The Satellite Communication Applications Handbook Second Edition For a listing of recent titles in the Artech House Space Technology and Applications Series, turn to the back of this book The Satellite Communication Applications Handbook Second Edition Bruce R Elbert Artech House, Inc Boston • London www.artechhouse.com Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A catalog record of this book is available from the Library of Congress British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalog record of this book is available from the British Library Cover design by Gary Ragaglia © 2004 ARTECH HOUSE, INC 685 Canton Street Norwood, MA 02062 All rights reserved Printed and bound in the United States of America No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher All terms mentioned in this book that are known to be trademarks or service marks have been appropriately capitalized Artech House cannot attest to the accuracy of this information Use of a term in this book should not be regarded as affecting the validity of any trademark or service mark International Standard Book Number: 1-58053-490-2 A Library of Congress Catalog Card number is available from the Library of Congress 10 To Cathy, my wife and parnter Contents Preface xv PART I System Considerations CHAPTER Evolution of Satellite Technology and Applications 1.1 1.2 Satellite Network Fundamentals Satellite Application Types 1.2.1 Broadcast and Multicast of Digital Content 1.2.2 Voice and Telephony Networks 1.2.3 Data Communications and the Internet 1.2.4 Mobile and Personal Communications References CHAPTER Satellite Links, Multiple Access Methods, and Frequency Bands 2.1 Design of the Satellite Link 2.1.1 Meaning and Use of the Decibel 2.1.2 Link Budgets and Their Interpretation 2.2 Link Budget Example 2.2.1 Downlink Budget 2.2.2 Uplink Budget 2.2.3 Overall Link 2.2.4 Additional Sources of Noise and Interference 2.3 Multiple Access Systems 2.3.1 Frequency Division Multiple Access 2.3.2 Time Division Multiple Access and ALOHA 2.3.3 Code Division Multiple Access 2.4 Frequency Band Trade-Offs 2.4.1 Ultra High Frequency 2.4.2 L-Band 2.4.3 S-Band 2.4.4 C-Band 2.4.5 X-Band 2.4.6 Ku-Band 14 14 20 23 25 26 27 27 29 31 36 37 42 46 48 49 50 51 53 56 59 60 61 61 62 62 vii viii Contents 2.4.7 Ka-Band 2.4.8 Q- and V-Bands 2.4.9 Laser Communications 2.4.10 Summary Comparison of the Spectrum Options References CHAPTER Issues in Space Segment and Satellite Implementation 3.1 3.2 63 64 64 65 65 67 Satellite Selection and System Implementation Communications Payload Configurations 3.2.1 Single-Frequency-Band Payload 3.2.2 Multiple-Frequency-Band Hybrid Payloads 3.2.3 Shaped Versus Spot Beam Antennas 3.2.4 Analog (Bent-Pipe) Repeater Design 3.2.5 Digital Onboard Processing Repeater 3.2.6 Repeater Power and Bandwidth 3.2.7 Additional Payload Issues 3.3 Spacecraft Bus Considerations 3.3.1 Three-Axis Bus Stability and Control 3.3.2 Spacecraft Power Constraints 3.4 Contingency Planning 3.4.1 Risks in Satellite Operation 3.4.2 Available Insurance Coverage 3.4.3 Space Development—Estimating Lead Time 3.4.4 Satellite Backup and Replacement Strategy References 68 71 72 74 74 78 81 90 93 94 95 96 100 101 105 108 109 111 PART II Broadcast and Multicast Links to Multiple Users 113 CHAPTER Television Applications and Standards 115 4.1 Entertainment Programming 4.1.1 Network Broadcast 4.1.2 Cable TV 4.2 Educational TV and Distance Learning 4.2.1 University Distance Education 4.2.2 Corporate Education and Interactive Learning Networks 4.2.3 Guidelines for Effective Distance Learning 4.3 Business TV 4.3.1 Private Broadcasting 4.3.2 Video Teleconferencing 4.4 Analog TV Standards 4.4.1 Video Format Standards 4.4.2 Analog Transmission Standards References 116 122 123 134 135 136 139 140 141 143 148 149 149 158 Contents ix CHAPTER Digital Video Compression Systems and Standards 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7 Compression Technology 5.1.1 Digital Processing 5.1.2 Spatial Compression (Transform Coding) 5.1.3 Temporal Compression (Frame-to-Frame Compression) 5.1.4 Motion Compensation 5.1.5 Hybrid Coding Techniques ITU Recording and Transmission Standards 5.2.1 ITU 601 Uncompressed Digital Television 5.2.2 The ITU H Series Standards Motion Picture Expert Group 5.3.1 MPEG 5.3.2 MPEG 5.3.3 MPEG Audio 5.3.4 Assessing MPEG Video Quality 5.3.5 MPEG Digital Video Broadcasting Standard 5.4.1 DVB Requirements and Organization 5.4.2 Relationship Between DVB and MPEG 5.4.3 The Satellite Standard (DVB-S) 5.4.4 Supporting DVB Services—Sound, Service Information, and 5.4.4 Conditional Access Data Broadcasting and Internet Protocol Encapsulation 5.5.1 IP Encapsulation in the MPEG Transport Stream 5.5.2 Packet Identification 5.5.3 Performance of IP Encapsulation Digital Video Interface Standards 5.6.1 Serial Digital Interface 5.6.2 DVB Asynchronous