell's energy Answer: TRUE Objective: 22.1 Global Outcomes: GO2 4) Lysosomes digest and recycle old cell structures Answer: TRUE Objective: 22.1 Global Outcomes: GO2 5) Digestion of a polysaccharide is an anabolic process Answer: FALSE Objective: 22.1 Global Outcomes: GO2 6) The production of carbon dioxide and water in the body is an anabolic process Answer: FALSE Objective: 22.1 Global Outcomes: GO2 7) Catabolic reactions provide energy to generate ATP in the cell Answer: TRUE Objective: 22.1 Global Outcomes: GO2 8) ATP is the primary energy source for the cell Answer: TRUE Objective: 22.1 Global Outcomes: GO2 9) The conversion of ATP to ADP and inorganic phosphate produces 7.3 kcal/mole of energy Answer: TRUE Objective: 22.1 Global Outcomes: GO2 10) ATP contains a ribose sugar Answer: TRUE Objective: 22.1 Global Outcomes: GO2 11) Oxidation involves the gain of electrons for a substance Answer: FALSE Objective: 22.2 Global Outcomes: GO2 12) NAD+ acts as a hydrogen acceptor in metabolic reactions 14 Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc Answer: TRUE Objective: 22.2 Global Outcomes: GO2 13) FADH2 is the oxidized form of FAD Answer: FALSE Objective: 22.2 Global Outcomes: GO2 14) Pantothenic acid is a part of NADH Answer: FALSE Objective: 22.2 Global Outcomes: GO2 15) Digestion of carbohydrates begins in the mouth Answer: TRUE Objective: 22.3 Global Outcomes: GO2 16) Most of the digestion of carbohydrates occurs in the stomach Answer: FALSE Objective: 22.3 Global Outcomes: GO2 17) In glycolysis, two ATPs are invested and six ATPs are synthesized Answer: FALSE Objective: 22.4 Global Outcomes: GO2 18) The product of glycolysis is glucose Answer: FALSE Objective: 22.4 Global Outcomes: GO2 19) Under aerobic conditions, pyruvate is converted to ethanol Answer: FALSE Objective: 22.5 Global Outcomes: GO2 20) In glycogenesis, excess glucose is used to form glycogen Answer: TRUE Objective: 22.6 Global Outcomes: GO2 21) Glycogen storage disease occurs when an enzyme is deficient and impedes the storage or degradation of glycogen Answer: TRUE Objective: 22.6 Global Outcomes: GO2 22) In gluconeogenesis, glucose is synthesized from noncarbohydrate material Answer: TRUE Objective: 22.7 Global Outcomes: GO2 23) Gluconeogenesis is an anabolic process Answer: TRUE Objective: 22.7 Global Outcomes: GO2 15 Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc 22.4 Matching Questions Identify each of the following metabolic pathways A) the conversion of pyruviate to ethanol and CO2 B) breaking down of macromolecules C) the synthesis of glycogen from glucose for storage purposes D) the conversion of glucose to lactic acid E) the production of glucose from noncarbohydrate molecules F) lipid metabolism G) the flow of lactate and glucose between muscle and liver 1) anaerobic glycolysis Objective: 22.4, 22.5 Global Outcomes: GO2 2) fermentation Objective: 22.4, 22.5 Global Outcomes: GO2 3) glycogenesis Objective: 22.4, 22.5 Global Outcomes: GO2 4) gluconeogenesis Objective: 22.4, 22.5 Global Outcomes: GO2 5) the Cori cycle Objective: 22.4, 22.5 Global Outcomes: GO2 6) digestion Objective: 22.4, 22.5 Global Outcomes: GO2 7) triacylglycerol hydrolysis Objective: 22.4, 22.5 Global Outcomes: GO2 Answers: 1) D 2) A 3) C 4) E 5) G 6) B 7) F 16 Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc ... Objective: 22. 4, 22. 5 Global Outcomes: GO2 2) fermentation Objective: 22. 4, 22. 5 Global Outcomes: GO2 3) glycogenesis Objective: 22. 4, 22. 5 Global Outcomes: GO2 4) gluconeogenesis Objective: 22. 4, 22. 5... 5) the Cori cycle Objective: 22. 4, 22. 5 Global Outcomes: GO2 6) digestion Objective: 22. 4, 22. 5 Global Outcomes: GO2 7) triacylglycerol hydrolysis Objective: 22. 4, 22. 5 Global Outcomes: GO2 Answers:... glycogen Answer: TRUE Objective: 22. 6 Global Outcomes: GO2 22) In gluconeogenesis, glucose is synthesized from noncarbohydrate material Answer: TRUE Objective: 22. 7 Global Outcomes: GO2 23) Gluconeogenesis