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indonesia, The dugum dani a papuan culture in the highlands of west new guinea The dugum dani a papuan culture in the highlands of west new guinea The dugum dani a papuan culture in the highlands of west new guinea
THE DUGUM DANI A young man He ivears a long penis gourd witb a fur tassei, a nassa shell chest piece, a dog fur arm band, and carries a pig tusk nose piece in his plaited arm band VIKING FUND PUBUCATIONS IN ANTHROPOLOGY Number Forty-Nine THE DUGUM DANI A Papuan Culture in the Highlands of West New Guinea by KARL G HEIDER WENNER-GREN FOUNDATION FOR ANTHROPOLOGICAL RESEARCH, INCORPORATED 19 This volume comprises one of a series of publications on research in general anthropology published by the Wenner-Gren Foundation for Anthropological Research, Incorporated, a foundation created and endowed at the instance of Alex L WennerGren for scientific, educational, and charitable purposes The reports, numbered consecutively as independent contributions, appear at irregular intervals Edited by COLIN TURNBULL, Hofstra University Library of Congress Catalog Number 70-106977 Copyright © 1910 by WENNER-GREN FOUNDATION FOR ANTHROPOLOGICAL RESEARCH, INC 14 EAST 71st STREET NEW YORK, N.Y 10021 Photographs copyright by Film Study Center, Peabody Museum Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 01238: Numbers 1, 2, 5, 7-11, 13, 14, 16-26, 28-41, 43-49, 56-59 Photographs copyright by Karl G Heider: Numbers 3, 4, 6, 12, 15, 27, 42, 50-55 Photograph Credits: All photographs were taken by Karl G Heider except Numbers 20, 21, 22, 25, 26, and 35, which were taken by Michael C Rockefeller, Number 59, which was taken by Jan Th Broekhuijse, and Number 13, which was taken by Eliot Elisofon The following photographs appeared flrst in Gardens of War by Robert Gardner and Karl G Heider, published by Random House, 1969, and were copyrighted by the Film Center, 1968: Numbers 24, 32, and 48 Printed in the United States of America Dedicated to the memory of PROFESSOR CLYDE KLUCKHOHN PREFACE HIS study is a descriptive ethnography of the Dugum Dani, a Papuan society in the Central Highlands of West New Guinea (Irian Barat, Indonesia), based on research carried out in 1961-1963 and 1968 Despite the trend toward more specialized anthropological research and publication, I have chosen to present the Dugum Dani in a broadly descriptive format rather than to write only on a few specific problems from the standpoint of a specific theoretical position The basic approach of this study is holistic Starting from the assumption that all traits in a culture are interrelated in some sense, the holistic approach proceeds to search out significant interrelationships on a broad front The emphasis is not simply on describing as many traits as possible but on establishing the context of interrelationships of these traits This holistic program is carried out most explicitly in the treatment of Dani warfare (Chapter 3), but it is applied to some extent throughout A second pervasive concern is with classification The categories of ethnographic analysis have become sanctified by tradition Some sorts of cross-cultural categories are essential, but often the traditional terms obscure more than they reveal This problem is considered especially in the treatment of attire (Chapter 9) and art (Chapter 6) A closely related problem concerns the nature of the native Dani categories of various sorts This is treated in the descriptions of arrows (Chapter 9), sweet potatoes (Chapter 1), and elsewhere This ethnography is divided into two parts The first deals with economie activities, sociopolitical organization, conflict, the supernatural, language, art, and play; the second contains the more technical details of the material aspects of Dani culture T NAMES—POLITICAL AND ANTHROPOLOGICAL In many cases the anthropological use of names differs from the political use of these names Since this study is anthropological, I have chosen to follow the anthropological usages But to avoid misunderstandings, a few potential sources of confusion may be noted The Western half of the New Guinea island was called Netherlands New vii viii PREFACE Guinea until 1962, then West New Guinea, and after 1963 was administered by the Republic of Indonesia as the province of Irian Barat (West Irian), pending the final determination of its status in 1969 In August 1969, West Irian was officially declared a part of Indonesia For the most part I have retained the politically inaccurate name of West New Guinea The island itself is called Irian in Indonesian, but I have retained the traditional term of New Guinea Politically the people are called Irianese, New Guineans, or Papuans, depending on which of three political jurisdictions they live in I have followed the anthropological usage of Papuan for the non-Austronesian speakers of the Central Highland zone and Melanesian for the Austronesian speakers of the coast Also, the people at the far western end of the Central Highlands are well known in the anthropological literature (especially through the works of Pospisil) as Kapauku, but by 1968 they themselves had rejected that name as a foreign term and insisted on the use of their own term, Ekagi ORTHOGRAPHY The orthography used here for transcribing Dani words was established by missionary and government linguists at a conference in February 1961 (cf van der Stap 1966:3) Generally the symbols have values close to English values, with these major exceptions: is the Dutch j , the English y; t resembles the English stop except when occurring between two vowels, where it is "flapped" like a trilied r; k resembles the English stop except when occurring between two vowels, where it becomes a velar fricative, like a very soft Dutch g, or, in swift speech, disappears altogether; dl is an alveolar implosive, made with a quick drawing in of the breath while pronouncing a dl sound; bp is a bilabial implosive, made with a quick drawing in of the breath while pronouncing a b sound; e is never silent a as in English father, thus iva is wah e as in English ivell i as in English keep, thus ivim is yeem, Dani is dah-nee as in English more u as in oo, as in English tooi, thus Dugum is doo-goom There are a few relatively unimportant modifications of the Standard