Serial Interface Terrestrial Backhaul Interfaces 5.7.1 Fiber Optic System Interfaces—Synchronous Optical Network 5.7.1 and Synchronous Digital Hierarchy 5.7.2 Asynchronous Transfer Mode 5.7.3 Gigabit Ethernet (IEEE 802.3z) References CHAPTER Direct-to-Home Satellite Television Broadcasting 6.1 6.2 Relative Cost of Satellite DTH Versus Cable DTH System Architecture 6.2.1 Basic Elements and Signal Flow 6.2.2 Compression System Arrangement 6.2.3 Suppliers of Key Elements 6.3 Satellite Architecture 6.3.1 Medium-Power DTH Satellite Systems 159 162 163 165 167 168 169 170 170 171 172 173 176 178 180 183 186 187 188 188 190 195 195 197 198 200 200 201 201 202 203 204 207 209 210 211 211 212 214 216 218 Index frequency plan differences, 229–30 high-power systems, 219–21 history, 233 in Latin America, 249–50 medium-power systems, 218–19 orbital interference limitation, 221–26 polarization selection, 228–29 as programming delivery vehicle, 216 receivers, 223 satellite architecture, 216–21 satellite cost, 73 scrambling, 231–32 subscribers, 115 successful business, 212 suppliers of key elements, 214–16 system architecture, 211–16 system comparison, 234 system differences, 226–33 system elements, 210, 211–12 system operating elements, 213 systems, 209 system survey, 233–35 transponders, 80 in U.S., 235–37 video/audio switches, 215–16 video servers and automation, 216 video signal format, 231 Dual stimulus (DS), 180 Dual TWTAs (DTWTAs), 266 DVB, 186–95 asynchronous serial interface, 201 conditional access (CA), 193–95 defined, 186–87 DVB-ASI, 215 DVB-C, 188, 190 DVB-CI, 188, 192, 195 DVB-CS, 188 DVB-RCS, 188, 195 DVB-SI, 188, 190, 193 DVB-T, 188 DVB-TXT, 188 MPEG relationship, 188 philosophy, 187 requirements and organization, 187–88 Return Channel by Satellite, 316 services support, 190–95 transmitting and receiving (IRD) systems, 190 DVB-S, 188–90 baseline system, 191, 192 defined, 188 519 demodulation/error correction performance, 193 end-to-end process, 189 layered transmission architecture, 189 modulators, 215 receiver, 191 transmitter, 191 Dynamic beam forming, 88, 89 E Earth stations, antennas, coordination area, 469 customer-premise, 11 demand-assigned SCPC network, 382 fixed telephony design, 384–88 FTS, 382, 384 gateway (GES), 383, 424 hub-type, 28 large, MSS, 403 network implementation, 69 TDMA, 51 terrestrial coordination of, 467–69 transmitter systems, uplink, operation of, 471–72 uplink/downlink, 28 Echo cancelers, 381 Education TV/distance learning, 134–40 corporate education, 136–39 guidelines, 139–40 university distance education, 135–36 Effective isotropic radiated power (EIRP), 37, 40 differences, 227–28 required, 352 transmitting, 221 Electronic program guide (EPG), 193 End-to-end services business, 495–96 Entertainment programming, 116–34 cable TV, 123–34 distribution, 119 Japanese, 118–19 nature of, 117 network broadcast, 122–23 sporting event coverage, 118 Entertainment television, 15–18, 116–34 cable television, 17, 123–34 direct-to-home broadcasting satellite, 18 over-the-air TV broadcasting, 15, 122–23 European digital audio broadcasting, 281 European DTH, 237–43 520 European DTH (continued) BSkyB, 239–40 Eutelsat, 241–43 SES-Astra, 238–39 Télédiffusion de France, 240 Thor, 243 TV-Sat, 241 See also DTH satellite broadcasting European regulatory environment, 477 Eutelsat, 241–43 defined, 241 digital OBP, 242 Hotbird satellite, 89 Hot Bird series, 242 orbit positions, 243 Satellite Multiservice System (SMS), 295, 296 Eye diagrams, 182 Eye opening, 182 F Facial animation parameter (FAP) words, 183 Faraday rotation, 34 Fast Fourier transform (FFT), 81 FCC, 475–77 auctions, 475 defined, 475 framework, 476 FSS orbit slot assignment, 476 speculation safeguards, 476 See also U.S regulatory environment Fiber-optic networks, 22 Fiber-optic system interfaces, 202–3 Financing, 505–10 capital budgeting analysis, 505–7 capital sources, 507–9 venture viability, 509–10 Firewalls, 314 Fixed Satellite Service (FSS), 58 orbit slot assignment, 476 transponder segmentation, 488–90 Fixed telephony satellite networks See FTS Fixed telephony user terminals, 426–27 Foliage attenuation, 264 Footprint, 39 FORDSTAR, 319 Forward error correction (FEC), 42 coding rate, 42 impact on dish size for C band, 353 Frame Relay, 292 Frame-to-frame compression, 167–68 Free-space attenuation, 28 Index Free-space loss, 40 Frequency allocations, 11 Frequency band tradeoffs, 56–65 Frequency division multiple access (FDMA), 27, 50–51 with analog or digital modulation, 429 areas, 50 constant-carrier networks, 356 hub utilization and, 420–21 IF channel routing repeater, 87–89 IMD, 50 MSS application comparison, 433–34 for MSS service, 429–31 users, 49 as VSAT access protocol, 334–35 See also Multiple access systems Frequency hopping spread spectrum (FHSS), 54 Frequency plan differences, 229–30 Frequency spectrum arrangement, 57 