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Ddi vdi Trieu Tien, nguy cd de dpa xam Iflde eua Phfldng Tay hien hflu, nhflng khdng dfldc thflc hien nhfl d Viet Nam, sfl can dfl cua cic thfla sai va giae dan vad cac cbinb bien chinh [r]
(1)Nghien cuu T6n giao So7 &8- 2009 73 CHINH SACH CAM DAO CUA TRIEU NGUYEN TRONG BOI CANH KHU VlTC: QUA SO SANH VOfI TRIEU TIEN NGUYEN QUANG HlfNG'*' N tai ghien cflu c h i n h sach cam dao cua trieu N g u y e n k h d n g cdn la mdt de mdi'" Tuy nhien, ndi tdi L TONG QUAN VE CHINH SACH CAM D A O Dl/CJl T R I E U N G U Y E N nhflng nguyen n h a n cam dae, che tdi nhieu n h a nghien cflu thfldng n h a n m a n h tdi Cdng giao d Viet N a m ed be day Ijch sfl g i n n a m the ki Khac vdi nhieu qud'c gia mdi q u a n he gifla t r u y e n giae vdi chu Ddng N a m A khac, gifla Cdng giao vdi cac nghia thflc d a n t r o n g bdi c a n h Viet N a m tdn giao b i n the kl XIX "Van de nghi le", t a m diem la k h o a n d u n g tdn giao cua ngfldi Viet it cd xung khac Nho giao - Cdng giao ve the nhflng van de m a n g tinh xung dot Ngfldc gidi q u a n va tfl tfldng he nhfl mdt li ed lai, q u a n he gifla Giae hpi Cdng giao vdi ban dan chinh q u y e n b a n xfl lai k h d n g may sudn tdi viee cam dad cua trieu Nguyen, dfldc ndi tdi t r e n g met sd nghien cflu, nhflng chfla dfldc d a n h gia thda dang T h e m vae dd, n h i e u nghien cflu ve lich sfl t r u y e n giae d Viet N a m it cd sfl se s a n h vdi bdi c a n h k h u vflc T r e n g met sd' cdng trinh, chung tdi da p h a n tich nhflng khac biet cua Cdng giao vdi v a n hda, tin ngfldng b i n xfl ve le nghi va c h u a n mflc xa hdi nhfl met li cd b a n k h i e n trieu Nguyen cam dao'^' Q u a se s a n h bdi c a n h eua Viet N a m vdi khu vflc, n h a t la vdi viee cam dao cua Chosen, t r i e u dai p h o n g kien cudi cflng cua Trieu Tien'^', bai viet mud'n k h i n g dinh, thfl n h a t , cam dao la dieu khd t r i n h khdi va dd k h d n g cdn la hien tfldng ca biet cua r i e n g Viet N a m Thfl hai, "van de nghi l i " la met li cd b a n khien cac n h a nfldc p h e n g kien d ca Viet N a m va Trieu Tien cam dao'''* xfl d Viet N a m de tinh * PCS., TS., Khoa Triet hpc, Dai hoc Khoa hpc Xa hdi va Nhan van, DHQG Ha Ndi Xem: Phan Phai Hiidn Viet Nam gido sir tap 1-11 Ddng Chiia Cuu The, Sai Gdn, 1958-1960: Patrick Tuck, Trench Missionaries and hnpenuhsm in \ leliumi (1857-1914) Liverpool University Press, 1987; Cao Huy Thuan Dao Thien chua vd cliii nghia thuc ddn tai Viet Nam Luan an tien ,sT quo'c gia khoa hpc chi'nh tri Dai hoc Paris Huong Que, Lx)s Angeles, 1988; Trucmg Ba Can Cdng gido Ddng Trong thdi Gidm muc Pigneau (1771-1799), TP Hd Chf Minh 1992: Nguydn Van Kiem Sir du nhap ciia dao Thien chiia gido vdo Viet Nam tir the kl X^'ll deii the ki XIX Hoi khoa hoc lich sir Viet Nam 2001; v.v Xem: Nguyen Quang Hung Cdng gido Viet Nam thdi ki trieu Nguyin (1802-1883), Nxb Tdn giao Ha Ndi, 2007 Do bdi canh lich sir, hien cd hai each gpi quoc gia thd'ng nhat tren loan bd ban dao Tridu Tien, ten quoc te la Korea CH DCND Tridu Tien sir dung each gpi Tridu Tien, cdn Dai Han Dan Quoc sir dung each gpi Han Qude Dd tranh hidu lam, bai viet sir dung each goi Trieu Tien de chi quoc gia thdng nhai lich sir cdn ten goi Han Quoc chi Nam Tndu Tien hien Quan he giua truyen giao vdi chii nghia thuc dan nhu mdt nguyen nhan co ban cua viec cim dao duoi trieu Nguydn nam ngoai pham vi bai viet vi vaii de da dupe dd cap iihidu cac cdng trinh tren (2) 74 Nghien cun Ton giao So & 8-2009 se Thdi ki tien tbupc dia, dfldng nhfl Cdng giad cang dfldc truyen b i rdng rai trdng cae t i n g ldp xa hdi bad nhieu thi p h i n flng cua chinh quyen b i n xfl cang nghjeh chieu bay nhieu Cdng giae da hi cam dean tfl the ki XVII-XVIII bdi ea chua Trinh d Dang Ngoai va chfla Nguyen d Dang Trdng Alexandre de Rhedes thuat lai met chi du cam dae cua Trinh Trang nam 1630, tflc ehi may nam sau Cdng giao dfldc dng va met sd' thfla sai Ddng Ten tich cfle truyen ba d Dang Ngoai "Chua [Trinh Trang-NQH] gian chung tdi vi chflng tdi bat tan tdng phai h dj cac vd mpn Chua gdi mdt van thfl tai hai va kha chua xdt khdng p h i n chieu mdi thjnh tinh tdi chua van ed ddi vdi chung tdi Van thfl dfldc thio tfldng tfl nhfl sau; "Dad nad (hd cac ngfldi) cac ngfldi giang treng nfldc ta? Cae ngfldi truyen eho t h i n dan ta chi dflpc lay met vd ma ta thi mud'n cd nhieu de sinh nhieu trung vdi ta Tfl cac ngfldi bay gat di dflng giang dao dd nfla; neu cac ngfldi khdng tuan lenh thi ta se chem d i u cac ngfldi va ngan cam cae ngfldi tfl chd tiep tuc lam dieu ta cam"*^' giae dan vdi cdng ddng ngfldi Viet cdn lai, cd