Introduction • This lecture discusses packet access in WCDMA: • Types of Packet Data Traffic • WCDMA Packet Access • Transport Channels for Packet Data • Packet Scheduling Algorithms • Interaction between Packet Scheduler and other RRM algorithms • Packet Data Performance3 10.02.2002 WCDMA Packet Access Types of Packet Data Traffic (12) • Four basic types of traffic classes • Conversational class > realtime connection, performed between human users, really low delay, nearly symmetric, e.g., speech • Streaming class > realtime connection, transferring data as a steady and continuous, low delay, asymmetric, e.g., video • Interactive class > nonrealtime packet data, response requested from other enduser, reasonable roundtrip delay, e.g., Web browsing • background class > nonrealtime packet data, no immediate action expected, less sensitive to delivery time, e.g., email4 10.02.2002 WCDMA Packet Access Types of Packet Data Traffic (22) • Packet data traffic is a nonrealtime packet services including Interactive and Background traffic classes. Their properties are • Packet data is bursty. Sometimes a large amount of data is transferred. At the other times no data is sent. Thus, the required bit rate can change rapidly. • Packet data tolerates longer delay than realtime services. It is controllable traffic from the RNC; thus, RNC can decide when and how to send the data. • Packets can be transmitted by the radio link control layer which provides retransmission and error correction services. Therefore, it allows high frame error rate with low transmission power. • One example of packet data traffic is ETSI packet data model for web browsing.5 10.02.2002 WCDMA Packet Access WCDMA Packet Access • In WCDMA packet allocations, e.g., time and bit rate, are controlled by the packet scheduler (PS) located in RNC. PS functions include: • properly allocate the available resources (time, code or power) between the packet data users • decide the allocated bit rates and the length of the allocation • decide to use the transport channel • monitor the packet allocations and the systems loads • PS can allocate common, dedicated or shared channels to packet data users. It can also change the bit rate during active connection. • PS can increase or decrease the network load by increasing or decreasing the bit rates of the packet bearers respectively.6 10.02.2002 WCDMA Packet Access Transport Channels for Packet Data (13) • Common channels RACH in the uplink and FACH in the downlink • One or few RACH or FACH per sector • Low setup time • No feedback channel > no fast closed loop power control, no soft handover, use fixed power • Poor linklevel radio performance and generated more interference • Suitable for small data amounts • Common channels CPCH in the uplink • Bit rate can be high • Support fast power control • Suitable for small or medium data amounts7 10.02.2002 WCDMA Packet Access Transport Channels for Packet Data (23) • Dedicated Channel DCH in the uplink and downlink • Use fast power control and soft handover • Better linklevel radio performance and less interference • Longer setup time • Up to 2 Mbps • Suitable for large data amounts • Not suitable for bursty data • In case of changing bit rate in the downlink, the downlink orthogonal code is reserved according to maximum bit rate.8 10.02.2002 WCDMA Packet Access Transport Channels for Packet Data (33) • Shared Channel uplink and downlink • Use fast power control, but no soft handover • A single orthogonal code is shared with many packet user with established DCH in time division manner code efficient • Fast allocation and rate modification (framebyframe basis) • Suitable for large data amounts and bursty data • Summary of these channel types for packet data is in Table 10.1 from the text.9 10.02.2002 WCDMA Packet Access Packet Scheduling Algorithms • In WCDMA packet scheduling algorithms can be done in two ways, in a time or code division manner. • Time division scheduling • one user is allocated a channel at a time (10 ms frame) • all available capacity can be allocated to that user • high data rate for a short period of time • increase more users, each user has to wait longer • Code division scheduling • many users are allocated the channels simultaneously • the capacity is shared with all users • low data rate for a long period of time • increase more users, each user’s bit rate is decreased10 10.02.2002 WCDMA Packet Access Time Division Scheduling • Advantages • high bit rate required less energy per bit • less interference • shorter delay due to high bit rate • Disadvantages • high unused physical resources due to short transmission time and relatively long set up and release time • high variations in the interference levels due to high bit rate and bursty traffic • limited uplink range of high bit rate due to mobile’s limited transmission power11 10.02.2002 WCDMA Packet Access Code Division Scheduling • Advantages • resources are in full usage due to longer transmission time • small variation in interference level • longer uplink range due to lower bit rate • Disadvantages • longer transmission delay due to low bit rate • high interference due to high energy per bit • low total throughput12 10.02.2002 WCDMA Packet Access TD and CD Scheduling • TD is normally used with shared channels and CD is normally used with dedicated channels. 