C-band, 61–62 Ka-band, 63–64 Ku-band, 62–63 L-band, 60–61 letter band designations, 57–58 MSS, 395 Q-band, 64 S-band, 61 summary comparison, 65 V-band, 64 X-band, 62 FTS, 367–94 application of, 393–94 baseband equipment, 381 capacity calculation, 389 demand-assigned, 370, 371, 375 Earth stations, 382, 384 echo cancellers, 381 HPA systems for, 387 interfacing, to terrestrial telephone network, 378–82 link categories, 371 links, 369 network topology, 375 preassigned point-to-point link, 389–92 PSTN interoperation, 368, 379 range of interfaces, 379 roles, 368–82 satellite link for circuits in, 369 SCPC example, 393–94 switching function, 367 Index telephone switching networks and, 372 telephone traffic estimation, 371–75 VoIP, 376–78 G Galaxy I, 5, Gateway Earth stations (GES), 383, 424 Gaussian MSK (GMSK), 52 GEO MSS systems, 407–11 coverage beams, 414 Inmarsat, 408–9 link budget, 401 mobile payload, 415 MobileSat, 410–11 MSAT, 409–10 routing channels, 412 serving handheld terminals, 411–15 technical summary, 412 See also Mobile Satellite Service (MSS) GEO satellites, adjacent interference model, 222 bandwidth, 13 bent-pipe repeaters, 28 broadcast capability, 10 coverage, forward link bandwidth usage, 13–14 Inmarsat, 25 life, 100 mobile, 12, 13 mobile payload, 415 multiple system, 106 neighborhood created by, orbit positions, WorldSpace design, 258–59 Geostationary Earth orbit (GEO), orbit attributes, 407 orbit illustration, See also GEO MSS systems; GEO satellites Gigabit Ethernet (GE), 204–7 defined, 204 extender, 205 network interface cards, 204 role, in MAN, 206 GigaMAN, 207 Global Broadcast Service (GBS), 64 Global Positioning Satellite (GPS), 202, 415 Globalstar, 9, 70, 418–19 characteristics summary, 421 coverage, 423 defined, 418 mobile user links, 420 satellites, 404, 419 521 See also Non-GEO MSS systems GMU, 318 Grooming, 181 Ground segment evolutionary process, 71 integration, 71 loss, 103–4 MobileSat, 411 reliability, 103 Ground segment architecture (MSS), 437–41 connectivity, 438–39 network control, 437–38 network security, 439–41 subscriber access, 438–39 See also Mobile Satellite Service (MSS) H Handheld user terminals, 425 Hardware, selling, 485–86 Harmful interference, 104–5 defined, 104, 445 source, 104 See also Interference HD-SDI, 200–201 Hierarchical modulation, 169 High Electron Mobility Transistors (HEMTs), 91 High-level datalink control (HDLC), 53 Hot birds, Hubs baseband equipment, 348 dedicated, 357–58 Earth station, 357 elements determining network size, 347 HPA sizing for, 350 implementations, 356–61 outroute structure from, 344–45 requirements, 346 RF equipment, 360, 361 shared, 359–60 sizing, 346–50 See also VSAT networks Hybrid coding application, 169 techniques, 169–70 Hybrid satellites, 74 I ICO Communications, 9, 419–21 defined, 419–20 handheld UTs, 421 522 Impulse pay-per-view (IPPV), 134 IMT-2000, 26 Indovision (Indonesia), 244–45 Inmarsat system, 25, 85, 408–9 defined, 408 dynamic beam forming, 88 satellite performance, 408 standards, 408 user terminals, 409 Installation approval, 473 Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE), 153, 292 Instructional television fixed service (ITFS), 135 Insurance, 105–8 bundled coverage, 107 general liability coverage, 107–8 launch, 106–7 on-orbit life, 107 Intelligent MSS services, 422–28 broadband data terminals, 427–28 fixed telephony user terminals, 426–27 handheld UTs, 425 mobile telephone and data services, 424–25 vehicular terminals, 426 See also Mobile Satellite Service (MSS) INTELSAT, 72, 80 Business Service (IBS), 295 INTELSAT IV, 80 Interactive data networks, 287–300 point-to-multipoint connectivity, 296–300 point-to-point connectivity, 293–96 protocol layering, 288–91 protocols, 291–93 Interactive Satellite Education Network (ISEN), 136–39 approach, 139 defined, 136 geographic locations, 137 spectrum analyzer frequency display, 138 studio uplink, 138 technical design, 137 Interfacility link (IFL), 388 Interference, 48–49 accepted, 445 adjacent satellite (ASI), 221 defined, 445 downlink, potential, 224 harmful, 104–5, 445 intentional, 104–5 model, 221–23 orbital, 48, 221–26 Index permissible, 445 by terrestrial microwave stations, 49 Intermediate circular orbit (ICO), 404 Intermodulation distortion (IMD), 50 International frequency coordination, 459–69 completion, 467 first step, 461–62 frequency and orbit coordination, 462–67 frequency assignments notification, 467 terrestrial coordination of Earth stations, 467–69 types of, 461 Internet Protocol See IP encapsulation Internet service providers (ISPs), 22 Intersatellite Links (ISLs), 58 commercial application of, 64 laser, 64–65 Introduction to Satellite Communication, Ionosphere scintillation, 34 Ionospheric effects, 34 IP encapsulation, 195–200 capability of, 199–200 data broadcasting link properties, 196 MPEG transport system and, 195–97 performance of, 