the dan da't nfldc tdi chd lam nguy'^' Cac chua Nguyin cung cd thai dp tfldng tfl ddi vdi Cdng giao bdi sfl khae biet cua tdn giac mdi vdi eac quan niem truyen thd'ng ve le nghi va gia tri xa hdi Nam 1663, Hien Vfldng tflng ndi; "Ta la chua Dang Trong Cac t h i n dan chiu sfl eai trj eua ta chfl khdng phai cua Chua Trdi" va lenh chem d i u mdt ngfldi Cdng giad cd ten la Phaold ngfldi ndi r i n g trflde bet dng ta la tin dd eua Chua Trdi, sau mdi la t h i n dan cua chua'®' Chua Vo Vfldng cung xung khic vdi Cdng giae "van de nghi li" Ong thay nguy ep tach rdi gifla cdng ddng Cd dieu, viee truyen giae dd chu yeu gan vdi cac boat ddng thfldng mai gifla Viet Nam va Chau Au van de an ninh chfla trd t h a n h sdng cdn del vdi ddc lap va chu quyen dan tdc Them vae dd eae chua Trinh va chua Nguyen xung khac vdi Cdng giao "van de nghi le", nhflng c i n budn ban va mua vu cua cac thfldng gia Chau Au, phuc vu chie'n tranh, nen cae cudc cam dao khdng gay gat va khdng thflpng xuyen**' Anh em Tay Sdn cflng e ngai trflde anh hfldng bdi sfl lan rdng Cdng giad ddi vdi van hda Nho giae "Tfl cac nfldc Phfldng Tay len lut dfla dad eua hp vao vflPng qud'c nay, ta tiec r i n g sfl tdn thd Dfle Khdng Td mdi mdi giam va h i u nhfl da bean toan bj bd rdi, bdi tac tai bdi nhflng ldi le Ifla d i e va du dd cua nhflng ngfldi ngoai qud'c dang thu but ldng ngfldi va lam me heac dan chung Alexandre de Rhodes Lich sir vuang qud'c Ddng Ngodi, ban dich tir tieng Phap cua Hdng Nhue, TP Hd Chf Minh, 1994, tr 124 Xem: Mac Ducmg Ngirai Viet Nam Thien Chiia gido a Mien Nam nudc ta tir the ki X^'ll den the ki XIX Trong: Mot sd vdn de lich sir dao Thien Chiia lich sir ddn ldc Viet Nam, TP Hd Chi Minh 1988, tr 69 Xem: Thu cua thiia sai Neugebauer Jcsephi R.P 18/7/1749 Trong: Duwendag, Hans U., P:P Missionarioriim Sac .lesii Brieffen Schrifften und Reise-Beschreibungen Sechs und dreissigster Theil Brieffe aiis dem Reich Cochinchina Bonn 1997 S 289-297 Thira sai Mettelio Saccano tiing viei ve cac cudc cam d^o diu the ki XVII: "Ngudi ta cdn la gi li'nh tmh hay thay ddi cua nha chiia, dd ndi ndng va cung chdng diu di, va ngudi ta cung khong quen ring mudn lay ldng nha chiia, chi cin mdt sd Id vit quy gia va tdt hon het la mdt vai \ ien ngpc trai Id vit ma nha chiia mong mud'n va ua thfch hem ca, ma ding cho nha chua Id vit dd thi mud'n xin gi cung dupe" Din theo: Nguydn Hdng Lich sir truyen gido d Viet Nam Quyen I, Sai Gdn, 1959, tr 243 (3) 75 Nguyin Quang Hirng Chinh sdch cam dao ciia trieu Nguyen b i n g du mpi phUdng tien bi hiem, lam cac c h u a n mflc dae dflc-chinh trj cua Nbe cho ngUdi k h d n g cdn sflc k h a n g cfl giao se m a t di tinh hdp thflc neu Viet nfla Thay ldng d a n bi say me bdi mdt tdn N a m trd t h a n h met qud'c gia Kitd giao giao Ifla d i e va k h u y n h loat, ta quyet hd Nguyen A n h cflng da am chi dieu trd chd dad li td't l a n h va c h a n thflc cua t r e n g mdt l i n t r a n h luan vdi Pigneau de tien n h a n va cae tien de, va triet tieu Behaine xung q u a n h van de ngfldi Cdng bean toan tdn giae xau xa nay"'^' giao vdi viec thd cflng td tien Nd chd t h a y Bfldc s a n g t h e ki XIX, t i n h h i n h t h a y c i k h i cudc chien gifla chua Nguyen ddi khien cho nhflng cudc cam dao cang va n h a Tay Sdn chfla nga ngu va cdn can trd t h a n h gay gat Mdt m a t , tfl s a u nhflng tdi sfl trd giup cua cac thfla sai Chau Au van va ddng chfnh trj cua Giam muc ngfldi Cdng giad Nguyen Anh Pigneau de B e h a i n e u n g hd Nguyen Anh da k h d n g k h d a n nhfldng vdi ngfldi Cdng t r e n g cudc chien chdng Tay Sdn d a n tdi giad trdng "van de nghi le" Ong ndi: "Khi Hiep fldc Versailles gifla Viet N a m va tdi den cac budi cung le tdi tfl n h u P h a p n a m 1787, mdi lien he gifla truyen rang: Neu td tien tdi cdn sdng tdi mudn giae va ehu n g h i a thflc dan vd'n m a n g lam t a t c i mpi bdn p h a n c i n thiet vdi cac tinh phd bien t r o n g lich sfl the gidi can ngfldi ( ) tdi mud'n the hien chd mpi dai, hien dien d Viet N a m cang trd ngfldi t h a y r a n g tdi khdng he quen td tien nen re r a n g Cflng vdi nguy cd xam Ifldc va dem lai chd t h i n dan cua tdi mdt mau cua cac nfldc Phfldng Tay cang hien mflc ve ldng hieu t h i o ( ) nghi thflc trieu hflu, cac thfla sai cflng trd nen cdng khai dinh quy djnh r a t nhieu nhflng budi le can thiep vae ndi t i n h d Viet N a m Neu nhfl vay, va tdi bat budc tfl t h a n p h i i cd , nhfl d the ki XVII-XVIII, cac thfla sai m a t cflng vdi t a t c i q u a n chflc cua tdi, C h a u Au cdn t u a n t h u l u a t p h a p cua Neu nhieu ngfldi trdng sd' hp di thee dao, trieu dinh, thi hp da k h d n