3 2 1 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 T ime Bit rate Dedicated Channel S hared Channel13 10.02.2002 WCDMA Packet Access Transmission Powerbased Scheduling • The bit rate allocated to each packet data users could be based on required transmission power • Users close to the BS requires less transmission power and can get a higher bit rate, whereas users at the cell edge could get lower bit rate • Advantages • minimize the average power sent per bit • less interference • increase the throughput • Disadvantages • accurate power estimation • unfair resource allocation14 10.02.2002 WCDMA Packet Access Interaction between PS and other RRM Algorithms • Handover control • considers the air interface load and physical resources of the active set of each DCH users • Load control • nonrealtime packet traffic is controllable due to no guarantee of delay • PS can reduce the load of the controllable nonrealtime users if the total load is exceeding the planned target level. • Admission control • If the system load is too high, a new user can still be accepted to the system by reducing the controllable load from the nonrealtime connections.15 10.02.2002 WCDMA Packet Access Packet Data Performance (12) • LinkLevel Performance • frame error rate (FER) and bit error rate (BER) • LinkLevel Simulator • Receiver model • A chiplevel or symbol level simulation model • Channel models, interleaving and decoding.16 10.02.2002 WCDMA Packet Access Packet Data Performance (22) • SystemLevel Performance • Capacity or throughput (kbpscell) • SystemLevel Simulator • To model system with a large number of mobiles and BSs. • Operates with fast power control frequency, 1.
WCDMA Packet Access (Chapter 10) Peter Chong, Ph.D (UBC, Canada) Research Engineer Nokia Research Center, Helsinki, Finland 10.02.2002 WCDMA Packet Acces s Introduction • This lecture discusses packet access in WCDMA: • Types of Packet Data Traffic • WCDMA Packet Access • Transport Channels for Packet Data • Packet Scheduling Algorithms • Interaction between Packet Scheduler and other RRM algorithms • Packet Data Performance 10.02.2002 WCDMA Packet Acces s Types of Packet Data Traffic (1/2) • Four basic types of traffic classes • Conversational class -> real-time connection, performed between human users, really low delay, nearly symmetric, e.g., speech • Streaming class -> real-time connection, transferring data as a steady and continuous, low delay, asymmetric, e.g., video • Interactive class -> non-real-time packet data, response requested from other end-user, reasonable round-trip delay, e.g., Web browsing • background class -> non-real-time packet data, no immediate action expected, less sensitive to delivery time, e.g., e-mail 10.02.2002 WCDMA Packet Acces s Types of Packet Data Traffic (2/2) • Packet data traffic is a non-real-time packet services including Interactive and Background traffic classes Their properties are • Packet data is bursty Sometimes a large amount of data is transferred At the other times no data is sent Thus, the required bit rate can change rapidly • Packet data tolerates longer delay than real-time services It is controllable traffic from the RNC; thus, RNC can decide when and how to send the data • Packets can be transmitted by the radio link control layer which provides retransmission and error correction services Therefore, it allows high frame error rate with low transmission power • One example of packet data traffic is ETSI packet data model for web browsing 10.02.2002 WCDMA Packet Acces s WCDMA Packet Access • In WCDMA packet allocations, e.g., time and bit rate, are controlled by the packet scheduler (PS) located in RNC PS functions include: • properly allocate the available resources (time, code or power) between the packet data users • decide the allocated bit rates and the length of the allocation • decide to use the transport channel • monitor the packet allocations and the systems loads • PS can allocate common, dedicated or shared channels to packet data users It can also change the bit rate during active connection • PS can increase or decrease the network load by increasing or decreasing the bit rates of the packet bearers respectively 10.02.2002 WCDMA Packet Acces s Transport Channels for Packet Data (1/3) • Common channels - RACH in the uplink and FACH in the downlink • One or few RACH or FACH per sector • Low setup time • No feedback channel -> no fast closed loop power control, no soft handover, use fixed power • Poor link-level radio performance and generated more interference • Suitable for small