198–200 PID and, 197–98 process, 195 at TV teleport, 199 Iridium, 9, 86, 417–18 characteristics summary, 419 coverage, 422 defined, 417 feeder link, 397 handheld UT, 404 LEO constellation for, 416 orbital arrangement, 417 satellites, 404, 417 spacecraft in orbit, 418 See also Non-GEO MSS systems ITU defined, 446 interference and, 445 international frequency coordination, 459–69 PFD limits, 460 regions, 449 regulation objectives, 449–50 regulatory philosophy, 450 running of, 452 sectors and bodies, 450–52 standards, 152, 154 structure, 448–52 Index ITU-R, 450, 452–59 601, 170–71 coordination procedures, 456–57 defined, 450–51 objectives, 452–53 pertinent content, 453–55 power flux density limits, 459 rules for satellite operations, 457–58 Table of Frequency Allocations, 455–56 ITU-T, 450 defined, 451 G.165, 381 H.320, 146, 171–72 H.323, 146, 172 IVAST, 186 J Japan regulatory environment, 477–78 K Ka-band, 36, 63–64 defined, 63 spot beam coverage, 363 technical challenges, 63 USATs at, 64 VSAT networks and, 361–62 See also Frequency spectrum Kepler’s laws of planetary motion, 406 Klystron power amplifier (KPA), 347 Ku-band, 36, 62–63 defined, 62 downlink, 402 medium-power satellites, 218 receivers, 63 satellite flexibility, 70 uplink interference, 402 See also Frequency spectrum 523 MSS system coordination at, 400 for S-DARS, 19 vehicular position determination service, 81 See also Frequency spectrum Liability insurance coverage, 107–8 Licensing, 474 Linear polarization (LP), 228 Link budgets, 31–36 analysis, 49 analysis (downlink), 37 analysis (uplink), 43 calculations, 31 downlink, 37–42 example, 36–49 GEO MSS, 401 overall, 46–48 power/gain combination, 36 Sirius Satellite Radio, 270 uplink, 42–46 Link margin, 48 Local area networks (LANs), 23, 207 Ethernet, arrangement, 314 Ethernet-based, 278 integration with VSAT networks, 313–16 versatility, 313 Low Earth orbit (LEO) approach, delay, Iridium constellation, 416 mobile services in, 12 network operators, 106 orbit attributes, 407 orbit illustration, system, Low-noise amplifier (LNA), 41 Low-noise block converter (LNB), 41 Luminance, 149 M L Laser communications, 64–65 Latin America DTH, 249–50 regulatory environment, 480 Launch administration steps before, 462–63 failure, 101 insurance, 106–7 L-band, 60–61 defined, 60 ground antennas, 60 link degradation, 60 Maintenance services, 497–99 metrics, 498–99 obtaining, 498 success, 498 See also Value-added services Marisat, 396 Marketing organization, 504–5 Masters of Engineering in Professional Practice (MEPP), 136 Mean opinion score (MOS), 377 Measat satellite, 12 Media Gateway Control Protocol (MGCP), 377 524 Medium Earth orbit (MEO) approach, delay, network operators, 106 orbit attributes, 407 orbit illustration, Metropolitan area networks (MANs), 204 GE role in, 206 GigaMAN, 207 Middle East regulatory environment, 480 Mobile broadcasting, 254–56 Mobile Broadcasting Corporation (MBC), 279–81 Mobile communications, 25–26 MobileSat, 410–11 defined, 410 ground segment, 411 Optus B satellites, 410 Mobile Satellite Service (MSS), 58, 395–441 architecture, 398 constellations, 70 coordination, at L-band, 400 digital speech compression, 434–37 feeder link, 397 foundation, 396–407 frequency spectrum, 395 GEO systems, 407–15 ground segment architecture, 437–41 intelligent services, 422–28 link design, 400–403 mobile Earth stations, 403 network control, 437–38 network security, 439–41 non-GEO, 415–22 orbit selection, 403–7 propagation model, 398 radio frequency spectrum availability, 399–400 spectrum allocations, 399 state-of-the-art system, 397 subscriber access and connectivity, 438–39 turning point, 395 See also MSS multiple access Mobile telephone/data services, 424–25 Motion compensation, 168–69 as computation-intensive process, 168 defined, 168 Motion Picture Experts Group See MPEG; MPEG 1; MPEG 2; MPEG MPEG application areas, 172 audio, 178–80 Index credibility, 183 defined, 172 features, 173 frame sequence, 175 IP encapsulation and, 195–97 standards, 172 MPEG 1, 173–76 defined, 173–74 multimedia features, 174 technical characteristics, 174 temporal compression, 175 MPEG 2, 37, 176–78 algorithms, 177 contribution, 176 convergence points, 177 datagram structure, 197 defined, 176 DVB relationship, 188 multiplexing of IP data in, 198 multiprotocol encapsulation (MPE), 199 profiles, 176, 177 quantitative measurements, 181 scalable, implementation, 178 sound coding, 192–93 summary, 178 tools and formats, 177 video quality, assessing, 180–83 MPEG 4, 183–86 applications, 185 compression schemes, 183 conformance, 183 defined, 183 encoding/decoding chip designs, 185 interface layers, 184 introduction of, 185 as platform for new cable TV services, 185–86 transport protocols, 184 MSAT, 409–10 antenna gain, 410 defined, 409 mobile UTs, 410 satellites, 80–81 MSS multiple access, 428–34 CDMA, 431–33 comparison, 