g cdn lam nhfl khdng the cflng lam nhfl nhflng ngfldi vay d the ki XIX Viec sau n a m 1825, cac khac t r e n g nhflng trfldng hdp ma tdi cd thfla sai C h a u Au van len lut tdi Viet mat, tdi se budc phai thflc hien nhflng N a m t r u y e n dae dfl M i n h M a n g khdng nghi le ay g i n nhfl mdt minh va nhfl the cho phep hp tiep tuc den Viet Nam, cho la lam suy giam uy the cua ngdi vua"'"" thay dieu dd Dd vay, mac dfl h a m dn sfl giup dd cua M a t khae, viec eae v u a trieu N g u y i n cac thfla sai C h a u Au va ngfldi Cdng giao, chan hflng Nho giao, dfla N b e g i i e trd nhflng len ngdi Gia Long da khdng t h a n h qud'c giac, t h i sfl x u n g khac Cdng mud'n a n h hfldng eua tdn g i a e n a y dfldc giac vdi van hda, tdn giad b i n xfl trdng cac van de le nghi va gia trj xa bdi cang trd nen t r i m trpng D i n g sau sfl khac biet ve the gidi q u a n va tfl tfldng he gifla Cdng g i i d va Nhd giao cdn la v a n de ve tinh cbinb danh hay tinh hdp thflc (legitimacy) cua Nho giao vdi tinh each la chfnh dao Mdt trieu dinh cai trj dfla tren Louvet, L.E La Conchinchme religieiise, tome I Libraire de la Socite Asiatique, Paris, 1885, tome I, tr 517 Tri'ch theo: Trucmg Ba Cin Cdng gido Ddng Trong thai gidm muc Pigneau (1771-1799) TP Hd Chi Minh, tr 103-104 Theo Trucmg Ba Can, chua rd thdi diem ban hanh cua chi du 10 Henry Bernard Le conflict de la religion Annamite avec la religion d' Occident d Id com de Gia Long Ha Noi, 1941, tr 9-11 Din theo: Nguydn Vin Kiem Sdd., ir 194-197 (4) 76 Nghien cun Ton giao S67 <SL - 2009 md rdng Diiu le hiidng ddng ban hanh nam Giap Ty 1804 phan anh tinh t h i n dd "Lai nhfl dae Gia Td la tdn giao nfldc khac truyen vae nfldc ta, bja thuyet thien dfldng dia ngue khien ke ngu phu ngu phu chay vay nhfl dien, tiem nhiem quen, me ma khdng biet Tfl ve sau, dan cac tdng xa nad cd nha thd Gia Td dc nat thi phii dfla ddn trinh quan tran mdi dfldc tu bd, dflng nha thd mdi thi deu cam Nhflng dieu tren deu la nen ed' ddi te cu, kinh gifl giae dieu Neu cfl quen thee thdi lang, can pham phep nfldc, cd ngfldi phat giae thi xa trfldng phai dd Iflu dl vien chau, dan hang, nang thi sung djeh phu, nbe thi xd rci hay trflpng, de bdt tdn phi che dan, ma gifl phong tuc t h u i n hau""" cam, mdt bi phat giae thi lien trj tdi nang""^' Dieu Thap hudn diiu ban hanh nam 1835 cd ten la Sflng ehinh hpe che thay nha vua le ngai ve inb hfldng eua Cdng giao ddi vdi thuan phong Cd dieu vi ham dn Cdng giao va eae thfla sai tflng ung hp chua Nguyen treng cudc chien chd'ng nha Tay Sdn nen viec truyen dae thdi Gia Long van dfldc tfl dd va cdng khai Den thdi Minh Mang, "van de nghi le" the hien rd trdng npi dung ehi du thang 11 nam 1832, tflc thang Gieng nam 1833 thee dfldng lieh "Dao Gia Td nguyen tfl ngfldi Tay dfldng dem vae truyen ba da lau, dan ngu p h i n nhieu bj me heac ma khdng biet hdi Thfl nghi: eai thuyet thien dfldng, tdm lai chi la chuyen hdang dfldng, khdng cd bang chflng Hdn nfla khdng kinh t h i n minh, ching thd tien td, rat trai vdi chinh dao Tham chi lap rieng nha giing, tu tap nhieu ngfldi ( ) Dao ay lai quy la ta thuat hdn dad nad bet ( ) Vay truyen du ( ) cd trflde da trdt thee dad Gia Td, ne'u cam phat Ifldng tam, biet sd, biet hdi, thi ehc phep dfldc bay td vdi quan sd tai ( ) neu ke nad khdng chfla thdi cfl cdn dam len lut tu tap nhau, cam tam vi pham lenh mi tuc " i! '• • '!•:• t.'- "Van de nghi le" cflng lai dfldc de cap cac chi du eua Thieu Trj ban hanh sau sfl kien Da Nang nam 1847 "Gia Td la t i dae, tfl Tay dfldng den Cai dae eua chung khdng thd cha me, khdng kinh quy t h i n , thac eai thuyet thien dfldng va nfldc phep, de ngfldi ta nghe den thi me T i dad ay rat hai cho phong hda! Khoang nam Minh Menh [1820-1840] nghiem cam ( ) Chi nghi: ta dae ay dam dudi vao da sau, tieu dan ngu mudi, de me hoac ma khd hieu biet Ke thee dae ay heac u me khdng tinh ( ) Neu cd dae trfldng Gia Td cdn ngam n g i m an giau d dia hat nao, thi quan sd p h i i thfldng gia kiem sat ( ) lap nen giie hda, met nen dao dfle, mdt ldi pheng tue, kee lai thdi t h u i n mi, cung hfldng phuc thai binh, chang td't lam thay! Ne'u cdn ke nao pham phap, tat bat tdi khdng tha dflde""^' Ca den thdi Tfl Dfle nguy cd xam Ifldc cua Phap da hien hien rat rd rang, viec bid ve ddc lap va ehu quyen cua dan tdc da trd van de sd'ng cdn, nhflng "van de nghi le" van la met nguyen nhan cd b i n khien trieu dinh cam dao Nd dfldc de cap rd rang trcng chi du nam 1851 dfldc ban hanh sau nhflng sfl vu cua Hdng Bao lien q u a n tdi ngai vang eua 11 Dai nam thuc luc chinh bien Tap De nhii ki, Nxb Sir hpc Ha Ndi, 1963, tr 168-169 12 Dai nam thuc luc