orthography which result from my own difficulties in distinguishing certain phonemes in certain contexts No distinction was made between the vowels written i and y or between those written u and v Also, in certain situations the following pairs were not accurately distinguished: t and d, b and p, g and k, dl and bp ACKNOWLEDGMENTS o many groups and individuals have contributed to this study at various times that I can only mention a few by name I would like to thank the Government of Netherlands New Guinea, the United Nations Temporary Executive Authority, and the Republic of Indonesia for their gracious hospitality to anthropological research in a sensitive area In particular, I would like to name Dr J V De Bruijn, then Director of the Bureau of Native Affairs of the Government of Netherlands New Guinea, who first invited us to come to New Guinea and who eased our way in countless respects; Dr Jan Pouwer, then also of the Bureau of Native Affairs, who gave us greatly appreciated support; and Drs Anwas Iskandar of Universitas Tjenderawasih, who facilitated our visit in 1968 Missionaries and anthropologists generally have such different backgrounds, educations, values, and goals that it is a wonder they can communicate at all But like many anthropologists, I would like to pay sincere tribute to the missionaries in West New Guinea They opened the Highlands, wrote the grammars, and maintained a magnificent communication and transportation network I merely slipped in for a couple of years, taking advantage of what they had done, and they willingly aided and abetted me in this I most gratefully acknowledge both their official aid and their personal friendships In particular I would like to mention the Christian and Missionary Alliance; Father A Blokdijk, Dr Herman Peters, Father N Verheijen, and the other members of the Order of St Francis; the pilots of MILUVA (the Roman Catholic Mission air service, later called AMA), and those of the Missionary Aviation Fellowship In 1968 our brief visit would have been impossible if Father Frans Verheijen had not invited us into his household at Jibiga, generously sharing his roof, his food, and his time I would especially like to mention the assistance of two linguists, Dr P van der Stap, O.F.M., and Mr Myron Bromley of the Christian and Missionary Alliance, whose grammars, word lists, and countless personal discussions enabled me to learn as much of the Dani language as I did S To Robert G Gardner, who conceived of the Harvard Peabody Expedition, organized and led it, and later, when I stayed on in the field alone, gave me constant support, go my warmest thanks Also I would like to express my deepest appreciation for the friendship and the generous cooperation of the ix x ACKNOWLEDGMENTS other members of the expedition: Michael C Rockefeller, who gave of his talents, his goods, and finally his life; Jan Broekhuijse, who so often laid aside his own research in order to help the other members of the expedition; Peter Matthiessen, to whom I am indebted for much of the data on ecology; the Dani policeman Abududi and his wife Wamamogen, who did so much to assure our acceptance in the Dugum Neighborhood; Jusup Kakiay, the expedition cook; Samuel Putnam; Eliot Elisofon; the policeman Nawas; and Chris Versteegh, who has kindly furnished the plant identifications used here Professor J O Brew, then Director of the Peabody Museum of Harvard University, which sponsored the expedition, gave us the fullest support from his office on Divinity Avenue Miss Carol Thompson (now Mrs Hermann Bleibtreu), who was the secretary of the Film Study Center of the Peabody Museum, had the thankless task of watching us come and go and of handling the mail and film in between The expedition received generous financial support from the Government of Netherlands New Guinea, The Peabody Museum of Harvard University, and the National Science Foundation During most of my time in the field I held a National Science Foundation Graduate Fellowship I would also like to acknowledge additional research funds received from the National Geographic Society, the Norman Fund, Educational Services, Inc., of Watertown, Massachusetts, the Carnegie Corporation through a grant to the Cross-Cultural Study of Ethnocentrism Project, and the Foundations' Fund for Research in Psychiatry I am also grateful to Brown University for faculty stipends during the summers of 1966, 1967, and 1968 The maps were drawn by Eric Engstrom During the six-month break in my field work, Professor David Owen, the late Master of John Winthrop House, Harvard College, generously sheltered me in the guest suite of the House Innumerable people have listened patiently to my discourses on the Dani during the past years I am grateful to all of them and would like to thank in particular Denise O'Brien, Robert G Gardner, Professor Andrew P Vayda, my colleagues and students at Brown University, Jytte Boerge, my parents and brothers, Antonia Gerald, Frans Verheijen, O.F.M., Professor Douglas Oliver, and my wife and research associate, Eleanor Rosch Heider; these people through their agreements and disagreements have all given valuable help in formulating the ideas presented here and in disabusing me of many ideas which happily are not presented here Each will recognize his or her own contribution; but needless to say, the responsibility for the whole is mine alone Finally, I would like to express my deep gratitude to Um'ue and to the other people of the Dugum Neighborhood, who are the subjects of this study Their friendship and infinite patience with strange people doing strange things and asking strange questions is responsible for whatever accuracy this study contains ... most part I have retained the politically inaccurate name of West New Guinea The island itself is called Irian in Indonesian, but I have retained the traditional term of New Guinea Politically the. .. Republic of Indonesia as the province of Irian Barat (West Irian), pending the final determination of its status in 1969 In August 1969, West Irian was officially declared a part of Indonesia For the. .. Central Dani Subfamily The Central Dani Subfamily includes the Western Dani language and the Grand Valley Dani language The people of the Dugum Neighborhood speak a dialect of the Grand 10 VFPA 49