433–34 FDMA, 429–31 system characteristics comparison, 434 TDMA, 431 See also Mobile Satellite Service (MSS) Multiburst signal, 155 Multicarrier modulation (MCM), 278 Index Multidestination carriers, 391–92 Multilateral planning meeting (MPM), 465 Multiple access systems, 27, 49–56 CDMA, 49, 53–56, 333–34, 433–34 FDMA, 49, 50–51, 87–89, 334–35, 420–21, 429–31, 433–34 SDMA, 49 TDMA, 27, 51–53, 329–30, 342–44, 433–34 Multiple-channel per carrier (MCPC) transmission, 390–92 multidestination carriers, 391–92 single-destination carriers, 391 Multiple-frequency hybrid payloads, 74 MUSICAM standard, 192 N Narrowband Integrated Services Digital Networks (N-ISDN), 172 National Technical University (NTU), 135–36 National Television System Committee (NTSC), 149 average picture level (APL), 154 multiburst signal, 155 signal waveform, 153 stairstep signal, 155 three-level chrominance signal, 156 transmission performance requirements, 154 transmission requirements, 152–56 NetView, 314 Network broadcast, 122–23 data rate requirement, 161 origination, 122 support, 122 Network control system (NCS), 382, 383 Network security (MSS), 439–41 transmission encryption, 441 UTS authentication, 440–41 NHK project, 246 Noise power, 42 Non-GEO MSS systems, 415–22 Globalstar, 418–19 ICO communications, 419–21 Iridium, 417–18 orbits, 415 performance comparison, 421–22 for real-time applications, 416 See also Mobile Satellite Service (MSS) Non-GEO satellites, 3, Nyquist sampling theorem, 164 525 O On-orbit life insurance, 107 On-orbit lifetime loss, 101–2 Open Systems Interconnection (OSI), 53, 288 application layer, 290 data link layer, 289 model, 288 model layers, 289 network layer, 289–90 objectives, 291 physical layer, 289 presentation layer, 290 session layer, 290 transport layer, 290 OpenView, 314 Operations and maintenance (O&M), 487 Orbcomm, 9, 59 Orbital interference, 48, 221–26 model, 221–23 spacing and dish sizing analysis, 223–26 Orbit spacing, 223–26 Orthogonal frequency division multiplex (OFDM), 278 Overall link, 46–48 defined, 46 See also Link budgets Over-the-air TV broadcasting, 15–17 bands, 15 defined, 15 as program-distribution medium, 17 public TV, 16 revenue, 16 P Pacific Telecommunications Council (PTC), 479 Packet identification (PID), 197–98 simultaneous, 197 as unique designer, 198 Paired carrier multiple access (PCMA), 334 Partial transponder capacity, 494 Pasifik Satelit Nusantara (PSN), 245 Pay-per-view, 133–34 defined, 133 impulse (IPPV), 134 Permanent virtual circuits (PVCs), 203, 204 Permissible interference, 445 Personal Communications Network (PCN), 26 Personal Communications Service (PCS), 26 Phase Alternation Line (PAL), 149 NTSC vs., 156–57 526 Phase Alternation Line (continued) signal-to-noise requirements, 157 transmission requirements, 156–57 Phase shift keying (PSK), 52 Pleisiochronous Digital Hierarchy (PDH), 201 Point-to-multipoint connectivity, 296–300 link design, 297 satellite network topology, 297 Point-to-point connectivity, 293–96 RF components, 294 satellite network topology, 293 Polarization selection, 228–29 CP, 228 LCP, 229 LP, 228 RCP, 228 Power flux density limits, 459 Power (spacecraft), 96–100 battery system limit, 98 constraints, 96–100 propellant capacity, 99–100 solar arrays, 97 solar panel output, 97 system limit, 97–98 thermal system capacity, 98–99 Preassigned point-to-point link, 389–92 bandwidth managers and multiplexers, 392 FDM, 389 multiple-channel per carrier transmission, 390–92 Premium (pay) channels, 132–33 Private broadcasting, 141–42 applications, 141–42 bottom line, 142 defined, 141 VSAT networks and, 142, 317–19 Program clock recovery (PCR) jitter, 182, 183 timing, 182 Propagation delay, 24 Protocol layering, 288–91 Public-Switched Telephone Network, 5, 20 benefit, 20–21 fiber-based, 21, 25 FTS interoperation, 368, 379 hierarchy illustration, 368 Pulse code modulation (PCM), 82 Purchaser responsibilities, 500 Q Q-band, 64 Index Quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM), 190, 230 Quality of service (QoS), 84 Quaternary phase shift keying (QPSK), 42, 52, 296 Queuing model, 333 R Radiation environment, 405 Radio frequencies, sharing, 446–48 Radio Regulations Board (RRB), 452, 466 Rain attenuation, 34, 35 Reaction control system, 99, 100 Refractive bending, 34 Regulatory approvals, 470–74 competitive entry, 473–74 construction and installation, 473 equipment importance, 472–73 licensing, 474 roadblocks, 474 type acceptance of terminals, 472 uplink Earth stations, 471–72 usage and content restrictions, 473 Regulatory environments, 474–81 Africa, 481 Asia/Pacific, 478–80 European, 477 Japan, 477–78 Latin America, 480 Middle East, 480–81 Southern Asia, 480–81 U.S., 474–77 Remote VSATs, 307, 308–10 elements to be sized, 351 sizing, 350–54 timing reference, 349 See also Very small aperture terminals (VSATs) Repeaters analog (bent-pipe), 78–81 