chinh bien Tip De nhi ki Minh Menh nim thii mudi ba, Nxb Khoa hoc Xa hdi, HaNpi, 1964, tr 235-236 13 Dai Nam thuc luc chinh bien Tap 26 Dd tam ky Nxb Khoa hpc Xa hdi Ha Ndi 1972, tr 176 (5) Nguydn Quang Hung Chinh sdch cam dao cua trieu Nguyin 11 nha vua "Tdn giao cua Giesu den tfl Tay va chua Nguyin d the ki XVII-XVIII chu dfldng; khdng thd cung dng ba va t h i n yeu xuat phat tfl bat ddng cua hp ddi vdi linh, lam cho ngfldi ta me mudi bing tdn giad mdi treng "van de nghi le" thuyet thien dfldng, dja ngue va nfldc Nhflng ke truyen dae du biet la II CHINH SACH CAM DAO CUA luat nfldc ta khdng dung thfl ta thuyet dd, V U d N G TRIEU CHOSON nhflng van rao giang ve sfl khd nan cua Ljch sfl va van hda cua Trieu Tien cd Giesu, Chua cua hp, du dd nhflng ke ngu nhieu diem tfldng ddng vdi Viet Nam"^' ddt, san sang lieu chet ma khdng hdi ban Tfl hang nghin nam trflde Cdng nguyen, That la mdt sfl thd bi lam sac! That la tren ban did Trieu Tien da hinh met sfl Ifla gat ki quae lam sao! Thdi che dp thj tdc, bd lac, d i n din tdi nhflng Minh Mang da tflng ban nhieu chi du the ki cudi trflde Cdng nguyen xuat bien cam nhflng dieu n h i m nhi nay; bat cfl ke ba vfldng qud'c Silla, Gdguryee va Baekje nad khdng bd dao deu hi xd phat nghiem Day cdn gpi la thdi ki Tam Qud'c Nam khac Dfldi thdi Thieu Trj cung da tflng cd 676, vfldng qud'c Silla de bep vfldng nhieu chi du dfldc ban hanh de trfl tiet qud'c kia, xay dflng mdt nha nfldc tbdng thfl ta dad ( ) Nen tang cua van nhat (Unified Silla) tren ban die Trieu mmh chung ta la gifl ne nep, pheng tuc Tien Trieu dai Silla tan sau may the Nhflng t h u i n phong mi tuc dang bj kl tdn tai va nam 936, trieu dai Goryeo de dpa bdi sfl truyen ba thfl ta thuyet mat (Cao Ly) dfldc lap, lay thu dd la ngfldi da thu ( )""" C i kbi Phap Guyok (nay la Binh Nhfldng) Nam 1392, xam Ifldc Viet Nam thi viec cac thfla sai sau mdt cudc cbinh bien, trieu dai Chdsdn can dfl vac cac heat ddng ehinh trj khdng (Trieu Tien) ddi, chuyen thd dd ve Han phai la If nha't xung dot gifla Thanh (Seeul) Day cflng la trieu dai trieu Nguyen va Giao hdi Cdng giae phdng kien tdn tai lau ddi nhat trdng ljch Tong quan met sd' chi du cam dao sfl Trieu Tien, tdi nam 1910, kbi Nhat gin ba the ki ta thay sfl khac Ban xam Ifldc ban did Tneu Tien biet gifla Cdng giao, tdn giao thd phfldng nhat Dfle Kitd vdi cac tdn giae, tin ngfldng ban xfl ve le nghi va gia trj xa hdi la dieu hoan toan khach quan nhflng nd da trd mdt nguyen nhan cam dao cua cac trieu dinh phong kien Viet Nam Ngoai trfl viee d the ki XVI truyen giao cdn mang tinh sd khai nen p h i n flng eua chinh quyen b i n xfl cdn chfla rd rang, "vin de nghi li" dfldng nhfl da xuat hien tfl budi d i u cua lieh sd truyen giao Trong bdi canh sfl de dpa xam Ifldc cua phfldng Tay chfla trd sd'ng cdn, cd the ndi, viec cam dao cua cac chua Trjnh 14 Annales de la Propagation de la Foi (AFP), 1852, XXIV tr 11 Bin dich tieng Phip cua Giim muc Retord Tri'ch theo: Patrick Tuck J.N French Catholic Missionaries Sdd., tr 34-35 Trong Dai Nam thirc luc khong thay dd cap tdi chi du 15 Da cd mdt so cong trinh nghien ciiu so sanh lich sir va van hda hai nudc Xem: Ly Xuan Chung Ddi net ve tuang ddng vdn hda Viet Nam - Hdn Quae Trong: Nghien ciru Ddng Bdc A so thing nim 2007; Lee Churl-hee Lich sir vd vdn hda Hdn Quoc (so sdnh vdi Viet Nam) Trong: Nghien cim Ddng Bdc A sd thing 10 nim 2007; E lU Knordzdpva \'e vdn de tuang ddng vdn hda Hdn Quoc vd Viet Nam (ban tieng Nga) Trong: Proceedings of the Center for Korean Language and Culture Issue edited by Anatoly G Vasilyev, St Pcterburg Center for Oriental Studies, St Peterburg State University St Peterburg 1997 (6) 78 Nghien curu Ton giao So & - 2009 Van hda va tdn giao d Trieu Tien va Qud'c hien cei eae Phat D i n va Viet Nam cung ed nhieu diem tfldng ddng Giang sinh cung ngang cac le ldn C i hai deu chiu anh hfldng sau nang cua khae nhfl Tet Nguyen Dan, tet Trung van hda Trung Hoa Phat giae da dflpc Thu, Ngay lap qud'c, vv thi d Bac Trieu truyen ba vae Trieu Tien tfl nam 372, Tien nhflng le tren cbi dfldc td chflc thdi Tam Qud'c, trd qud'c giao dfldi pham vi Giao hdi Phat giao va trieu dai Gcryeo Trieu dai Chosen lai cdng ddng dan Chua coi Nho giio la qud'c giao mac dfl Phat Cdng giao dflpc truyen ba vae Trieu giie van ddng vai trd vd cflng quan trpng Tien bdi eae thfla sai Phap thude Hdi treng ddi sd'ng tam linh cua dan chung truyen giio Hai ngoai (Mission Cflng gid'ng nhfl d Viet Nam, c i Nhc giad, Etrangeres de Paris) Sd sich Trieu Tien Dae giae va Phat giao d Trieu Tien ghi lai Lee Sung-hun (Ly Quang Chung) khdng tdn tai hoan tean biet lap ma ed