data amounts • Common channels - CPCH in the uplink • Bit rate can be high • Support fast power control • Suitable for small or medium data amounts 10.02.2002 WCDMA Packet Acces s Transport Channels for Packet Data (2/3) • Dedicated Channel - DCH in the uplink and downlink • Use fast power control and soft handover • Better link-level radio performance and less interference • Longer setup time • Up to Mbps • Suitable for large data amounts • Not suitable for bursty data • In case of changing bit rate in the downlink, the downlink orthogonal code is reserved according to maximum bit rate 10.02.2002 WCDMA Packet Acces s Transport Channels for Packet Data (3/3) • Shared Channel - uplink and downlink • Use fast power control, but no soft handover • A single orthogonal code is shared with many packet user with established DCH in time division manner - code efficient • Fast allocation and rate modification (frame-by-frame basis) • Suitable for large data amounts and bursty data • Summary of these channel types for packet data is in Table 10.1 from the text 10.02.2002 WCDMA Packet Acces s Packet Scheduling Algorithms • In WCDMA packet scheduling algorithms can be done in two ways, in a time or code division manner • Time division scheduling • one user is allocated a channel at a time (10 ms frame) • all available capacity can be allocated to that user • high data rate for a short period of time • increase more users, each user has to wait longer • Code division scheduling • many users are allocated the channels simultaneously • the capacity is shared with all users • low data rate for a long period of time • increase more users, each user’s bit rate is decreased 10.02.2002 WCDMA Packet Acces s Time Division Scheduling • Advantages • high bit rate required less energy per bit • less interference • shorter delay due to high bit rate • Disadvantages • high unused physical resources due to short transmission time and relatively long set up and release time • high variations in the interference levels due to high bit rate and bursty traffic • limited uplink range of high bit rate due to mobile’s limited transmission power 10 10.02.2002 WCDMA Packet Acces s Code Division Scheduling • Advantages • resources are in full usage due to longer transmission time • small variation in interference level • longer uplink range due to lower bit rate • Disadvantages • longer transmission delay due to low bit rate • high interference due to high energy per bit • low total throughput 11 10.02.2002 WCDMA Packet Acces s TD and CD Scheduling • TD is normally used with shared channels and CD is normally used with dedicated channels Bit rate S hared 10.02.2002 Channel Dedicated Channel 12 T ime WCDMA Packet Acces s Transmission Power-based Scheduling • The bit rate allocated to each packet data users could be based on required transmission power • Users close to the BS requires less transmission power and can get a higher bit rate, whereas users at the cell edge could get lower bit rate • Advantages • minimize the average power sent per bit • less interference • increase the throughput • Disadvantages • accurate power estimation • unfair resource allocation 13 10.02.2002 WCDMA Packet Acces s Interaction between PS and other RRM Algorithms • Handover control • considers the air interface load and physical resources of the active set of each DCH users • Load control • non-real-time packet traffic is controllable due to no guarantee of delay • PS can reduce the load of the controllable non-real-time users if the total load is exceeding the planned target level • Admission control • If the system load is too high, a new user can still be accepted to the system by reducing the controllable load from the non-realtime connections 14 10.02.2002 WCDMA Packet Acces s Packet Data Performance (1/2) • Link-Level Performance • frame error rate (FER) and bit error rate (BER) • Link-Level Simulator • Receiver model • A chip-level or symbol level simulation model • Channel models, interleaving and decoding 15 10.02.2002 WCDMA Packet Acces s Packet Data Performance (2/2) • System-Level Performance • Capacity or throughput (kbps/cell) • System-Level Simulator • To model system with a large number of mobiles and BSs • Operates with fast power control frequency, 1.5 kHz • Traffic and mobility models 16 10.02.2002 WCDMA Packet Acces s ... lecture discusses packet access in WCDMA: • Types of Packet Data Traffic • WCDMA Packet Access • Transport Channels for Packet Data • Packet Scheduling Algorithms • Interaction between Packet Scheduler... transmission power • One example of packet data traffic is ETSI packet data model for web browsing 10.02.2002 WCDMA Packet Acces s WCDMA Packet Access • In WCDMA packet allocations, e.g., time and... 10.02.2002 WCDMA Packet Acces s Types of Packet Data Traffic (2/2) • Packet data traffic is a non-real-time packet services including Interactive and Background traffic classes Their properties are • Packet