Beamlink FDMA routing, 85 defined, 78 demod/remod, 86 digital OBP, 81–90 FDMA IF channel routing, 87–89 power and bandwidth, 90–93 Repetitive pseudo-random-noise (PRN), 181 Replacement (satellite), 109–11 planning for, 109 scenario, 110 Residual excited linear predictive (RELP), 385 Routers Index connection into WAN, 315 defined, 313–14 RSA algorithm, 440 S Sabotage, 105 Satcom 3R, Satellite application contract, 499–504 contractor responsibilities, 500–501 deliverables, 503–4 excusable delays/outages, 502–3 objectives, 499–500 payment terms and billing, 503 preemption of purchaser access, 502 purchaser responsibilities, 500 SLA, 501–2 taxes and jurisdiction, 503 work to be performed, 502 Satellite architecture, 216–21 high-power DTH system, 219–21 medium-power DTH system, 218–19 Satellite Business Systems (SBS), 369 Satellite communications business/application trends, 510–12 business of, 483–512 features, 10–11 industry evolution, 70 purposes, radio spectrum for, 56 Satellite delivered digital audio radio service (S-DARS), 19–20, 251–83 architecture, 252 benefits, 251 concept, 252–56 defined, 19 European market, 281 expansion, 279–81 fades, 256 issues, 282–83 Japanese market, 279–81 L-band spectrum, 19 opportunities, 282–83 propagation example, 256 propagation for mobile broadcasting, 254–56 receiver antennas, 254 reception, 243 S-band spectrum, 254 Sirius, 259–72 spectrum allocations, 243–44 technology, 251 units, 20 527 U.S market, 279 WorldSpace, 256–59 XM Satellite Radio, 273–79 Satellite links critical elements, 28 design, 27–36 end-to-end data transfer, 24 equation, 31 line-of-sight path, 27 power balance relationship, 32 propagation delay, 24 See also Link budgets Satellite marketing challenge, 483–87 hardware, 485–86 services, 486–87 Satellite Media Router (SMR), 200 Satellite Multiservice System (SMS), 295, 296 Satellite operation risks, 101–5 ground facilities loss, 103–4 harmful interference, 104–5 launch failure, 101 on-orbit lifetime loss, 101–2 reduced technical capability, 102–3 sabotage, 105 Satellite operators, Satellites application types, 14–26 backup/replacement strategy, 109–11 digital divide and, 512 Globalstar, 404, 419 hybrid, 74 Iridium, 404, 417 MSAT, 80–81 operation rules, 457–58 performance, selection, 68–71 spacing, 223–26 UHF, 59 Satellite systems elements, 68 financing, 505–10 implementation, 68–71 implementation costs, 505 key elements illustration, 484 SatMaster Pro, 39, 49 Saturation flux density (SFD), 42 S-band, 61 defined, 61 S-DARS, 254 use, 61 Scrambling, 231–32 528 Security cable TV, 128–29 MSS network, 439–41 Selling hardware, 485–86 occasional video service, 493–94 services, 486–87 space segment, 487–94 value-added services, 496–97 Séquentiel Couleur Avec Mémoire (SECAM), 149 NTSC vs., 156–57 transmission requirements, 156–57 Serial digital interface, 200 Service level agreements (SLAs), 499 metrics, 501 remote site installation, 501 satellite service, 501 teleport, 502 terrestrial connection services, 502 Services contract, 499 end-to-end, 495–96 selling, 486–87 space segment, 490 value-added, 495–99 SES-Astra, 238–39 defined, 238 programming sample, 239 spacecraft, 239 See also European DTH Session Initiation Protocol (SIP), 377 Set-top-boxes (STB), 126–27 defined, 126 design and function, 126–27 next generation, 127 See also Cable TV Shared hubs, 359–60 arrangement, 359 defined, 359 guidelines, 359–60 hub operator, 359 See also Hubs Sidelobe emissions, 458 Signaling System No (SS7), 379, 382 Signal Processing Workbench (SPW), 92–93 Signal-to-noise ratio (S/N), 115 SILEX, 65 Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP), 204, 314 Simultaneous packet identifications (PIDs), 197 Index Single-destination carriers, 391 Single-frequency payloads, 72–73 Single stimulus continuous quality evaluation (SSCQE), 180 Single stimulus (SS) approach, 180 Sirius Satellite Radio, 259–72 communications payload block diagram, 267 control functions, 259 CONUS, 268, 270 defined, 259 delivery system architecture, 269 flow of music, 268, 269 foliage attenuation, 264 fully deployed satellite, 265 inclined elliptical orbit, 259–63 link budget, 270 network technical design, 268–70 orbital configuration, 261 orbital ground track, 262 path blockage probability, 263 programming, 271–72 propagation, 262 receiver block diagram, 271 receiver equipment, 270–71 repeater high power output section, 268 satellite design, 263–68 satellite elevation angles, 263 spacecraft, 263, 264 transmit antenna coverage, 265 TT&C, 266 user experience, 271–72 See also Satellite delivered digital audio radio service (S-DARS) SKY PerfecTV (Japan), 246–47 JCSAT-4A satellite, 247 platform, 247 Skyplex multiplexer demod/remod and bit stream combining in, 89–90 output, 242 repartition of DVB channel, 90 role performance, 89 Slant range distance, 32 path loss due to, 33 Société Européenne des