vdi ten la Phaolo dfldc coi la ngfldi sfl dung thdng vdi nhau, trd nen Trieu Tien d i u tien chiu phep rda d Bac tang van hda tinh t h i n cua Trieu Tien Kinh nam 1784 Day la md'e khdi dau ljch hang chue the ki sd Cdng giad d Trieu Tien Trd ve nfldc Hien nay, tdn giao ddng vai trd vd cflng vdi hai ngfldi nfla la Yi Pyck va cflng quan trpng treng ddi sd'ng xa hdi Chdng Yak-chcn, dng lap den thd Trieu Tien Vdi tren hai chue trieu tin dd, nha Sau dd quay lai Bac Kinh, Lee SungPhat giao van la tdn giao chinh cua ci hun tham thfla sai J.J de Grammont, Bac Trieu Tien va Nam Trieu Tien vdi hpc giao li, ddng thdi trd ve nfldc, dng bay chue trieu dan Dflng thfl hai la dae mang thed nhieu saeh giac li, ddng tbdi Tin Lanh vdi tren trieu tin dd Tiep den rda tdi cho nhflng ngfldi men md tdn giao la Cdng giie vdi 15 dja phan va gin bd'n mdi Trong sd' dd, Yi Pydk khdng chi ddng trieu tin dd Ca hai chi phai cua Kitd vai trd quan trpng viee xay dflng giao gia tang d i n g ke sd' IflPng tin tfl nha thd dau tien ma c i trcng viec truyen sau chien tranh Trieu Tien (1950-1953) b i Phuc Am Nhflng ngfldi Cdng giid diu Cdn lai la cac tdn giae, tin ngfldng b i n tien eua Trieu Tien thay phien nbau dja, dac biet la Shaman giae tdi Bac Kinh, de nghi cac giim muc d dd (Shamanism)'^*" Cflng gid'ng nhfl Viet cd thfla sai sang Trieu Tien truyen giao Nam, Kitd giao (Cdng giao va dae Tin Cen sd giae dan tan tdng tang len nhanh Lanh) xet ve sd' Ifldng tin dd dflng thfl hai sau Phat giao va gifla cic tdn giao d Trieu Tien it ed nhflng van de mang tinh xung dot Nhfl vay, ngeai trfl mdt sfl k h i c biet la d Viet Nam Cdng giid dflng thfl hai sau Phat giad xet ve sd' Ifldng tin dd cdn d Trieu Tien vi tri dd la dae Tin Lanh, thi cac tdn giao cdn lai gifla Viet Nam va Trieu Tien khdng cd sfl khac biet nhieu Trong chinh phu Han 16 Xem: Tdn giao Trieu Tien Trong: Bach Khoa thu md Vikipedia Sau chien tranh Tridu Tien, dai bd phin tin dd dao Tin Lanh va Cdng giio d midn Bic di cu xudng phin phi'a Nam vT tuyen 38 Dudi chinh the Bic Trieu Tidn, cic tdn giio bi han che git gao tren danh nghia Hien phip vin cdng nhin quydn tu tdn giao Sd tin dd dao Tin Lanh va Cdng giao d Bic Trieu Tien hien chi vii chue nghin ngudi Ndu tfnh rieng Han Qud'c thi hien cd 11 trieu tin dd Phit giio, dao Tin Lanh cd trieu, Cdng giao cd gin trieu tfn dd Mdt sd vi tdng thdng Han Quoc la ngudi theo dao Tin Lanh, dd cd tdng thdng duang dai Lee Myung Bak, (7) Nguyin Quang Htmg Chinh sdch cd'm dao cua trieu Nguyen 79 chdng va d a t tdi g i n 10.000 ngfldi vae b a n thfl vdi d a n tdc, tu tap tin dd t h a n h n a m 1800"" b a n g d i n g ; r a n g Cdng giao t a p hdp sd' ldn Cflng vdi sfl gia t a n g cua Cdng giao thi thfldng gia, ndng d a n va phu nfl lam xad chfnh quyen b a n xfl cflng b i t d i u cd trdn dad ddc va t r a c h nhiem xa hdi'"" nhflng p h a n flng nghjeh chieu Mac dfl sfl Khi chi du n a m 1801 dfldc ban hanh, h a n g loat ngfldi Cdng giad k h a p Trieu Tien bj t r u y Iflng, bj giet hai va tfl day Sd' ngfldi Cdng giad bi giet hai len tdi h a n g t r a m va sd' ngfldi bj tfl day chflng k h e i n g t r e n mdt nghin, dd cd ca linh muc Chou Wen-mu'^^' "Cudc cam dao n a m 1801 day Giao hdi cdn non tre g i n nhfl ve sd' khdng Linh muc Chou bj giet hai mac dfl dng b e a n toan cd the t r a n h dfldc b a n g each chay sang T r u n g Qud'c, nhflng dng da tfl dac de vinh d a n h hdi t h a n h Cflng vdi dng, nhieu chflc sac giad hdi cflng td dao"'^'' Lee Sung-hun va nbieu giao d a n tien khdi cua Trieu Tien bi giet hai bdi chi du cam dae 1801 khac biet gifla Cdng giao, tdn giae ddc t h a n , vdi cac tdn giao, tin ngfldng b a n dia ve le nghi va c h u a n mflc xa hdi la k h a c h quan, nhflng sfl k h a e biet dd, n h a t la viee ngfldi Cdng giad k h d n g dfldc phep thd cung td tien da gay r a sfl q u a n ngai ldn tfl phia trieu d i n h lay Nhd giad lam qud'c giad"^' Lee S u n g - h u n va mdt sd' giao dan tien khdi bj b a t n a m 1785 vi nhflng b e a t ddng t r u y e n ba tdn giao, dd cd Kim Pem-u, ngfldi ma ft lau s a u trd t h a n h chflng n h a n t d dad d i u tien cua Trieu Tien Chi du cam dae d i u tien cua trieu dinh Cheson b a n b a n h n a m 1791 dfldi trieu vua C h u n g j e n g (trj vi 1777-1800) Nam dd, hai giao d a n tan tdng bj giet hai Nam 1795, linh mue Chou Wen-mu bj tfl day, nhflng trdn thoat, eon ba giao dan Dfldi thdi vua Hdnjdng (tri vi 18351850) cung xay cac cudc c i m dae gat gad Vad n a m , v u a H d n j d n g b a n Choe In-gil, Yun Yu-il va Chi H w a n g bj h a n h binh"®' Dfldi trieu vua Sunjo (trj vi 1801-1835)'^°' viec cam dao cang g i t gao hdn N a m 1801, mdt chi du cam dao mdi cua vua dflpc b a n h a n h thee dd viec truyen ba ten giae mdi bj cam t r e n p h a m vi tean qud'c Trong chi du ed neu rd nhflng diem sau: Cdng giao "Ifla gat" dan chung vdi t h u y e t t h i e n dfldng, dia ngue; r i n g ngfldi Cdng giad tdn s u n g "nhflng ngfldi cha tinh t h i n " , "giam muc" rieng cua hd k h a c vdi t r u y e n thd'ng; d i pha mfldi dieu r a n t r e n g Kinh T h a n h va bay bi tich eua Cdng giae; q u a n niem ve eai sd'ng va cai chet cua ngUdi Cdng giao khac vdi q u a n niem t r u y e n thd'ng Trieu Tien; q u a n he vdi ca nhflng gia dinh sa nga va nhflng ke bj cdng ddng chdi bd 17 Dallel Histoire de I'eglise de Coree, tome I, 1874, Victor Palme, Paris, pp 7-10 Din theo: Choi Suk- Woo, Korean Catholicism Yesterday and Today Trong: Korea loiinial Vol 24, No 8, August 1984 tr 18 Vd nhung khac biet din tdi xung ddt giiJa Nho giao va Cong giao, xem: Ch'oe Ki-bok, ITie Abolition of Ancestral Riles and Tablets by Catholicism in the Choson Dynasty and the Basic Meaning of Confucian Ancestral Rites Trong: Korea Journal, Vol 24, No 8, August 1984 19 Dallet Histoire de I'eglise de Coree tome 1874 Victor Palme, Pans, pp 27, 31 va 73 Din theo: Choi Suk- Woo Sdd p 20 Vua Sunjo (1790-1834) la vua thu 23 cua tridu dai Choson 21 Collected Writtings concerning to Defense of Orthodoxy against Heterodoxy, ed Yi Manchae Kyongsong, Pyogwi-sa, Vol II, Bk 5, p 16ab Din theo: Grant S Lee Persecution and Succes of Roman Catholic Church in Korea In: Korea loiinial Vol 28, No 1, January, 1988, p 20 22 Grant S Lee Sdd., p 20 23 Oioi Suk- Woo Sdd p (8) 80 Nghien cun Ton giao So7 & - 2009 banh chi du cam dad vdi ndi dung nhfl sau; "Vua Chungjong tien de cua ta, la Thien Td da phai phien ldng trflde viec Sung-hun mang ve nfldc du loai sach Tay Phfldng va tuyen truyen cai ma dng ta gpi la "dao Chfla" Dung nhflng each tinh vi chfla tflng cd tfl trflde tdi gid va hoan tean bat hdp phap ma khdng tien tri nao cd the dfl dean ndi [tdn giao nay] lan rdng va n i y nd me hoac va danh Ifla mpi ngfldi bang each giang giai ve cai the gidi cua nhflng ke mpi rp va sue sinh Vua Chungjong nhan dieu dd ( ) va chi trflng phat nhflng ke c i m d i u tha bdng nhflng ke ea theo vdi hi vpng hp se hdi eii ( ) Hay can trpng, hdi eae t h i n dan eua ta, q u i n t h i n cua ta Tram truyen chd cac ngfldi nhfl cha giing che anh giai che em vay Hay tim each cflu nhflng ke hi me heac khdi ndi nguy khdn ( ) Ke nad khdng nghe thi giet di de canh bao Ifl quy ae naj' dflng bao gid xuat d i u Id dien nfla"'""" Cdng giae Trieu Tien da cd nha in eac saeh giao h bang tieng Trieu Tien Chi du cam dac 1839 n h i m true tiep vac eac thfla sai Chau Au Rieng nam 1839 cd ba thfla sai Phap treng dd cd Giam muc Imbert va tren hai tram tin dd bj giet hai Treng sd' nhflng ngfldi bj giet cd ba linh mue b i n xfl d i u tien tflng thee hpc tai Macae'"^' Nam 1846 diin mdt ddt cam dae mdi Linh mue b i n xfl d i u tien cua Trieu Tien - Kim Tae Gon, tflng tu nghiep d Macao, cung nhieu giao dan bj bflc hai Dfldi thdi \'ua Ch'dljdng (tri vi 18501864) Cdng giad dflpc thfla hfldng mdt thdi ki tfldng ddi binh Hoang toe td khoan dung vdi Cdng giae Nhieu thfla sai ngeai quoc tiep tuc tdi truyen dao ma khdng bj cam doan Cac sach giao li dfldc in an cdng khai Vao nam 1859, Giae hdi Bdi canh chinh tri nfldc d Trieu Tien trd nen phflc tap sau viec vua Ch'cljong chet ma khdng ed ndi ngdi Sau dd Taewen-gun (trj vi 1864-1873), met ngfldi treng hoang tdc dfldc cfl nhiep chinh mdi 12 tudi, tiep tuc thi banh chinh sach ddng cfla vdi Phfldng Tay Thang nam 1866 xa\' sfl kien tau Nga tdi Wdnsan ddi giao thfldng hai nfldc cung nhfl che phep cac thfldng gia Nga trfl ngu ndi day Ngfldi Nga de dpa se tran qua bien gidi neu ddi hdi tren khdng dfldc dap flng Trieu dinh Taewen-gun lung tdng chfla biet xfl tri the nao Gifla lue dd hai chflc sac Cdng giae Nam Cheng-sam va Hong Pong-ju nhan cd hdi dd mudn trieu dinh thfla nhan tdn giao mdi Hp de nghj trieu dinh Taewen-gun ciu vien Anh va Phap, de Giam muc Berneux ddng vai trd lam ciu ndi vdi hai nude de ngan chan i n h hfldng cua ngfldi Nga Nhflng rdi dd mdt sfl hieu lim gifla cae ben, dfl dinh tren da khdng Trieu dinh nghi kj ngfldi Tay PhflPng ehc rang hp ed tham vpng xam Ifldc Trieu Tien Thang 2/1866 Giam mue Berneux tdi hcang cung thi bi bat giam va xfl tfl Met cudc khung being chinh tri xiy vfldng trieu Taewen-gun dfldi ap Iflc cua cac q u i n 24 Lak Geoon George Park The History of Protestant Mission m Korea 1832-1910 Seoul Yonsei University Press, Seoul 1970, p 37-38 va Park To-shik Fairth of the Manyrers St Paul Publishing