Satellites (SES), 237 Society of Satellite Professionals International (SSPI), 318 Solid-state power amplifiers (SSPAs), 90–91, 387 conduction cooled, 92 Index operation, 90 sizing, 352 sizing sensitivity, 353 TWTAs vs., 91 Spacecraft bus battery system limit, 98 considerations, 94–100 design, size, mass, 96 power constraints, 96–100 power system limit, 97–98 propellant capacity and loading, 99–100 thermal system capacity, 98–99 three-axis, stability and control, 95–96 Spacecraft development, 108–9 CDR, 109 design and manufacturing program, 108 Space division multiple access (SDMA), 49 Spacenet IIIR satellite, 81 Space segment creating, 69 FSS transponder segmentation, 488–90 integration, 71 market, 487 provision arrangements, 491 provisions, 490–92 selling, 487–94 services and applications, 490 Spectrum allocations, Stairstep signal, 155 Star networks, 300–316 applications, 301–4 architecture, 304–10 automotive application, 302–3 delay/response time contributors, 326 end-to-end connection example, 310 hotels/travel application, 303–4 hub Earth station and remote VSAT, 305 hub equipment, 306–7 LAN integration, 313–16 outbound/inbound transmission arrangements, 329 PC integration, 311–13 postal application, 303 private broadcasting application, 317–19 remote VSAT, 308–10 retail banking application, 304 retail marketing application, 302 technology, 328 trends, 304 users of, 356 video teleconferencing application, 317 See also VSAT networks 529 Star TV, 248–49 services, 119 viewership, 248 See also AsiaSat Student response unit (SRU), 136 Subsampling, 164 Subscriber identification modules (SIMs), 425 Surface acoustic wave (SAW) filters, 81 Switched virtual circuits (SVCs), 203, 204 Switches, 313 Synchronous Optical Network/Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SONET/SDH), 202–3 Systems Network Architecture (SNA), 291 Synchronous Data Link Control (SNA/SDLC), 24 VSATs and, 291 T Table of Frequency Allocations, 455–56 TASO picture quality rating scale, 128 Teledesic, 64 Télédiffusion de France, 240 Teleports, Temporal compression, 167–68, 175 Terrestrial backhaul interfaces, 201–7 ATM, 203–4 fiber optic system, 202–3 GE, 204–7 Terrestrial coordination, 467–69 Thermal system capacity, 98–99 Thor, 243 Three-axis stability and control, 95–96 Thuraya, 396 satellite, 13 deployable antenna, 414 digital beam forming, 85 dynamic beam forming, 88 GEO MSS satellite, 83, 413 GPS receiver, 415 Time division multiple access (TDMA), 27, 51–53 contention delay comparison, 337 defined, 51 Earth station, 51 integration, 342–44 in MSS, 431 MSS application comparison, 433–34 multifrequency (MF-TDMA), 316 timeframe format, 330 uses, 50 as VSAT access protocol, 329–30 530 Time division multiple access (continued) VSAT products, 322 See also Multiple access systems Tracking, telemetry, and command (TT&C), 68 frequencies, 94 requirements, 94 stations, 102 Transform coding, 165–67 DCT, 165–67 defined, 165 formulas, 165 Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP), 24, 291–92 Transponders access guarantees, 491–92 backup, 491–92 capacity sizing, 354–56 characteristics in bent-pipe repeater, 80 DTH, 80 FSS, segmentation, 488–90 market, 489 partial, 494 sales and ownership, 492 slicing up, 489 Traveling-wave tubes (TWTs), 90 conduction cooled, 92 dual (DTWTA), 266 high-power, 228 high-voltage power supplies, 91 linearized power, 355 SSPAs vs., 91 Tropospheric effects, 34 Trunk cables, 124 TV-Sat, 241 U UHF, 59 Ultra-small aperture terminals (USATs), 64 Uninterruptible power supply, 103 United States DTH, 235–37 DIRECTV, 235–36 Echostar DISH Network, 236–37 new operators, 237 SES-Astra, 238–39 See also DTH satellite broadcasting University distance education, 135–36 ITFS, 135 MEPP, 136 NTU, 135–36 Uplink budget, 42–46 analysis, 43 Index C/N, 47 coverage footprint, 45 See also Link budgets Uplink Earth stations, 381, 471–72 Uplink power control (UPC), 93–94 Usage restrictions, 473 User cooperation, 398 U.S regulatory environment, 474–77 auctions, 475 FCC, 475–77 orbit slots assignment, 475, 476 V Value-added services, 495–99 contract, 499 maintenance, 497–99 selling, as systems integrator, 496–97 SLAs, 499 V-band, 64 Vehicular terminals, 426 Venture viability, 509–10 Very large scale integrated (VLSI) circuits, 83 Very small aperture terminals (VSATs), 6, 23 antenna diameters, 297 antenna range, 304 antennas, 297 for broadband communications, 11 consumer, 364 cost, 364 demand-assigned services, 25 installation, 300 interactive data communication applications, 10 low-cost, 10 management, 306 manufacturers, 316 marketers, 305 placement, 304 remote, 308–10, 349 TDMA, 322 two-way installations, 300 See also VSAT networks Video format standards, 149 Video on demand (VoD), 134 Video servers, 216 Video signal format, 231 Video teleconferencing (VTC), 140, 143–48 applications, 143 cameras/monitors, 146 codecs, 