Co Seoul 1983, p 36-37 Din theo: Grant S Lee Sdd., p 21 25 Lak Geoon George Park The History of Protestant Mission in Korea 1832-1910 Seoul Y'onsei University Press, Seoul 1970, p 37-38 va Park To-shik Fairth of the Martyrers St Paul Publishing Co Seoul, 1983 p 71 Din theo: Grant S Lee Sdd., p 21 (9) 81 Nguyin Quang Hung Chinh sdch cam dao cua trieu Nguyen t h i n da thi h a n h chinh sach cam dae t a n Giam muc B B r u g u i e r e cua Hdi thfla sai khd'c hdn bao gid het Mdt sd' thfla sai P a n s cei sdc dja p h a n D a n g tiec, vi giam P h a p da hi h a n h h i n h Chflng t r e n muc tien khdi cua Trieu Tien da chet nghin ngfldi Cdng giao, tflc g i n met n d a t r e n dfldng tfl T r u n g Qud'c s a n g Trieu sd d a n Cdng giao Trieu Tien dd, bj Tien vi b e n h tat S a u n a m 1836 cd them bflc bai'^**' Cdng ddng Kitd hflu bj thiet mdt sd' thfla sai cua Hdi thfla sai Paris hai n a n g ne T r e n g m e t chudi cac sfl kien, dfldc cd tdi Trieu Tien trieu dinh thi h a n h m e t loat chinh sach bai Phfldng Tay Khi t h a n g 8/1866 t a u My dd tfldng S e r m a n chi huy, cap cang Inchon, m e t sd' t h u y t h u My cung chju chung sd'phan Bat chap viee cam dae cda trieu dinh cang g i t gae n a m 1845 cd them hai thfla sai P h a p v a n tiep tuc len lut tdi t r u y e n giao tai Trieu Tien Dd la Giam muc Viec eac thfla sai P h a p hi trieu dinh mdi Ferreel va dfldc Linh phong Jean mue M a n e Joseph Antoine- Choson bach h a i da k h i e n P h a p ndi gian Nicolas Daveluy Sd' cac thfla sai C h a u Trong t h a n g 10 va 11/1866, dd dd'c Pierre Au tdi t r u y e n d a e v a n k h d n g ngflng t a n g G u s t a v e Reze, Tong tfl lenh q u a n vien nhflng n a m sau dd cflng vdi sd cbinb P h a p d Vien Ddng, chd t a u cbie'n Ifldng tin dd Tdi 1863 d T n e u Tien cd d a n h p h a eac c a n g bien Chflng 800 quan giam muc va l m h muc Sd' tin dd d a t P h a p thflc hien chie'n dieh q u a n sfl chd'ng tdi 19.748 ngfldi'"' vfldng trieu Choson, dd bd len G a n g h w a (Inchon, cda ngd Seeul bien nay), phong tda k h u vflc sdng Han, ban pha kinh t h a n h Cudc d u n g dp da xay lam phia P h a p ngfldi chet, ba chue ngfldi bj thfldng Phia Trieu Tien cflng ngfldi hi thiet m a n g , h a n g chue ngfldi bj thfldng T r i thfl viee met so t h u y t h u bj bflc bai, Tfldng My S e r m a n de nghj t h a n h lap chie'n djeh q u a n sfl lien q u a n P h a p - My de trflng p h a t t r i e u dinh Taewen-gun Vi Iflc Ifldng mdng va d a n g bj ldi cudn vad cudc xam Ifldc Viet N a m , cudi cflng q u a n P h i p thoai lui Tfl n a m 1876, dfldi ap Iflc cua ngeai bang trieu dinh Chosen da cham dflt chinh sach be q u a n tda c i n g , md cfla vdi Phfldng Tay Viec t r u y bflc dae khdng cdn gay gat Trieu dinh Cbdsdn khdng dfldc hoan toan tfl chu Vao nhflng nam 1882 va 1886, trieu dinh ki ket cac Hda fldc vdi My va P h a p md cda giao thfldng dd cd k h o a n eho p h e p tfl de truyen dae Cac thfla sai P h a p dfldc tfl dc tdi t r u y e n dae N h a thd ldn dfldc xay cat d Mycng-ddng, Seeul Tiep t h e e dd, mdt Dai chung vien dfldc xay dflng d Ydngsan, Seeul Tfl cudi t h e kl XIX, N h a t B i n cang can Sau mdi cudc cam dao ngfldi Cdng thiep sau vae cdng viec ndi bp cua Trieu giao Trieu Tien lai t u t a p lai, t h a n h lap Tien Che tdi kbi N h a t B i n xam Ifldc hdi dean, cd dai dien s a n g giao p h a n B i c Trieu Tien n a m 1905, nhin chung viec Kinh de nghi Be t r e n phai cac thfla sai t r u y e n giae dfldc k h a tfl dd va cdng k h a i s a n g Trieu Tien t r u y e n dao Vdi nhflng nd Iflc cda hp, n a m 1831, giao p h a n Trieu Tien dfldc t h a n h lap, dec lap vdi giad phan \Vhc Kinh Tda T h a n h bd nbiem 26 Yu Hong-yol A Revised History of Korean Catholic Church, Vol 2, Catholic Publishing House, p 216 Seoul Din theo: Choi Suk Woo .Sdd p 27.GrantS Lee Sdd.p 21 (10) 82 Nghien cun Ton giao So & - 2009 Tfl cudi the ki XIX dao Tin Lanh b i t d i u dfldc truyen ba vad Trieu Tien, it gap nhflng cudc bach dac tfl phia nha cim quyen nhflng phe nhdm, nghjeh dang Thii ndm Cdng giae dflpc truyen ba bdi eac thfla sai ngoai qud'c ludn cd vfl cho sfl tfl tdn giao, khien nha cam quyen lo ngai cdng ddng dan Chua biet lap vdi cdng ddng dan tdc'^'" Ve li dd cam dad cua trieu dinh Chcsdn, giad sfl Grant S Lee nhan manh viee ngfldi Cdng giad trflde Cdng ddng Vatican II (1962-1965) khdng dflpc phep thd cung td tien la met trd ngai ldn ddi vdi viec truyen giae'^*' Cac giae dan Trieu Tien tfl d i u da nhieu l i n de nghi be tren cua hp cho phep hp tiep tue dfldc tri nghi le truyen thd'ng "Tam diem xung dot giao li lien quan tdi viee thd cung td tien Cae nha Nho che rang