145 defined, 143 device examples, 145 Index satellite-based, 147 two-location network, 144 VSATs for, 317 See also Business TV Virtual circuits (VCs), 203–4 Virtual reality modeling language (VRML), 183 Voice communication, 20–23 VoIP, 376–78 defined, 376 gateways, 378 protocol stack in, 378 technical features, 376 voice compression standards in, 377 VSAT access protocols, 327–45 ALOHA, 330–33 analytical model, 336–39 ATM, 335–36 CDMA, 333–34 computer simulation, 339–42 contention delay comparison, 337 FDMA, 334–35 performance comparison, 336–45 retransmissions and, 338 TDMA, 329–30 technique integration, 342–44 VSAT networks, 287–319 architecture complexity, 349 blanket licensing, 304 in business TV, 316–19 capacity planning, 322–45 in client/server environment, 324 control, 307 data traffic load on, 328 defined, 287 delay/response time estimation, 325–27 design principles, 321 developers, 325 estimating errors and, 328 frequency bands, 299 hardware/software, 365 interactive, 287–300 Ka-band and, 361–62 LAN integration with, 313–16 management and control, 360–61 number of users/locations, 323 outbound DVB-S carrier components, 348 outbound/inbound transmission arrangements, 329 PC integration with, 311–13 in peer-to-peer environment, 324 point-to-multipoint connectivity, 296–300 531 point-to-point connectivity, 293–96 for private broadcasting, 317–19 proprietary, 300 protocol layering, 288–91 protocols, 291–93 remote sizing, 350–54 requirements collection for, 323–25 requirements summary, 346 response time, 323 service management aspects, 32 sizing, 345–56 star, 300–316 suppliers, 362–65 supplier selection, 364 technical aspects, 321–65 throughput, 323 time delay, 323 total capacity required, 356 traffic, 323 transponder sizing, 354–56 users of, 356 for video conferencing, 317 See also Very small aperture terminals (VSATs) W Wide area networks (WANs), 23 management, 314 router connection into, 315 VSAT support, 314 Wi-Fi, 21 Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP), 441 Wireless local loop (WLL), 368 World Radiocommunication Conference (WRC), 451, 469–70 duration, 470 frequency, 469–70 WorldSpace, 252, 256–59 communications payload block diagram, 260 defined, 251, 256 delivery system technology, 257 GEO satellite design, 258–59 network design, 257–58 receiver block diagram, 261 receivers, 259 regional coverage, 258 transmission, 257–58 See also Satellite delivered digital audio radio service (S-DARS) 532 X X-band, 62 feeder uplinks, 62 in VSAT network, 299 XM Satellite Radio, 273–79 broadcast, 278 communications payload block diagram, 276 CONUS, 275, 277 defined, 273 frequency plan, 273 Index network design, 277–78 operations control center, 274 radio equipment development, 278–79 satellite design, 275 satellite flux density radiation, 277 satellites, 275 S-band receive antenna combination, 279 signal flow, 277 system block diagram, 274 transmission, 277–78 See also Satellite delivered digital audio radio service (S-DARS) Recent Titles in the Artech House Space Technology and Applications Series Bruce R Elbert, Series Editor Gigahertz and Terahertz Technologies for Broadband Communications, Terry Edwards Ground Segment and Earth Station Handbook, Bruce R Elbert Introduction to Satellite Communication, Second Edition, Bruce R Elbert Low Earth Orbital Satellites for Personal Communication Networks, Abbas Jamalipour Mobile Satellite Communications, Shingo Ohmori, et al Satellite Broadcast Systems Engineering, Jorge Matos Gómez The Satellite Communication Applications Handbook, Second Edition, Bruce R Elbert Satellite Communications Fundamentals, Jules E Kadish and Thomas W R East The Satellite Communication Ground Segment and Earth Station Handbook, Bruce R Elbert Understanding GPS, Elliott D Kaplan, editor For further information on these and other Artech House titles, including previously considered out-of-print books now available through our In-Print-Forever® (IPF®) program, contact: Artech House Artech House 685 Canton Street 46 Gillingham Street Norwood, MA 02062 London SW1V 1AH UK Phone: 781-769-9750 Phone: +44 (0) 20 7596-8750 Fax: 781-769-6334 Fax: +44 (0) 20 7630-0166 e-mail: artech@artechhouse.com e-mail: artech-uk@artechhouse.com Find us on the World Wide Web at: www.artechhouse.com .. .The Satellite Communication Applications Handbook Second Edition For a listing of recent titles in the Artech House Space Technology and Applications Series, turn to the back of this book The. .. go in the opposite direction—that is, where the ratio of the output power to the input is less than one For example, if the output is and the input is 10, then the ratio is 0.10 Using the formula,... Introduction to Satellite Communication [1], established the foundation for the technology and its applications These have progressed significantly since the late 1980s; however, the basic principles