lap trfldng cua Cdng giae la khdng the chap nhan dfldc, la dj giac vi nd di ngfldc lai cac tap tue va chuan mflc xa hdi trdng ngfldi Cdng giad thi chd rang viec thd cflng td tien la sfl sflng bai met ta t h i n , tflc vi pham dieu ran thfl nhat"<'^' Nha nghien cflu Choi Suk Woe dfla may nguyen nhan sau; thii nhdt, ngfldi Cdng giad tm vad Dfle Chua Trdi van nang tren ci vua chfla va cha, me minh Nhfl vay, vd hinh chung, Cdng giae trd thach thflc ddi vdi vua Thii hai, Nhd giad vdi tfl each la qud'c giac, cci minh la chinh dac nhat, khdng chap nhan tdn giao, tin ngfldng nae khae nghjeh chieu vdi nd Thii ba, dfldi trieu dai Chosen chfla cd sfl tach biet gifla tdn giae va ehinh tri, ngfldc lai, trieu dinh lay tdn giae (cu the la Nbe giie) lam nen t i n g tinh t h i n cua xa hdi, de vay, coi sfl truyen ba Cdng giao nhfl met sfl thach thflc uy quyen cua minh Thii tii, sfl ldn xdn cda chinh tri vdi tdn giao se gian tiep lien can tdi tranh chap chinh tri va chuyen che khdng che phep tdn tai III MOT SO NHAN XET VA KET LUAN : ,> ,;Mi Xet ve phfldng dien thdi gian ta thay d ca Viet Nam va Trieu Tien, Cdng giic bj cam truyen ba tfl nhflng thap ki d i u tien viec truyen giac dfldc tien hanh met each he thd'ng va tdn giao mdi cd ngudn gd'c tfl Phfldng Tay bat d i u cd anh hfldng cac t i n g ldp xa hdi C i d Viet Nam va Trieu Tien, nhflng nguyen nhan cam dae deu lien quan tdi mdi lien he gifla truyen giie vdi ehu nghia thflc dan Cdng giae cd ngudn gdc tfl Phfldng Tay, dd cac thfla sai Chau Au tdi rac giing Trdng bdi c i n h lien tiep cd eae cudc vieng tham cua cae tau Anh, My, Phap, v.v vdi ehinh sach "ngeai giao phae ham", ddi md cda giae thfldng, cam dao dfldc cci la bien phap n h i m b i e ve chu quyen va dec lap dan tdc trflde nguy cd xam Iflpc cua Phfldng Tay Trdng d Viet Nam, mdi quan he gifla truyen giao vdi ehu nghia thflc dan de lai nhflng he luy ca thdi ki thude dja va hau thude dja thi d Trieu Tien tinh binh da thay ddi Nhat B i n xam Ifldc cdng ddng ngfldi Cdng giad va Tm Lanh d Trieu Tien la nhflng ngfldi tien phong treng viee doan ket xa hdi, t h a m gia cic 28 Ve viec Tda Thanh trudc Cdng ddng Vatican II khdng cho phep tin dd thd ciing td tidn va nhirng he luy ddi vdi viec truydn giao d Han Qude, xem them: Ch'oeKi-bok Sdd., tr 44-51 29 Grant S Lee Sdd., p 19 ' '• '^ 30 Choi Suk- Woo Sdd., tr (11) Nguyin Quang Hung Chinh sdch cam dao ciia trieu Nguyin phong trao dau tranh chd'ng sfl dd hd cua Nhat Ban, gianh dpc lap dan tdc nda diu the ki XX Dieu dang ndi la d ca Viet Nam va Tneu Tien, "van de nghi li" la mdt If cd ban khien trieu dinh phong kien cam dao gat gao Van de khdng dflng lai bdi sfl khac biet quan niem ve the gidi quan va gia tri xa hdi cua Cdng giae ddi vdi cac tdn giae ban xfl, ma la tinh cbinb danh, hdp thflc (legitimacy) cua Nho giao vdi tinb each la qud'c giae bj de dpa bdi sfl lan rdng eua Cdng giae Mdt vfldng trieu cai tri dfla tren nhflng chuan mflc dao dflc-chinh tri eua Nho giao se mat di tinh hdp hien neu da sd' dan chdng dfldc Kitd giao hda "Van de nghi le", nhfl vay, khdng dflng lai d khia canh tdn giao-van hda, ma mang ca tinh chat van hda-chinb tri Ddi vdi Trieu Tien, nguy cd de dpa xam Iflde eua Phfldng Tay hien hflu, nhflng khdng dfldc thflc hien nhfl d Viet Nam, sfl can dfl cua cic thfla sai va giae dan vad cac cbinb bien chinh trj cflng d mflc dp khiem td'n hdn bdi sd' Ifldng ngfldi Cdng giad tdi cudi the ki XIX chf vai chue nghin Mac dfl mdi quan he gifla truyen giao vdi chu nghia thflc dan d Trieu Tien •>\)i 'ji\ -;- 83 khdng rd rang nhfl d Viet Nam viec Phap va eac nfldc Phfldng Tay it quan tam xam Ifldc Trieu Tien, nhflng mflc dp cam dae eua trieu dinh Choson khdng kem gi dfldi trieu Nguyen 103 ngfldi tfl dad trdng khding thdi gian 1838-1866 (10 thfla sai Phap va 93 giao dan va linh muc Tneu Tien) dfldc Tda Thanh phong nam 1984 minh chflng cho dieu dd N^'u ta se sd' ngfldi Cdng giad bj bflc hai tren tdng sd' dan Cdng glad mdi nfldc thi ti le ngfldi Cdng giao bj bflc hai d Trieu Tien cdn cad hdn d Viet Nam! Tdm lai, mdi quan he gifla truyen giae va chu nghia thflc dan la met li cd ban dan tdi viec cam dae cua ca tneu Nguyen d Viet Nam va trieu Chosen d Trieu Tien Cam dad dfldc cac trieu dinh phong kien bai nfldc xem la mdt bien phap bae ve nen dec lap trflde nguy cd de dpa cda Phfldng Tay Neu nhfl d Viet Nam, mdi quan he la rd rang, khdng the phu nhan thi d Trieu Tien, dfldng nhfl ndi trdi len hang diu lai la "van de nghi le" Nd cho thay cdng cudc hdi nhap van hda theo tinh t h i n Cdng ddng Vatican II ma Giao hdi Cdng giao hai nfldc dang cd xuy cang cap thiet hdn bad gid bet./ (12)